All exam tasks are Russian. Unified State Examination in the Russian language: a detailed analysis of tasks with specialists. The structure of the examination paper
Although the main emphasis in the final exams is on the ability to apply the skills learned at school in practice, knowledge of theory is also required to successfully pass the exam in the Russian language. It is necessary not only to memorize all the rules, but also to be able to use them.
What will be required when passing the exam?
To complete tasks in the Russian language, you need to use the entire amount of knowledge gained over the years of schooling. You need to know the following theory:
- Spelling of individual parts of the word (roots, prefixes, suffixes, endings).
- Arrangement of punctuation marks in simple and complex sentences, to highlight words, in other cases.
- Grammatical, morphological, syntactic, orthoepic norms.
- Synonyms, homonyms and antonyms.
- Continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling of words.
- Spelling "not" and "neither".
- Lexical meaning of words.
- Information processing and creation of texts of various styles.
- Text analysis.
How to prepare for the exam
Self-preparation for the exam includes the study of the rules of the Russian language and their application when performing exercises. It is not enough to learn definitions, rules and exceptions: it is important to apply them correctly. At the same time, one cannot do without completely studying the theory of the Russian language: attempts to guess the correct spelling of words or punctuation do not lead to the desired result and do not help to acquire knowledge.
Always start with theory. Each training task is designed to test knowledge of a certain section of the theory. It is necessary to repeat it, paying especially close attention to exceptions, and then put it into practice when performing exercises.
- Do not be afraid of a large number of rules. Almost all of them are well known to graduates, the skill of their application has been brought to automaticity. In many cases, the study of theory is necessary only to refresh and structure knowledge.
- In the process of self-preparation for the exam, you may find typical mistakes. This indicates certain gaps in knowledge. A thoughtful study of theory in preparation for the exam allows you to fill in these gaps, so you should not neglect reading the rules.
- There is no need to memorize all the wording verbatim, it is much more important to understand the essence. This understanding is the basis of literate writing and literate speech. Study examples, pay attention to patterns.
- Be sure to apply the knowledge gained in practice! Endless exercises quickly get boring, but it is these trainings that help bring skills to automatism, learn how to apply knowledge without even thinking about it.
We wish you successful passing of the exam in the Russian language!
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Unified State Examination in the Russian language: a detailed analysis of tasks with specialists
The Unified State Examination in the Russian language is one of the mandatory subjects for final exams. The results of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language will be required for admission to universities for each area of training (specialty). Today we will consider in detail one of the options for the exam task.New materials on the exam are available for review at the link:
Below is a breakdown of the 2017 assignments.
The examination time is 3.5 hours (210 minutes).
The minimum number of points in the Russian language:
- to obtain a certificate - 24 points;
- for admission to a university - 36 points.
The structure of the examination paper:
Each version of the examination paper consists of two parts and includes 25 tasks that differ in form and level of complexity.
Part 1 contains 24 short answer tasks. In the examination paper, the following types of tasks with a short answer are proposed:
- tasks of an open type for recording a self-formulated correct answer;
- tasks to choose from and write down one correct answer from the proposed list of answers.
Part 2 contains 1 open-ended task with a detailed answer (composition), which tests the ability to create your own statement based on the text you read.
Our experts:Sosnina Irina Vasilievna, teacher of Russian language and literature, laureate of the competition "Moscow Grant" in the field of science and technology in the field of education.
Awarded with the Honorary Diploma of the Ministry of Education and Science, work experience - 34 years.
Ryabtseva Elena Alexandrovna, a teacher of the highest category, teaches at a high school. Veteran of Labor, Winner of the competition of the best teachers Russian Federation within the framework of the Priority National Project "Education". Twice Laureate of the competition "Moscow Grant" in the field of science and technology in the field of education. Pedagogical experience - 46 years.
Part 1
Read the text and do tasks 1-3.
(1)L.N. Gumilyov, studying the features of the historical development of the peoples of Eurasia, noticed to the fact that rapid social change on the continent associated with solar activity cycles , which are quite fully described by astronomers. (2) Following the specialists in the field of natural science, the scientist suggested that this relationship is natural . (3)<…>He put forward and developed the hypothesis that a sharp increase in solar activity favors that that on Earth in in large numbers "passionaries" are born - people of increased activity that promote social change and guide the historical movement of peoples.
1. Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) The main discovery of L.N. Gumilyov was that he was the first to see the connection between the active members of society - "passionaries" - and a number of historical events in Eurasia.
2) L.N. Gumilyov drew attention to the fact that social changes and the strengthening of ethnic processes on Earth are somehow connected with the cosmic energy of the galaxy.
3) L.N. Gumilyov, putting forward the hypothesis of "passionaries", explained the connection between the cycles of solar activity and the intensification of socio-historical processes on Earth.
4) The peoples of Eurasia, according to L.N. Gumilyov, owe their historical development primarily to the cycles of solar activity, which are described in sufficient detail by astronomers.
5) Studying the features of the historical development of Eurasia, L.N. Gumilyov put forward the hypothesis of "passionaries", according to which there is a relationship between the cycles of solar activity and socio-historical processes on Earth.
Answer: 3 5
Task execution algorithm:
1. Highlight in each sentence the key words that are important for understanding the issue that is raised in this text.
2. Determine the causal relationship between the sentences in the text.
3. Shorten the text by crossing out secondary information (various explanations, details, descriptions of minor facts, comments, lexical repetitions).
4. Transmit in one sentence the main information contained in the text.
5. Compare your text compression option (your sentence that conveys its main idea) with the answer options.
Try to concisely retell the text:
Let's compare the retelling with the options:
- in the first version, emphasis is placed on the connection between active members of society - "passionaries" - and a number of historical events in Eurasia;
- in the second version there is extra information that social changes and the strengthening of ethnic processes on Earth are associated with the cosmic energy of the galaxy;
- in the third version, the hypothesis of "passionaries" is put forward, the connection between the cycles of solar activity and the intensification of socio-historical processes on Earth is explained, this is true;
- in the fourth version, erroneous information is given that the peoples of Eurasia owe their historical development primarily to the cycles of solar activity, which are described in sufficient detail by astronomers;
- in the fifth variant, the hypothesis of "passionaries" is correctly explained, according to which there is a relationship between the cycles of the Sun's activity and socio-historical processes on Earth.
Correct answers - 3 5
2. Which of the following words or combinations of words should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).
But
Because
Meanwhile
However
Moreover,
Answer: 5
Task execution algorithm:
To correctly determine the word (combination of words) necessary for a given context:
1) Carefully read the test and understand the logic of the author's reasoning.
2) Determine what logical link in the author's reasoning is the sentence with the gap:
Does not indicate the cause of the described phenomena (hence, it is impossible to insert BECAUSE );
It is not an introductory phrase and does not indicate a mention of anything, (therefore, it is impossible to choose the place of the gap in the sense MEANWHILE );
It is used for opposition, emphasizing the contradiction (therefore, it is impossible to insert HOWEVER, BUT, BUT );
Used to indicate special importance subsequent phrase (therefore, in place of the gap in the meaning, you need to choose MOREOVER );
3) Perform the substitution, and then reread the resulting version again and make sure that you have correctly established a logical correspondence between the sentence with the gap and the one that precedes it.
3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word DEVELOP. Determine in what sense this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
DEVELOP- I call, - you call, owls.
1) Strengthen, give something. strengthen, strengthen. R. interest in music.
2) Bring to a certain degree of spiritual maturity, consciousness, culture. R. child. Reading developed it.
3) Distribute, expand, deepen the content or application of something. R. idea. R. argumentation.
4) Do something. on a large scale, with all the energy to deploy sth. R. agitation. R. activity.
Answer: 3.
Task execution algorithm:
1. Read the assignment carefully.
2. Find the specified offer.
3. Include each of the proposed lexical interpretations instead of the word given for analysis.
4. Determine whether the sentence lost or did not lose its semantic integrity during the linguistic experiment:
If the sentence has not lost its semantic integrity, the answer is correct;
If the meaning of the sentence has changed, the answer is incorrect.
Word DEVELOP- I call, - you call, owls. used in the sense to spread, expand, deepen the content or application of something.
R. idea. R. argumentation.
4. In which word there is a mistake in setting the stress: INCORRECT is the letter for the stressed vowel highlighted? Write out this word.
adolescence
bleeding
vulgarize
Answer: vulgarize
Task execution algorithm:
It must be remembered: the mobility of Russian stress creates objective difficulties in completing this task, so pay attention to the recommendations and repeat the words from the link.
1. In feminine past tense verbs, the stress, as a rule, falls on the ending A: I took, I took, I took, I took, I poured in, I burst in, I took it, I recreated, I drove, I chased, I got it, I got it, I waited, I waited, I took it, I locked it, I locked it, I called, I lied, I lila, I poured, I lied, I tore myself, I called As, I poured, narwhal, started, doused, hugged, overtook, skinned, departed, gave away, withdrew, withdrew, poured, called, watered, understood, arrived, tore, took off, created, plucked, removed.
