Inventions of the 19th century. From grateful descendants

The inventions of the 19th century laid the scientific and practical foundation for the discoveries and inventions of the 20th century. The nineteenth century became a springboard for a breakthrough in civilization. In this article I will talk about the most significant and outstanding scientific achievements nineteenth century. Tens of thousands of inventions, new technologies, fundamental scientific discoveries. Automobiles, aviation, access to outer space, electronics... It would take a long time to list them. All this became possible in the 20th century thanks to the scientific and technical inventions of the nineteenth century.

Unfortunately, it is impossible to talk in detail about every invention created in the century before last in one article. Therefore, in this article, all inventions will be discussed as briefly as possible.

Inventions of the 19th century. The Age of Steam. Rails

The nineteenth century was the golden age for steam engines. Invented in the eighteenth century, it was increasingly improved, and by the middle of the nineteenth century it was used almost everywhere. Plants, factories, mills...
And back in 1804, the Englishman Richard Trevithick installed a steam engine on wheels. And the wheels rested on metal rails. The result was the first steam locomotive. Of course, it was very imperfect and was used as an entertaining toy. The power of the steam engine was only enough to move the locomotive itself and a small cart with passengers. There was no talk about the practical use of this design.

But a more powerful steam engine can be installed. Then the locomotive will be able to transport more cargo. Of course, iron is expensive and the creation of a railway will cost a pretty penny. But the owners of coal mines and mines knew how to count money. And from the mid-thirties of the century before last, the first steam locomotives set off across the plains of the Metropolis, hissing steam and scaring away horses and cows.

Such clumsy structures made it possible to sharply increase cargo turnover. From the mine to the port, from the port to the steel furnace. It became possible to smelt more iron and create more machines from it. So the locomotive pulled technological progress forward with it.

Inventions of the 19th century. The Age of Steam. Rivers and seas

And the first steamboat, ready for practical use, and not just another toy, splashed across the Hudson with paddle wheels in 1807. Its inventor, Robert Fulton, installed a steam engine on a small river boat. The engine power was small, but the ship still made up to five knots per hour without the help of the wind. The ship was a passenger ship, but at first few people dared to step aboard such an unusual design. But gradually things got better. After all, steamships were less dependent on the vagaries of nature.

In 1819, the Savannah, a ship equipped with sailing equipment and an auxiliary steam engine, crossed for the first time Atlantic Ocean. The sailors used a tailwind for most of the journey, and used the steam engine during calm periods. And 19 years later, the steamship Sirius made the crossing of the Atlantic using only steam.

In 1838, the Englishman Francis Smith installed a propeller instead of bulky paddle wheels, which was much smaller in size and allowed the ship to reach higher speeds. With the introduction of screw steamers, the centuries-old era of beautiful sailing ships came to an end.

Inventions of the 19th century. Electricity

In the nineteenth century, experiments with electricity led to the creation of many devices and mechanisms. Scientists and inventors conducted many experiments and developed fundamental formulas and concepts that are still used in our 21st century.

In 1800, Italian inventor Alessandro Volta assembled the first galvanic cell - the prototype of the modern battery. A copper disk, then a cloth soaked in acid, then a piece of zinc. Such a sandwich creates electrical voltage. And if you connect such elements with each other, you get a battery. Its voltage and power directly depend on the number of galvanic cells.

1802, Russian scientist Vasily Petrov, having constructed a battery of several thousand elements, receives a Voltaic arc, the prototype of modern welding and a light source.

In 1831, Michael Faraday invented the first electrical generator that could transform mechanical energy to electric. Now there is no need to burn yourself with acid and put together countless metal mugs. Based on this generator, Faraday creates an electric motor. For now, these are still demonstration models that clearly show the laws of electromagnetic induction.

In 1834, the Russian scientist B. S. Jacobi designs the first electric motor with a rotating armature. This motor can already find practical application. The boat, driven by this electric motor, goes against the current on the Neva, carrying 14 passengers.