Note:
The exception is feminine past tense verbs with the prefix YOU-, which pulls the stress on itself: poured out, called ;
For verbs to put, sneak, send, send, send, the stress in the feminine form of the past tense DOES NOT fall on the ending A, but remains on the basis: put, stole, sent, sent, sent.
5. In one of the sentences below, the underlined word is WRONGLY used. Fix it lexical error choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.
The jury reached a guilty verdict in the case.
Experiments have shown that when lightning strikes soil containing silicates and ORGANIC carbon, a ball of silicon and silicon carbide fibers is formed.
“He was a very HIDDEN person who knew how to keep silent,” the writer's contemporaries recalled.
Inside the Soviets, instead of democracy, the dictatorship of the Bolsheviks was established.
I am ready to forgive even cruelty if I see compassion COMING from the one who speaks about it.
Answer: hidden.
Paronyms are single-root words belonging to the same part of speech, similar in sound, but having different lexical meanings: addresser - addressee; ignorant - ignorant; put on - put on, etc.
Members of paronymic pairs
They have different lexical meanings;
Combine with different words.
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ACCUSED- participle from ch. accuse, one who is found guilty. |
accusatory- containing an accusation. |
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ORGANIC. 1. (special) Belonging to the plant or animal world, relating to living organisms. 2. Concerning internal structure man, his body, his organs. 3. Concerning the very essence of something, root. 4. (trans.) Inherent in someone. |
ORGANIC. Having deep roots in a personal or social organism, inherent in someone, something, not accidental, naturally arising from something; integral, inseparable. |
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SECRETIVE. Not inclined to share his thoughts, experiences, intentions with others, not frank. Synonym: closed. Antonyms: frank, sincere. Stealthy: ~th person; ~th person; ~th creature; ~th people; ~th character. |
HIDDEN. Secret, not obvious. Antonym: obvious. Hidden: ~th meaning, hint; ~th enmity, irony, pain; ~th excitement, observation; ~th power; ~th temperament; ~th opportunities, reserves, thoughts, intrigues; ~th enemy. |
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DICTATION(ped.). Written work consisting in writing dictated text. |
DICTAT- a requirement, an instruction dictated by one strong side and imposed for unconditional fulfillment by another, weak side. |
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INITIAL- initial. |
OUTGOING is a document flow term. |
The correct answer is " SECRETIVE”, not inclined to share his thoughts and experiences with others.
6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the form of the word. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
WILL ERASE from the board
sing ZONCHE
V 150 meters
two pairs SOCKS
Not SPEECHING not a word
Answer: uttering
Task execution algorithm:
To complete this task, you need a good knowledge of the theory.
1. The formation and use of the nominative and genitive plural of nouns (For most masculine nouns, in the initial form ending in a solid consonant ( orange, tomato, fly agaric, computer, sock ), characteristically ending -OV in the genitive plural form: oranges, tomatoes, fly agarics, computers, socks etc).
2. The use of numerals one and a half, one and a half hundred ( The numerals one and a half and one and a half hundred in all indirect cases, except for the accusative, have the form one and a half, one and a half hundred ).
3. Formation and use of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs
Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs
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comparative adjective |
Superlatives adjective |
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Suffixes: -EE, -E, -SHE STRONG HER LOUD E JUNIOR E |
MORE
MORE PERSISTENT LESS DIFFICULT |
Suffixes: -AYSH-, -EYSH- DEEP ASH ii NEZH H ASH ii |
MOST MOST LEAST MOST KIND MOST DANGEROUS |
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Comparative degree of adverb |
Superlative adverb |
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Suffixes -EE, -E, -SHE EXACT HER HIGH E TONSH E |
MORE AND LESS MORE EXACTLY MORE HIGH MORE THIN |
Pronoun ALL + simple comparative degree MORE PRECISELY ALL HIGHER ALL THINER ALL |
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The comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs differ from each other in syntactic functions in a sentence: the comparative degree of an adjective acts as a predicate of a personal sentence, a definition and, very rarely, a subject; the comparative degree of the adverb is in the role of a circumstance.
There is a mistake in the word " uttering". This is a gerund participle formed from a perfective verb. Perfective gerunds are formed by adding the suffix -V- to the basics of the infinitive into a vowel: push - pushing, come - stepping on, see - looking.
We also bring to your attention work program for the TMC Gusarova I.V. (basic and advanced levels) for grades 10-11.
From the fifth grade, you can already take it to work work program for the teaching materials of Albetkova R.I. in Russian literature.
7. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are made: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
A) incorrect use of the case form of a noun
with a pretext
B) incorrect sentence construction with adverbial turnover
C) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
D) incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech
D) violation in the construction of a sentence with homogeneous members
OFFERS
1) In 1915, Charlie Chaplin participated in the Charlie Chaplin look-alike competition in San Francisco, but he not only did not win, but did not even make it to the final.
2) The student told his teacher that I had not yet prepared for the answer.
3) Nekrasov's poem "Railway" presents a picture of folk life.
4) Turning back, it seemed to me that the dog was still following me, but there was no one.
5) Many years ago, here, in the very center of the village, there was a wooden church, and everyone who saw it admired the elegance of the building.
6) From June 1, commuter trains will depart according to the summer schedule.
7) The beast carefully made his way along the road leading to the village and along which he had already walked more than once.
8) A group of rescuers advanced towards a group of tourists.
9) All parcels sent abroad undergo strict epidemiological control.
Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
Answer:
A.8. Errors related to the incorrect use of the CASE FORM of a NOUN WITH A PREPOSITION.
B.4. Errors in the construction of sentences with gerunds.
A sentence is grammatically incorrect in which the action expressed by the verb-predicate and the action expressed by the participle are performed by different persons.
AT 5. Errors associated with a violation of the connection between SUBJECT and PREDICT.
In complex sentences built according to the model " THOSE WHO... », « EVERYONE WHO... ”, with the subject KTO, the verb-predicate is put in the singular, and with the subject TE (ALL), the verb-predicate is used in the plural.
D.2. Errors in the construction of sentences with INDIRECT SPEECH.
When translating direct speech into indirect in the subordinate part, it is unacceptable to use the personal pronoun “I”: pronouns and verbs in the form of the first person should be replaced by pronouns and verbs in the form of the third person.
D 7. Errors in the construction of sentences with HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS.
The error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members (Proposition 7) is that different syntactic constructions are included in a number of homogeneous members. Need: either two participial turnovers, or two homogeneous subordinate clauses.
8. Determine the word in which the unstressed alternating vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.
note..
friendly .. native (station)
ex..mother
Sat..Register
anal..gyny
Answer: hug
Task execution algorithm:
1) Choose test words for each word, remembering that among them there may be dictionary words, an unstressed vowel in the root of which requires memorization.
If you find words that have a checkable vowel in the root, or dictionary words, you can cross them out, as they will not be the correct answer
2) Read all the words carefully and find among them a word with an alternating vowel in the root:
GAR - GOR; ZAR - ZOR; CLAN - CLONE; TVAR - TVOR; LAG - LODGE; BIR - BER; PIR - PER; DIR - DER; TIR - TER; WORLD - MER; BLIST - SHINE; STEEL - STEL; YIG - ZHEG; CHIT - THUNDER; KAS - KOS A; (I) - MI (IN); RAST - RASH - ROS; SKAK - SKOCCH; MAC - IOC; EQUAL - ROVN; PLAV - PLOV; CHA - CHIN; MY - MIN; ZHA - PRESS; AE - NIM; KLYA - WEDGE.
It should be remembered:
1. Checked unstressed vowels in the root of the word
(in an unstressed position at the root of the word, the same vowel is written as under stress in cognate words or forms of this word: noteworthy - notice; save - carefully; analogous - analogy).
2. Alternating vowels at the root of the word (Hug - hug).
9. Determine the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write these words out with the missing letter.
pr .. miracle, pr .. back (interpret)
pr..mazh (with glue), pr..grandfather
not..bendable, ..give
voz..chalk, inter..grovoy
under .. yachiy, about .. ate
Answer: inflexible, surrender
To complete the task correctly, you need to know the following spelling rules:
Spelling of invariable prefixes: (always spelled the same. You need to know them “by sight”: in-, in-, vzo-, you-, before-, for-, iso-, on-, over-, it is necessary-, not-, under-, o-, about-, both-, re-, over- , under-, under-, pr-, pre-, pro-, dis-, s-, co- . In the word “smear” (with glue) write the prefix PRO-, and in the word “great-grandfather” - PRA-)
Spelling of variable prefixes ending in -3 And -WITH(the prefix is \u200b\u200bwritten with the letter Z if the root begins with a vowel or voiced consonant, and with the letter C if the root begins with a voiceless consonant (k, p, s, t - the word for remembering "KapuST": without-/bes-, air-/sun- (air-/sun-), from-/is-, down-/nis-, times-/races, roses-/rose-, through/through (through/through) ;
Spelling prefixes PRE- And AT-: (so as not to make a mistake in writing the prefix AT- or PRE- in a word, one should know their meaning. These prefixes are considered semantic, that is, the choice in their spelling is based on the meaning of the prefixes that they contribute to the lexical meaning of the word. So the root of the word "whim" is a morpheme -CHUD-: Quirk-Wonderful-Wonders. ... The semantics (meaning) of the prefix PRI- in the word is unclear, so we remember the spelling of this prefix in this word. And in the word "misinterpret" the choice of prefix depends on the lexical meaning of the word. Words with prefixes PRE- / PRI-, which are pronounced the same, but have different lexical meanings that determine the choice of prefix: in this case, “false, distorted”, so we choose the prefix PRE-);
Spelling I, Y after prefixes (if the prefix ends in a consonant, then AND root changes to S: a game- draw , famous - unknown , story - backstory .
But, after the prefixes of inter-, super- and foreign language prefixes dez-, counter-, post-, sub-, super-, trans-, pan- And it does not change: ultra-refined, inter-institutional, disinfection, counter-play, post-impressionism, trans-Indian, pan-Islamism.
excl.: charge);
Spelling separators Kommersant And b characters (separating Kommersant written only after consonant prefixes before letters e, yo, yu, i, denoting two sounds (the sound [th '] appears): entrance, overeat. Inside the word, before the letters e, yo, i, yu, i(not after the prefix!): curtain, serious, nightingale, blizzard, peasant, clerk (cf. clerk), etc. write b).
In the words "unbending" and "surrender" the prefix is missing WITH-. No prefix Z-. The prefix C- does not change. Formally, the prefix C- is used in combinations Sat, sg, sd, szh, sk, mid.
10. Write down the word in which the letter I is written at the place of the gap.
koch..vat
suede..out
eclipse
thoughtful .. out
Answer: Thoughtful
This is an adjective, the spelling is in the suffix. Adjective suffixes –LIV-, -CHIV-, are always written with the letter I.
Adjectives have suffixes -A LION-,-CHEV- can not be.
Reasoning algorithm:
1) Determine in which part of the word the letter is missing: in the ending or in the suffix.
2) If the vowel is omitted at the end, then use the indefinite form of the verb to establish its conjugation:
vowels are written in the personal endings of the verbs of the first conjugation E, U ;
vowels are written in the personal endings of verbs of the second conjugation I, A (I) .
3) If the vowel is missing in the suffix, then analyze the nature of the spelling:
missing vowel in participle suffixes ush, yusch, ash, yashch, im, eat (om) .
omitted vowel before participle suffix vsh, nn.
4) Spelling participle suffixes ush, yusch, ash, yashch, im, eat (om) depends on the conjugation of the original verb:
In participles formed from verbs of the I conjugation, suffixes are written ush, yusch, em (om) ;
In participles formed from verbs of the II conjugation, suffixes are written ash, ash, im.
5) Vowel spelling before participle suffixes vsh And nn depends on the at - yat or it - et the indefinite form of the original verb ends:
if the original verb ends in at or yat, then before nn in the passive participles of the past tense, the vowel a (ya) is preserved;
if the original verb ends in it or et , then before nn only written e ;
before the suffix vsh the same vowel is retained as before the ending be in an indefinite form.
Help: Put the verb in the 3rd person plural. (THEY do what? THEY do what?) ending -ut-ut - verb 1 conjugation - in the endings you should write a letter E ,
Ending - at-yat - verb 2 conjugation - in the endings you should write a letter AND .
11. Write down the word in which the letter Y is written in place of the gap.
hopeful
(they) offended..tsya
(patients) recover..t
sealed
(they) sit..t
Answer: offended
This is a verb derived from the verb "OFFEND" relating to the second conjugation. See table:
Conjugation of verbs
|
II conjugation |
I conjugation |
Heterogeneous |
|
1) All verbs in -it, except shave And lay . 2) and 11 more verbs: Drive, hold breathe, offend. Hear, see, hate. Depend and endure. And also watch, turn . You remember, friends, them on -E- cannot be hidden. |
1) all other verbs, except for non-conjugated ones; 2) plus verbs shave And lay |
want, run, honor |
12. Define a sentence in which NOT with the word is written CLEARLY.
Open the brackets and write out this word.
We lived in poverty, constantly (NOT) EATING, exchanged for food those things that we brought with us.
My trained eye determined that the area was (NOT) DIVINED, but I still decided to look for at least some signs of human presence.
It is still far (NOT) CLEAR whether such an evaluation criterion is applicable to everyone and to the same extent.
The zoo accepts (NOT) SOLD-OUT fruits for the New Year, which will be enjoyed by elephants, kangaroos, bears and artiodactyls.
She is an amazing Russian actress, he is an (UN)KNOWN genius teacher, and both are true servants of the theater.
Answer: Undernourished, because.:
UNDER-- a complex prefix indicating incompleteness, lack of action or quality, for example, underdeveloped, underdeveloped, underdeveloped . It consists of two independently used elements: prefixes before- denoting the achievement of the goal, bringing the action to the end ( to eat, to reach, to finish reading, to live ), and particles Not-, which negates what "before" means ( miss, miss …).
Verbs with UNDER- The incompleteness of the action, manifested in the absence of a sufficient norm, is connected in verbs
1) with a lack of quantity of something ( underestimate, underestimate underestimate, underestimate ),
2) with a lack of length of something in time ( undersleep, undersleep, undersleep, undersleep ),
3) with an insufficient degree of intensity of action ( overlooked, overlooked, overlooked, overlooked ).
The most numerous is the first group of verbs. Among verbs with UNDER- there are those without NOT not used (n misunderstand, misunderstand, underutilize, underestimate, dislike, underhear, perplex, miss… ) Verbs to harass, to understand, to use up, to underestimate, to love, to hear, to understand, to count ... absent in the language.
It should be remembered that the rules for writing NOT with different parts of speech can be grouped as follows:
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Apart |
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If the word without NOT is not used: indignant, indignant, indignant, fiction |
If there is a contrast with the union a Not true, but a lie |
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If you can replace with synonyms without NOT: not wide - narrow |
If at the word with NOT there are words far, at all, not at all, not at all, by no means a beauty |
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There is NO preposition between NOT and the pronoun: No one, no one |
With verbs and gerunds: didn't know, didn't know |
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with prefixes not + before not completed |
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With short participles: not_ closed |
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Pronouns HAVE a preposition With no one, with no one |
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Exceptions: not in measure, not as an example, not for good, not for haste, not to taste, not within the power, not to the inside, not from the hand, etc .; b) neither give nor take, neither be nor me, neither here nor there, neither light nor dawn, for nothing not about anything, not a bottom, not a tire, not for a sniff of tobacco, not for a penny, etc. not one (no one) - not one (many), never (never) - more than once (often). |
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13. Define a sentence in which both highlighted words are writtenONE. Open the brackets and write out these two words.
Evidence research (BECAUSE OF preceded by the disclosure of the documents formulating the accusation, and ALSO) discussion of the procedure for examining evidence.
Nihilistic philosophy does not allow any (SUPER)PERSONAL values on which the individual could rely, TO) justify your existence.
(FIRSTLY , everything should be fair, so you need to share the booty (EQUALLY .
(DESPITE to the hostility of critics, Turgenev was extremely popular among Russian readers: his novels enjoyed great fame even ( AT FIRST XX century.
The theater was (WHITE) STONE building with a high porch and AS (SAME) tall oak doors.
Answer: superpersonal, to
Adjective " SUPER PERSONAL » is written together, because
The first part of the compound adjective " ABOVE » enters the value of exceeding the usual measure, limit;
Word " TO " is a union, it can be replaced by a synonym.
Reasoning algorithm:
1) Read the sentence, think about its meaning.
2) Determine which part of speech the underlined word belongs to.
Unions so that, also, also, but, moreover, moreover, so, because are written together; they can be replaced by synonyms of the same part of speech.
Words of other parts of speech similar to these unions in sound what would, the same, the same, for that, at that, at what, and so, from that are written separately. They consist of two components: one of them (or would) can either be removed from the sentence or rearranged to another place; another component ( that, that, than, so, that ) to be replaced with other words.
Derivative prepositions are written together: DUE TO = because of , IN VIEW = because of , ABOUT = O , TOGETHER = To , DESPITE = despite .
Derivative prepositions are written separately: DURING = CONTINUED, IN CONTRAST, FINALLY , FOR .
For continuous, hyphenated or separate spelling of adverbs, apply the appropriate rules.
Derivative prepositions - during E: No news for a year. (time value)
Nouns with prepositions - during AND(what?) rivers. She spoke for an hour. See the continuation AND(what?) series. In contrast E from others (used with from). As a result E= due to
Nouns with prepositions - go up (refer to the verb),
Climb to the top of the mountain.
Participles with negation
Despite the rain, we left the city (although it was raining). Despite the bad weather, we went hiking.
14. Indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) is written HH.
The young officers appointed (1) to the regiment were spoiled (2) with a gentle attitude towards them during the training period and completely (3) did not know anything about the true (4) life of ordinary soldiers.
Answer: 1,3,4.
The word "appointed" is a passive past participle should be written HH
1. The word "spoiled" is a short form (except for the masculine form) of an adjective with a qualitative meaning, coinciding in form with the passive participles of the past tense of perfective verbs, written with nn
2. The word "True" - HH - because it is formed at the junction of a stem ending in the letter H, and suffix H
Reasoning algorithm:
1 Determine which part of speech the word with the missing letter belongs to;
2.Apply spelling rule H And HH in the suffix of this part of speech.
Noun: NN
1. If the root of the word ends in H , and the suffix starts with H: raspberry(raspberries)
2.If noun. formed from adj., having HH, or from participle: soreness (painful), spoiled (spoiled)
3. Remember: dowry
1. In words formed from nouns that have suffixes -in-, -an-, -yan- : peat bog (from noun peat)
2. In words formed from adj. with one H : student (from adj. scientist), martyr, laborer
3. In words: purple (crimson), hemp (hemp), dumpling (boiled), smoked meats (smoked), bone (bone), sophistication (tricky), Shrovetide (oily), fescue (oatmeal), hotel (living room), woodcutter (wood), cleverness (intelligent), great martyr
Adjective:
1. n. -H+ -H -: pocket
2. -HE N- , -ENN- : commission, cranberry! windless
3. exceptions with -YANN-: GLASS, TIN, WOODEN
Youths (young naturalists)
4. -IN- : goose , exception WINDY (day, person)
5. -AN- (-YAN-) : leather Remember: young; crimson, ruddy, zealous, drunken, spicy (historical suf. - YAN- ); lamb, pork, blue, green, uniform, vigorous .
In short adjectives, the same number is written n, how much and in full
foggy distance - foggy distance, windy girl - windy girl
Participles:
Н - НН IN SUFFIXES OF PARTICIPLES AND VERBAL ADJECTIVES
1. There is a prefix: sifted flour (except prefix Not-)
But: wholemeal flour
1. There is a prefix Not-: wholemeal flour
2. No ¬, but there is AP: sifted flour
3. No ¬: seed flour
4. have a suffix -ova-/-eva-: pickles
Exceptions: forged, chewed, pecked (-ov-, -ev- are part of the root)
5. Formed from a non-prefixed perfective verb:
A solved problem (to decide - what to do?) But: a wounded soldier, wounded in the leg! Being wounded, the soldier remained in the ranks.
Women immediately hung up what was washed. (Suffering. adverb, since they retain the verbal meaning, indicate a temporary state, and not a permanent sign-quality)., windless
Exception: wounded, windy
6. The same words in their direct meaning will be participles: titled play, finished work.
7. When the participle turns into an adjective, it is possible to change the lexical meaning of the word: smart child, uninvited guest, named brother, imprisoned father, dowry, Forgiveness Sunday, finished man.
Exceptions: cutesy, desired, unheard of, unseen, sacred, unexpected, unexpected, unintentional, done, slow, awake, conceited, chased.
8. Spelling does not change as part of compound words: golden-woven, broken-broken, The word everything as a whole matters adj. (high quality), not the value of "adj. + communion.
9. Brief participles: spoiled girl
SHOULD BE DISTINCTIVE
short adjective
The girl is brought up (herself is a short adjective). Can be replaced by a full adjective: educated.
Brief Communion
The girl was brought up in an orphanage (by whom?) - a short adverb. Replaced by the verb: the girl was brought up.
Impl. ? cr. moreover
The matter is considered (what?) from all sides. Thoughtful - predicate.
15. Arrange punctuation marks. Write two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) His relatives and colleagues and numerous friends came to congratulate the hero of the day.
2) The romantic hero finds an equal beginning only in communion with the elements: with the world of the ocean or sea, mountains or coastal rocks.
3) In the excerpt from Bunin's "Antonov apples" one feels not so much the author's desire to be a landowner as the desire to be free from petty matters.
4) The constant movement of aspiration to other limits is the essence of creative life, and Pasternak wrote about this in one of his poems.
5) In the morning, the east lit up with a blush and small clouds turned into a delicate color.
Answer: 2.3
2-sentence - repeated conjunction OR with homogeneous members.
3rd sentence - union " as much as', which expresses collation under constraint; the same as " not to the extent...". The punctuation mark is placed between the parts of the sentence (before the second part of the union).
Reasoning algorithm:
1. Find homogeneous members in the sentence.
2. Determine which unions connect them:
if it is a single connecting or dividing union (and, or, either, yes (= and) , do not put a comma before it;
if it is a double union ( as ..., and; not so much ... as; not only but; though... but ), a comma is placed only before the second part of the double union;
If these are repeated unions, then a comma is placed only before those of them that are between homogeneous members;
A comma is always placed before opposing unions between homogeneous members.
3. Check if the sentence contains homogeneous members connected in pairs. Remember: if homogeneous members in a sentence are connected in pairs, then a comma is placed between the paired groups and there is only one.
16. Arrange all punctuation marks. Indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.
Mathematics (1) originated in Ancient Greece (2) has two "parents" - logic and geometry, therefore (3) without understanding (4) the nature of the "parents" (5) its essence cannot be understood.
Answer: a) 1,2 - participle turnover after the word being defined, b)3,4- gerund (single)
Reasoning algorithm:
The participial phrase answers questions Which? which? which? which?;
The participle answers questions having done what? doing what? And denotes an additional action with a verb - a predicate; adverbial phrase answers questions How? When? Why?
* punctuation in participial turnover depends on its location in relation to the noun being defined;
* the adverbial turnover is always distinguished in writing by commas;
* Homogeneous definitions and circumstances expressed by participial and adverbial phrases and connected by a single union AND, are not separated by a comma.
Reasoning algorithm:
1) Find participial and adverbial phrases in the sentence, correctly defining their boundaries. Always separated by commas.
2) Determine what position in the sentence the participial turnover occupies ( BEFORE- not separated by commas. AFTER the defined word - highlighted
3) Check if the sentence contains homogeneous members with the union AND, expressed by participial or participial phrases. A comma is not put before the union And.
Difficult cases of punctuation in participles and participles.
|
Participial |
Participial turnover. |
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|
stands out participial turnover, which has the meaning of reason or concession: Connected with the great poet by cordial friendship, Zhukovsky was very upset by his death (he was worried because he was connected by friendship - the meaning of the reason). |
Not highlighted single adverbs after the predicate, if they are circumstances of the mode of action, and also close in function to adverbs: He walked limping. Reading lying down is harmful. |
|
Not separated by comma homogeneous participial and participle turnovers connected by a single connecting or dividing union: The disinterestedness of Pletnev, who worked in the name of the greatness of Russian literature and understood the uniqueness of Pushkin's phenomenon, is striking. They walked, looking around warily and not saying a word. |
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Expressions with words are not highlighted STARTING FROM, STARTING FROM(they can be omitted without prejudice to the meaning): We start work STARTING next week. Phraseologisms that include adverbial phrases are not distinguished: They listened to his story WITH HOLDING THE BREATH. |
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17. Put in all the missing punctuation marks. Indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in sentences.
Winds (1) winds (2) o snowy (3) winds (4)
Notice my past life.
I want to be a child of light
Or a flower from the meadow border.
I (5) would like (6) under horse snores
Hug with a neighboring bush.
Raise w (7) you (8) moon paws (9)
My sadness in heaven with a bucket.
(S. Yesenin)
Answer: 1,2,4 - this is an appeal
8.9 is an appeal
Remember: introductory words can be removed from a sentence without changing the main idea of the syntactic construction. Use the technique of excluding highlighted words.
Reasoning algorithm:
1) Check if the highlighted words are introductory.
Introductory words can be removed from the sentence or replaced with synonymous introductory words; they are separated by commas.
Homonymous with the introductory words, the members of the sentence cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the syntactic construction; they are not separated by commas.
Remember that words are not introductory and are not separated by commas: as if, as if, perhaps, for the most part, as if, literally, in addition, after all, in the end, it seems to be, hardly, anyway, after all, even, exactly, sometimes, as it were, besides, only, meanwhile, for sure, extremely, probably, certainly, definitely, partly, at least, truly, still, therefore, simply, let, decisively, nevertheless, only, supposedly.
18. Arrange all punctuation marks. Indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.
It was as if Chekhov did not know how to keep in focus for a long time the pattern of life (1) the essence (2) of which (3) his genius snatched everywhere (4) so he became a master of short stories.
Answer: 1,4 - adnexal clauses are separated
Reasoning algorithm:
1. Find the grammatical foundations of the sentence.
2. Define the boundaries of the main and subordinate parts.
3. Read the sentence, observing the selected signs. This will help to identify an incorrectly found solution or, conversely, confirm the correct choice.
Remember! As a rule, complex sentences are presented in this task. with adjectives, in them conjunction word which stands not at the beginning of the subordinate part, but in the middle of it, therefore A comma is not placed before the allied word. (1. Eliminate the numbers around the word "which"
4. Attention to the union And). Determine what it connects: parts of a complex sentence - a comma, homogeneous members of a sentence - no comma.
19. Arrange all punctuation marks. Indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.
How nice it is to look at a ship with white sails from afar (1) and (2) when you get into this web of gear (3) from which (4) there is no passage (5) and you see everything from the inside (6) you immediately recognize the superiority of the steamer over the sailboat.
Answer: put commas
3 - the subordinate clause ends, a new one begins
5-between parts of a complex sentence
6-ended clause
Reasoning algorithm:
1. Indicate the grammatical foundations in the sentence.
2. Define the boundaries of simple sentences as part of a complex syntactic construction.
3. See how these parts are connected.
4. Find out if the offer contains Union And , and if it is present in the sentence, determine what it connects:
· If homogeneous members, then there is a comma before it not put;
· If parts of a complex sentence, then in front of him a comma is placed.
5. Find 2 unions side by side: what if, what when, and if, and although, but when, so that if, and when:
A comma between unions is NOT put if words go further in the sentence then yes, but
A comma is placed between unions, if not THAT, YES, BUT
Read the text and complete tasks 20–24.
(1) The sky was covered with evil clouds, the rain sadly beat on the glass and made me sad. (2) In a thoughtful pose, with his vest unbuttoned and his hands in his pockets, he stood at the window and looked at the gloomy street, the owner of the city pawnshop, Polikarp Semyonovich Iudin.
(3) “Well, what is our life? - he reasoned in unison with the weeping sky. - (4) What is she? (5) Some kind of book with a mass of pages on which more suffering and grief are written than joys ... (6) Why was it given to us? (7) After all, God, good and omnipotent, did not create the world for sorrows! (8) And it turns out the other way around. (9) There are more tears than laughter ... "
(10) Judas took his right hand out of his pocket and scratched the back of his head.
(11) “Yes,” he continued thoughtfully, “in terms of the universe, obviously, there was no poverty, venality and shame, but in reality they are. (12) They were created by humanity itself. (13) It itself gave rise to this scourge. (14) And for what, one asks, for what?
(15) He took out his left hand and mournfully passed it over his face.
(16) “But how easy it would be to help people’s grief: you just have to lift a finger.” (17 Here, for example, there is a rich funeral procession. a mile away a line of carriages. (19) Torchbearers importantly act with lanterns. (20) Cardboard coats of arms dangle on horses: they bury an important person, the dignitary must have died. (21) Has he done at least one good deed in his whole life? (22) Did you warm the poor man? (23) Of course not ... tinsel!
- (24) What do you want, Semyon Ivanovich?
- (25) Yes, I find it difficult to evaluate the costume. (26) In my opinion, you can’t give more than six rubles for it. (27) And she asks for seven; says the kids are sick, they need to be treated.
- (28) And six rubles will be a bit much. (29) Do not give more than five, otherwise we will burn out like that. (30) Just take a good look around, if there are any holes and if there are spots left where ... (31) “Well, sir, so here it is - life that makes you think about human nature. (32) Behind a rich hearse stretches a cart, onto which a pine coffin is piled. (33) Behind her weaving, slapping through the mud, only one old woman. (34) This old woman, perhaps, is putting her breadwinner son in the grave ... (35) And ask if that lady who is sitting in the carriage will give her at least a penny? (36) Of course, he won’t, although he may express his condolences ... (37) What else is there?
- (38) The old woman brought a fur coat ... how much to give?
- (39) Rabbit fur ... (40) Nothing, strong, it costs five rubles. (41) Give me three rubles, and the interest, of course, is forward ... (42) “Where, in fact, are people, where are their hearts? (43) The poor are dying, but the rich don’t care ... "
(44) Judas pressed his forehead against the cold glass and thought. (45) Large, shiny, crocodile tears appeared in his eyes.
(according to A.P. Chekhov*)
* Alexander Pavlovich Chekhov (1855–1913) - Russian writer, prose writer, publicist, older brother of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov.
20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.
1) Polikarp Semenovich Iudin - one of the ordinary employees of the city pawnshop.
2) The woman who took the suit to the pawnshop had sick children.
3) In the city pawnshop of Judah, interest is taken forward.
4) The owner of the city pawnshop is worried about the fate of the people, so he is ready to do charity work.
5) One old woman went to a pawnshop to hand over a hare coat, as she was very poor and she needed money for a funeral.
To complete the task, use the following algorithm:
Read the text carefully
Find in it a confirmation or refutation of a particular statement
・Choose the correct answers
Consider how you can apply this algorithm to perform this task.
The first answer is unfaithful, because Polikarp Semyonovich Iudin is the owner of the city pawnshop (offer No. 2)
The assertion made in the fourth variant of the answer, is directly opposite to what the author says in the text itself. So this answer wrong.
In the fifth version the answer contains only part of the correct information (the old woman was poor), but she did not need money for the funeral
So answer number 5 is also incorrect.
Statement No. 2 is correct: “He says that the kids are sick, they need to be treated” (sentence 27). This loyal answer.
Statement No. 3 is correct: “Give me three rubles, and the interest, of course, is forward ...” (sentence No. 41). This loyal answer.
Therefore, the correct answer is: 2.3
21. Which of the following statements are true? Specify the answer numbers.
1) Sentence 2 contains a description.
2) Sentences 11-14 present the narrative.
3) Proposition 23 contains the answer to the question formulated
in sentences 21–22.
4) Sentences 34–36 present reasoning
5) Sentence 45 explains the reason for what is said in sentence 44.
Task execution algorithm:
Read carefully the suggested passages;
Remember that the description shows, describes.
Varieties of description:
1) description of an object, person (his characteristic)
2) description of the place
3) description of the state of the environment
4) description of the state of the person (person)
5) description of actions
The story tells about the actions, deeds of the hero. We can trace a series of events that follow each other (was, is, will be).
reasoning is built according to the scheme: thesis, proof, conclusion.
Attention! Not always in the passage there is a pronounced thesis. But if there is an explanation, a discussion of any event, phenomenon, then this discussion, not storytelling. The presence of rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations, introductory words will tell you that this is reasoning.
Determine what type of speech each fragment belongs to
Let's try to apply this algorithm.
1) Sentence 2 contains a description.
“In a thoughtful pose, with his vest unbuttoned and his hands in his pockets, he stood at the window and looked at the gloomy street, the owner of the city pawnshop, Polikarp Semyonovich Iudin.”
The fragment describes the pose, clothing. We "see" this hero.
So this correct answer
2) Sentences 11-14 present the narrative.
(11) “Yes,” he continued thoughtfully, “in terms of the universe, obviously, there was no poverty, venality and shame, but in reality they are. (12) They were created by humanity itself. (13) It itself gave rise to this scourge. (14) And for what, one asks, for what?
This answer incorrect. In this passage, the hero talks about the universe, poverty, humanity. It has an introductory word a rhetorical question. So, uh then reasoning.
3) Proposition 23 contains the answer to the question formulated in Propositions 21–22.
(21) Has he done at least one good deed in his whole life? (22) Did you warm the poor? (23) Of course not ... tinsel! Question, question and answer. This correct answer.
4) Sentences 34–36 present reasoning.
(34) This old woman, perhaps, is putting her breadwinner son in the grave ... (35) And ask if that lady who is sitting in the carriage will give her at least a penny? (36) Of course, he won’t, although he may express his condolences ...
This is the correct answer. The hero talks about kindness, condolences. We observe in this fragment introductory words, a rhetorical question.
5) Sentence 45 explains the reason for what is said in sentence 44.
(44) Judas pressed his forehead against the cold glass and thought. (45) Large, shiny, crocodile tears appeared in his eyes.
A series of actions: he pressed his forehead, thought, tears came out. So this answer incorrect, This narration.
Therefore, the correct answer is: 134
22. From sentences 39–45 write out antonyms (antonymic pair).
Task execution algorithm:
1. Remember what antonyms are.
Antonyms are words belonging to the same part of speech, differing in spelling and sound, and meaning directly opposite concepts.
Do not forget about contextual antonyms, which are an individual stylistic use of a particular word ... In general use, these words do not stand in antonymous relations to each other. So, in the context of A. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin", the words "wave" and "stone", "poetry" and "prose", "ice" and "flame" are antonyms..
3. Determine the specified lexical unit
4. Choose the correct answer
(43) The poor are dying, but the rich don’t care ... "
These are nouns with the opposite lexical meaning.
Therefore, we write out: the poor, the rich
23. Among sentences 15-23, find one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one using a coordinating conjunction and a personal pronoun. Write the number(s) of this offer(s).
Reasoning algorithm:
Recall what conjunctions are (coordinating and subordinating)
1. Find a coordinating union
2. Remember the ranks of pronouns
3. Find a personal pronoun
4. See which sentence has both a coordinating conjunction and a personal pronoun
Coordinating conjunctions
Connecting and, yes(=and), no-no, too, also
opposing but, but, yes (= but), but, however, the same
Dividing or, either, something, or ... or, not that ... not that
Personal pronouns (initial form)
|
Unit hours / many h. |
|
|
he, she, it/they |
Case forms
|
He she it |
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Him, her, him |
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Him, her, him |
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Him, her, him |
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Him, her, them |
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|
About him, about her, about him |
Attention! Case forms of personal pronouns HER, HIS, THEM match with possessive pronouns HER, HIS, THEM. How to distinguish?
By initial form and question:
saw (who?) her, him, them .
Initial form: she, he, it, they.
Therefore, it is a personal pronoun.
Her, him, them books (R. p.).
Initial form: her, him, them books.
Books (whose?) her, him, them.
Therefore, they are possessive pronouns.
(20) Cardboard emblems dangle on horses: an important person is being buried, the dignitary must have died. (21) Has he done at least one good deed in his whole life?
24. Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed in tasks 20–23. This fragment examines the language features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps (A, B, C, D) with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. Write in the table under each letter the corresponding number
Chekhov's stories are compact in form and deep in content, and the author avoids direct value judgments - his voice sounds low, but at the same time firm and distinct. This is facilitated by a complex composition and, of course, a competent selection of visual and expressive means. In the presented fragment, it is worth noting the trope - (A) __________ (“evil clouds” in sentence 1, “gloomy street” in sentence 2), the lexical means - (B) __________ (“hang out” in sentence 20, “burn out” in sentence 29 , “weaves, spanking ...” in sentence 33), the syntactic means is (B) __________ (sentences 3, 14, 21). It is worth paying attention to such a technique as (D) __________ (sentence 11), which becomes, perhaps, one of the main ones in the construction of this text.
List of terms
1) phraseological units
2) antithesis
3) epithets
4) colloquial vocabulary
6) interrogative sentences
7) lexical repetition
8) hyperbole
9) synecdoche
Reasoning algorithm:
We divide all terms into 3 groups
There is a hint in the first question:mark trail.
trails - words and expressions used by the author of the text in a figurative sense.
We recall the tropes: personification, epithet, comparison, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, litote, irony, paraphrase.
We look at which of them are in the list of terms: epithet, synecdoche, hyperbole - this is first group
We recall the definitions: Hyperbole is an excessive exaggeration of certain properties of the depicted object. Synecdoche is a kind of metonymy when the name of a part is used instead of the name of the whole or vice versa. An epithet is a figurative, emotionally evaluative definition.
Hyperbole and synecdoche do not fit.
« Evil clouds», « gloomy street"- this is a figurative, emotional-evaluative definition, expressed by an adjective.
Therefore, this epithet.
In the second task, we are talking about lexical means.
We add to our list: synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, neologisms, archaisms, historicisms, phraseological units, aphorisms, dialectisms, professionalisms, colloquial vocabulary.
The list of terms includes: Phraseologisms - a stable combination of words, the meaning of which is determined as a whole, and not by the meaning of the individual words included in it.
Colloquial vocabulary gives speech the character of ease and some reduction (rudeness, familiarity, playfulness).
Phraseological units and colloquial vocabulary are second group
- The words “hang out”, “burn out”, “weaves, spanking ...” refer to colloquial vocabulary.
Therefore, the answer is: #4
In task "B" they ask about the syntactic means.
- We recall the syntactic means of expression, and look at what is in the list of terms:
antithesis, inversion, gradation, oxymoron, parcellation, anaphora, epiphora, rhetorical question, interrogative sentences, rhetorical appeal, ellipsis, lexical repetition, question-answer form, syntactic parallelism, homogeneous members of a sentence.
- The list of terms includes:
Antithesis - a sharp opposition of concepts, thoughts, images.
Interrogative sentences - a question that is posed in order to obtain an answer.
Lexical repetition is the intentional repetition of the same word or phrase.
Homogeneous members of the sentence - enumerated actions, objects, signs.
Antithesis, interrogative sentences, lexical repetition. homogeneous members of the proposal - this is the third group.
(3) “Well, what is our life? - he reasoned in unison with the weeping sky. - (4) What is she? (21) Has he done at least one good deed in his whole life?
These are interrogative sentences.
Hence, answer #6
Task "G" I propose to perform by the method of elimination.
1) phraseological units
2) antithesis
3) epithets
4) colloquial vocabulary
5) rows of homogeneous members of the proposal
6) interrogative sentences
7) lexical repetition
8) hyperbole
9) synecdoche
(11) “Well, yes,” he continued thoughtfully, “in terms of the universe, obviously, there was no poverty, venality and shame, but in reality they are.
The text is built on opposition. The thoughts and deeds of the hero of the story are contrasted.
Therefore, answer "No. 2
We fill in the table: A- 3, B- 4, C- 6, D- 2
25. Write an essay based on the text you read.
State one of the problems delivered the author of the text.
Comment on the formulated problem. Include in the comment two illustration examples from the read text that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid over-quoting).
Formulate the position of the author (narrator). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the read text. Explain why. Argue your opinion, relying primarily on the reader's experience, as well as on knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).
The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.
A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the original text without any
Handbook for preparing for the exam
Reference information for all tasks: 1 - 26. If you don’t know something, don’t remember, don’t understand, you are here. Simple, accessible, lots of examples.
Collection of practice tests: 1 - 24
Practice tests with answers to all tasks
"USE-navigator"
Interactive preparation course for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. 26 sections. Individual achievement statistics. Options are formed for each person personally during new visits. Fully complies with the new format of the exam.
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"USE-responder"
Who is interested in training USE options in Russian with answers and comments? Our new series "Unified State Examination" is for you.
Collection of essays on the Russian language (task 26)
It is easier to learn how to write essays from the source text if you know exactly what the requirements of the exam are for task 26 in the Russian language. Analysis of the work of graduates shows typical mistakes and shortcomings.
Final winter essay
All about graduation essay. Concept. Criteria for testing at school. Evaluation criteria in universities. Work samples.
Workshop on orthoepy
Nouns from the FIPI list. How to remember them? Intensive training in an interactive form will help
Helpful information
The word USE has a fascinating effect on people. The majority, long before the exam, begins to treat it as a fatal milestone: terrible and inevitable. One gets the impression that the will and mind of people are paralyzed at the same time ... Distinct images of a conveyor belt, a meat grinder or a current that carries the unfortunate people to no one knows where emerge ... What is the consequence of such an attitude towards the upcoming test? Passivity, indifference or, on the contrary, feverish activity, senseless fuss, excessive nervous tension. Get reliable information about the upcoming exam.
useless information
Even during difficult or serious work, you can find a reason to joke. Section for those who want to relax a bit
Self defense. If an appeal is needed
It is better not to tune in to the appeal in advance. There is such a life pattern: often people attract situations that they think too much about. The situation of filing an appeal is not the most pleasant. I wish you could avoid it. But if an appeal is unavoidable, it's best to know how to file it.
Therefore, I consider it important to talk about this topic.
Preparing for the Unified State Examination in Russian from scratch and passing it for 100 points on your own is not so difficult task. However, this requires systematic preparation, ideally - the daily implementation of one option in full or the most difficult parts. But the main thing is to know the enemy in person, to understand what needs to be done in each task in order to get the coveted points.
There are few general recommendations for future hundred-pointers: know the theory from (ideally) or at least part of the theory (and what knowledge you need, you will understand by making a lot of different tasks), take the trouble to download a dictionary of paronyms and an orthoepic dictionary from the FIPI website (located along with other information about the Unified State Examination in Russian), carefully read the assessment criteria, the rules and procedures for the exam and the score table (all this information is contained in this).
You should not be afraid of some tasks, but you should not consider some of them unimportant and not requiring elaboration. Any one point can help a lot (or vice versa), in the future. Remember that quantity turns into quality. To speed up this transition, the Wise Litrecon has prepared for you an analysis of each task, which will facilitate your independent preparation. Examples of tasks for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language are taken from the demo version 2019.
The tasks of this group are tied to a small text. They are quite simple and require only a careful reading of the given few sentences. All questions are worth 1 point.
In task 1, this is the definition of the truth of three statements about the text. How to prepare? To be able to determine the essence of the text, you must learn to reflect on what you read. This skill comes with practice, so try to formulate the main ideas of abundant posts in your favorite public, journalistic and blogging materials. This helps to feel confident in working with information and accurately navigate it.
In number 2, you need to make a choice of the missing particle according to the meaning. To carry out this operation automatically, read more. Comments under memes are unlikely to fit, but here are informational materials about the area you are interested in - quite. There are many useful and competent blogs about beauty, health, literature, technology, computer games etc.
In question 3, you need to choose the appropriate variant of the meaning of the word in the text (namely, in the text, we must not forget about this fact). An active reader does not consider this item to be a task at all. If you feel your native language, there will be no problems with performance. How to learn it? Discover the world of reading and you will see that the understanding of the meaning of the word will come by itself. Well, regular work with similar tasks will also do its job.
4-7
These tasks are not related to each other, but in each of them you need to choose an erroneous option. All questions are worth 1 point.
Number 4 tests knowledge of stresses (if this causes difficulties, the orthoepic dictionary will help). We must not forget that it is necessary to write out the wrong variant in the form in which it is presented in the phrase.
Task 5 checks the knowledge of paronyms (the corresponding dictionary will help for this). Please note: here you need to replace the wrong paronym with the correct one (unbearable).
Number 6 is also aimed at knowledge of vocabulary, here it is required to exclude superfluous word. To do this, you need to carefully read the sentence, think about the meaning of each word. Somewhere the meanings of neighboring words may coincide, that is, one of them is superfluous.
Task 7 tests the ability to decline and form plural forms. The most important thing to repeat for this question is the declension of numerals, pronouns and nouns in the plural (especially in the genitive case).
In all cases, the gradual development of this type of tasks and the contents of dictionaries will help. Make it a rule to work out 20-30 words a day. Just write them down and place the stresses correctly, or (in the case of a paronym) select the correct pair by writing out the meanings of the paronyms. The same can be done with compound numbers and plural pronouns. A simple exercise will help to remember all this amount of information: you need to compose sentences and phrases with words that you want to remember, and use them in correspondence, conversation, in a word, in Everyday life. Preparing for assignments is not only “training” on demos, but also acquiring real knowledge that will significantly enrich your cultural and educational baggage.
8
The task is estimated at 5 points, it requires you to do what most people love so much - to find other people's mistakes. Here you should pay attention to the compatibility of words within a sentence. Most often, you need to know that the participial turnover should be combined with the word being defined by number and case, the participle should refer to the verb, the names in quotation marks (they are called inconsistent applications) can only be declined without the word that defines them (that is, you need to say "in the picture" Rooks "A. K. Savrasov" and "on the "Rooks" by A. K. Savrasov").
The most difficult places for yourself can be identified and worked out by solving many tasks of this type. Regular reading will also help to notice the problem, because the correct participial turnover can be determined by someone who does not know the rules at all, but feels his native language and thinks logically. Agree, because it is obvious that there is a mistake here: "Taking off his cap, his head was exposed." It turns out that the head took off the cap, and this is absurd. So, to find a flaw, ask yourself who did the extra action, what the participle is referring to, etc.
9-15
Here it is checked whether the graduates remember the various spelling rules. These questions are worth 1 point.
Task 9 evaluates the ability to correctly write unstressed and alternating vowels. The easiest way to do this task is by elimination, starting with the last ones. There are much fewer alternations in Russian than dictionary words. By placing letters in all alternations, you will make sure that some options will disappear, and the dictionary words in this number are simple, so you will definitely cope.
Number 10 checks the knowledge of the spelling of prefixes. What will definitely happen here is the prefixes “pre” and “at”, as well as prefixes in a word whose root begins with “and”. The safest thing is to repeat this simple rule and exceptions, there are not so many of them.
Task 11 - spelling of suffixes. Particular attention should be paid to "o", "e" and "e" after hissing, as well as to the suffixes of adverbs.
Question 12 tests the ability to conjugate verbs and put the right ending depending on the conjugation. It is also worth repeating exceptions to the rules (shave, lay like verbs of the first conjugation; look, hear, see, depend, hate, twirl, hold, breathe, endure, offend, drive like verbs of the second conjugation).
Number 13 is one of my least favorite assignments, because there is a problem with writing “not” at any age, even many years after school. You can also use the elimination method here. After reading in the task the exact wording of which word should be highlighted (jointly or separately written), find among the proposed options those that are written exactly together (not used without “not”) or exactly separately (verbs and adverbs). This will narrow down your search considerably.
Task 14 checks whether the dealer distinguishes between a prefix and a preposition (most often this concerns writing adverbs). It may help that two words are given. If you are not sure about writing one, check the second, maybe based on it you can discard this answer option. It can help in execution that when writing separately between words, you can put one more word or omit the second.
Question 15 is also often not liked by many, since choosing one or two “n” is an ordeal. And here the same elimination method works: first choose the simplest cases for yourself and exclude them (or vice versa, write them down as one of the answers), so consider each word.
In order to quickly and efficiently prepare for these tasks, you need to repeat all the rules and exceptions that are asked in the exam. There are not many of them here, so everything will fit in a small cheat sheet, which will help you quickly cope with tasks in the preparation process. It’s better not to take it for an exam (out of harm’s way), because a person pretty soon remembers what he encounters regularly, and you will definitely remember the rules if you turn to a cheat sheet written by your own hand from time to time.
16
The task is worth 2 points. Here you need to find 2 sentences in which there is only one comma. The repetition of punctuation rules and the method of elimination are the key to completing the task. To make it easier, draw a simplified sentence diagram: mark the subject and predicate, so you will see both homogeneous members and simple sentences in a complex one.
To get the coveted points, the Wise Litrecon advises you to learn how to draw sentence diagrams, if you have not already done so. Science is not so difficult, but the result is worth it.
17-21
All these numbers test knowledge of punctuation. Here you have to learn certain rules and constantly train. It is necessary to repeat the setting of commas in simple and complex sentences, and dashes, and colons. To remember all this, you can draw sentence schemes with a pencil in your favorite books, and also explain to yourself why this or that comma is in the text. Such classes are not so difficult and boring, but more effective than regular cramming.
Question 17 tests knowledge of the rules for highlighting participial and participial phrases in writing. The main advice: gerunds are always distinguished, and in participles you need to look for the location of the word being defined.
Task 18 - writing appeals. They are always separated by commas, but they may include not one word, but several at once, you need not put commas inside the appeal.
Number 19 - punctuation marks in a complex sentence (most often, with the word "which"). The complexity of the task is that the union “which” is not used here in its initial form, so many do not see the need for a comma. This will help drawing a diagram that will show the boundaries of simple sentences as part of a complex one.
Task 20 tests the ability to put commas in complex sentences, there is always a combination of unions here. To correctly highlight the boundaries of sentences, one should start with two rules: 1. The drawn diagram will help to visualize everything; 2. If a comma is needed between unions, then there will be no union “then” on the border of this sentence.
21 questions will require you to have theoretical knowledge of punctuation. You need to choose options that obey one rule, for this you will have to know all the options for punctuation marks.
22-26
These tasks are related to the text, which will also be used for composing, so it should be read carefully right away. Moreover, these tasks are more related to the content. They are worth 1 point, except for number 26, for which you can immediately get 4.
Question 22 tests the attentiveness of graduates. You need to choose options that reflect the content of the text. Again, regular and conscious reading will help you with this. You don't have to take the classics or newspapers if you don't like them, but there are a lot of media now, and everyone can choose their own. When reading articles, determine their essence, discuss opinions with like-minded people or tutors. Such training in the game version will definitely bear fruit.
Number 23 tests knowledge of speech types (description - an image of something, narration - actions, reasoning - thoughts about something that are not related to actions), and here you need to look for logical connections within the text. It is very easy to identify texts, pay attention to how the author expresses the idea. If this is typical fiction with fictional characters and plot, then we have a narrative. If this is a series of observations about an object or phenomenon, then a description. Classic magazine article - reasoning.
Task 24 checks the knowledge of synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, phraseological units, direct and figurative meanings words. This theory is simple, easy to remember, and with a lot of practice, it is easily fixed in memory. Some people have problems understanding phraseological units. This is a stable combination of incompatible words (often obsolete), which can be replaced with one modern word. For simplicity, make yourself a plate with examples denoting a particular term.
Question 25 is aimed at finding connections between sentences. Here you need to find a union, a pronoun with which sentences are connected to each other. This also comes with the experience of interacting with literature.
Number 26 tests the knowledge of means of expression, expressed both grammatically (homogeneous members, exclamatory and interrogative sentences, quoting), and lexically (epithets, metaphors, personifications, synonyms, antonyms). To remember all this, a table with examples will also help you quickly navigate. Boring and incomprehensible definitions of terms can sometimes even confuse, so do not try to cram, it is important to achieve understanding.
27
Writing on the text gives a significant part of the points (24 out of 58), so they should be written in large numbers. All USE tasks require practice and the most elementary knowledge. Even writing does not require special creative abilities. Just following the plan and following the criteria. Here, the Wise Litrecon described in detail how to write an essay on the exam
Unified State Exams scare schoolchildren from the first grade. However, the analysis of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language showed that it is not worth being afraid of this unpleasant, but surmountable situation. Practice is the key to success in the exam. Even if you have a technical mindset, then remember the main rule: the quality of knowledge increases in direct proportion to the number of tasks completed. Good luck!
Task 1. Information processing of texts
Approximate wording of the task: Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the main information contained in the text?
The algorithm for completing task 1 of the USE in the Russian language:
1. Read the text carefully.
2. Think about what the text says, briefly retell it.
3. Match your retelling with the answer options.
4. Eliminate those options that least fully reflect the meaning of the read text.
Let's look at an example (the text is taken from the 2014 demo).
Task example 1.
Read the text.
(1) If you look at a map, you will see that Siberia is more than half the territory of the Russian Federation, it is approximately equal to Europe, it is almost a quarter of all of Asia and one fifteenth of the entire land mass of the Earth. (2) But Siberia surprises us not only with its size, but also with the fact that it is the world's largest treasury of forests, oil and gas reserves. (3) Exactly<…>in the plans economic development Much attention is paid to Russia and Siberia.
Let's try to condense the text:
Siberia has great natural resources, so it is given great attention in Russia's economic development plans.
Let's compare the retelling with the options:
- in the first version, the emphasis is on the large territory of Siberia. not on her Natural resources, so it does not suit us;
- the second option contains part of the main idea, but not all of it, as required by the assignment, so we also exclude it;
- the fourth option contains redundant information, the development of the world economy was not discussed in the text, and special attention is paid to Siberia mainly because of its natural resources, not its size.
Therefore, the correct answer is 3.5.
Task 2. Means of communication of sentences in the text
Task Formulation
(1) The manner of the dispute, its severity, the concessions of the disputing parties, the means used by them are determined not only by considerations related to the resolution of a particular problem, but also by the whole context in which it arose. (2) You can formally win an argument, convince of the expediency of your approach and at the same time lose in something else, but no less important. (3) (...) side effects of the dispute can significantly weaken the effect of victory in it, or even completely nullify it. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text?
Vice versa,
But
In other words,
Thereby
Firstly,
Correct Answer: In other words.
Usually, in task 2, either an introductory word (construction), or a union, or a particle, or an adverb is missing, which connects the sentence with the gap with the previous one and introduces a certain meaning into the reasoning of the author of the source text.
Task execution algorithm
1. Carefully read the test and understand the logic of the author's reasoning.
2. Determine what logical link in the author's reasoning is the sentence with the gap:
Indicates the cause of the described phenomena (in the place of the gap, according to the meaning, you can insert BECAUSE, AS, AS, THE POINT IS THAT);
- is a consequence of the author's reasoning (therefore, SO, HERE);
- sums up the author's reasoning (THUS, SO, THEREFORE);
- repeats the same thought, but more understandable (IN OTHER WORDS, OTHER WORDS);
- seeks to supplement the previously expressed thought with something new and important (IN ADDITION);
- clarifies what was said before (FOR EXAMPLE, SO); introduces into the author’s reasoning the meaning “despite the circumstances indicated in the previous part of the text” (DESPITE THIS, ALTHOUGH, DESPITE THIS);
- clarifies what was said earlier (THAT IS);
- used for opposition, emphasizing the contradiction (HOWEVER, ZATO, BUT);
- introduces the meaning of clarification and emphasizes the importance of thought (EXACTLY, BECAUSE);
- reinforces what has been said (EVEN); means "for this reason" (NOT RANDOMLY).
3. Perform the substitution, and then reread the resulting version again and make sure that you have correctly established a logical correspondence between the sentence with the gap and the one that precedes it.
Commentary on the task
Test task: (1) It turns out that any sound source makes complex non-sinusoidal oscillations. (2) They can be observed using a well-known instrument - an oscilloscope. (3) ... if you connect a microphone to it and sing some melody, then on the oscilloscope screen, not a sinusoid will appear, but a more complex curve.
Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text?
Write down this word (combination of words).
- Vice versa,
- For example,
- Firstly
- However
- That's why
- Let's determine what logical link in the author's reasoning is the sentence with a gap: Proposal No. 3 explains what was said in sentence No. 2: how non-sinusoidal sound oscillations can be observed using an oscilloscope.
- We note which of the answers do not introduce the meaning of an explanation into the author’s reasoning: The introductory word “on the contrary” is used when the author of the text contrasts one sentence with another, therefore it cannot stand in place of a gap in the third sentence. The introductory word “firstly” is not suitable, since there are no introductory words in the text “ Secondly" and thirdly". The adversative union "however" is used to express opposition, so it also cannot stand in place of the gap in the third sentence. The union "therefore" is used when the author of the text wants to draw a conclusion from his reasoning. Therefore, we also cannot consider this word as the correct answer.
- Let's substitute the introductory word "for example" in place of the gap and reread the resulting text: (1) It turns out that any sound source performs complex non-sinusoidal oscillations. (2) They can be observed using a well-known instrument - an oscilloscope. (H) FOR EXAMPLE, if you connect a microphone to it and sing some melody, then not a sinusoid, but a more complex curve will appear on the oscilloscope screen. The introductory word "for example" is used when the author wants to clarify what he was talking about before. Therefore, it does not contradict the logic of the text. This is the correct answer.
- Correct Answer: For example. We get 1 point for a correct answer.
Task 3. Contextual definition of the lexical meaning of polysemantic words.
Task Formulation
(1) It is known that today the place of grammar in language teaching is determined differently in different methods. (2) In some, it is given the main place, it requires memorization of the rules and constant training in the formation of certain forms. (3) ... in others, it is believed that the emphasis should be shifted to the use of speech patterns, and grammatical phenomena are given second place: the rules do not need to be taught, it is enough just to practice in the analysis of exemplary texts.
Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word RULE.
Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the second (2) sentence of the text.
Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
RULE, -a, cf.
1) Obligatory laws established by the state power. Rules of conduct in public places.
2) Decree, prescription, establishing the order of something. Inner order rules.
3) A position in which a regularity is reflected, a constant ratio of some phenomena. Arithmetic rules.
4) Way of thinking, norm of behavior, custom, habit. A man of strict rules. Take it as a rule. Cheating is not in his rules.
Correct answer: 3
What you need to know to complete the task
It is possible to determine in which of the lexical meanings a polysemantic word is used in a sentence only from the context, using the substitution technique: alternately substitute each of its interpretations instead of a polysemantic word in the sentence; if the sentence does not lose its semantic integrity, then the answer is correct.
Task execution algorithm
1. Read the assignment carefully.
2. Find the specified offer.
3. Include each of the proposed lexical interpretations instead of the word given for analysis.
4. Determine whether the sentence has lost or has not lost its meaning: if the sentence has not lost its semantic integrity, the answer is correct; if the meaning of the sentence has changed, the answer is incorrect.
For a correct answer, you get 1 primary point.
Task 5. Lexical norms. Paronyms.
Action algorithm.
- Determine what part of speech the words are.
- Read the offers carefully. Maybe you will find something in common in words that are combined with paronyms.
- Think about what word they can be formed from. Perhaps the difference is in the basics!
- Look at what part of the word the words differ: prefix, suffix, etc.
- If possible, remember the differences in meaning. Remember! If you suddenly come across words like subscriber - subscription, this algorithm will not work.
Parsing the task.
In which sentence, instead of the word HOSTILE, should the word HOSTILE be used?
1) Animals and plants sometimes act as HOSTILE forces in fairy tales.
2) He ended up in a world hostile to him.
3) The tank division managed to break the hostile defense of the enemy.
4) They were not prepared for such a HOSTILE reception from the locals.
Hostile and enemy are paronyms - adjectives. Let's try to figure out what word (s) they are formed from.
Hostile - enmity (hostility, mutual hatred, unfriendly relations) + suffix -ebn-. Meaning - expressing a hostile attitude.
Enemy - enemy (a person fighting for other, opposing interests, enemy) + suffix -esk-. Meaning - belonging to the enemy.
This means that paronyms are formed from different words, therefore, the difference should be sought based not so much on suffixes, but on the basis of words.
In options No. 2, 3, 4, the context expresses the attitude: hostile world, hostile defense, hostile reception. And in option No. 1, according to the context, belonging should be indicated: instead of hostile forces, you need to say enemy forces.
So the correct option is #1.