Inventions of the 19th century. Electric lamp

Since the forties of the nineteenth century, experiments have been underway to create incandescent lamps. A current passed through a thin metal wire heats it up to a bright glow. Unfortunately, the metal filament burns out very quickly, and inventors are struggling to increase the service life of the light bulb. Various metals and materials are used. Finally, in the nineties of the nineteenth century, the Russian scientist Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin introduced the electric light bulb to which we are accustomed. This is a glass bulb from which the air has been pumped out; a refractory tungsten spiral is used as a filament.

Inventions of the 19th century. Telephone

In 1876, the American Alexander Bell patented the “talking telegraph,” the prototype of the modern telephone. This device is still imperfect; the quality and range of communication leave much to be desired. There is no bell that everyone is familiar with, and to call a subscriber you need to whistle into the receiver with a special whistle.
Literally a year later, Thomas Edison improved the telephone by installing a carbon microphone. Now subscribers don’t have to scream heart-rendingly into the phone. The communication range increases, the usual handset and bell appear.

Inventions of the 19th century. Telegraph

The telegraph was also invented in the early nineteenth century. The first samples were very imperfect, but then a qualitative leap occurred. The use of an electromagnet made it possible to send and receive messages faster. But the existing legend about the inventor of the telegraph alphabet, Samuel Morse, is not entirely true. Morse invented the coding principle itself - a combination of short and long pulses. But the alphabet itself, numerical and alphabetic, was created by Alfred Weil. Telegraph lines eventually entangled the entire Earth. Submarine cables appeared connecting America and Europe. The enormous speed of data transfer has also made a significant contribution to the development of science.

Inventions of the 19th century. Radio

Radio also appeared in the nineteenth century, at its very end. It is generally accepted that Marconi invented the first radio receiver. Although his discovery was preceded by the work of other scientists, and in many countries the primacy of this inventor is often questioned.

For example, in Russia Alexander Stepanovich Popov is considered the inventor of radio. In 1895, he presented his device, called a lightning detector. Lightning during a thunderstorm caused an electromagnetic pulse. From the antenna, this pulse entered the coherer - a glass flask with metal filings. The electrical resistance decreased sharply, current flowed through the wire winding of the bell electromagnet, and a signal was heard. Then Popov repeatedly modernized his invention. The transceivers were installed on warships of the Russian Navy, the communication range reached twenty kilometers. The first radio even saved the lives of fishermen who broke away on an ice floe in the Gulf of Finland.

Inventions of the 19th century. Automobile

The history of the car also dates back to the nineteenth century. Of course, history buffs can also remember the steam car of the Frenchman Cugnot, whose first ride took place in 1770. By the way, the first ride ended with the first accident, the steam car crashed into a wall. Cugno's invention cannot be considered a real car; it is more of a technical curiosity.
Daimler Benz can with a high degree of confidence be considered the inventor of a real car that is suitable for everyday practical use.

Benz made his first trip in his car in 1885. It was a three-wheeled carriage, with a gasoline engine, a simple carburetor, electric ignition and water cooling. There was even a differential! The engine power was just under one horsepower. The motor crew accelerated to 16 kilometers per hour, which was quite enough with a spring suspension and simple steering.

Of course, other inventions preceded the Benz car. So, a gasoline, or rather gas, engine was created in 1860. It was a two-stroke engine that used a mixture of lighting gas and air as fuel. The ignition was spark. In its design, it resembled a steam engine, but it was lighter and did not require time to ignite the firebox. The engine power was about 12 horsepower.
In 1876, the German engineer and inventor, Nikolaus Otto, designed a four-stroke gas engine. It turned out to be more economical and quiet, although more complex. In the theory of internal combustion engines there is even a term “Otto cycle”, named after the creator of this power plant.
In 1885, two engineers, Daimler and Maybach, designed a lightweight and compact carburetor engine running on gasoline. Benz installs this unit on its three-wheeled carriage.

In 1897, Rudolf Diesel assembled an engine in which the air-fuel mixture was ignited by strong compression rather than by a spark. In theory, such an engine should be more economical than a carburetor. Finally the engine is assembled and the theory is confirmed. Trucks and ships now use engines called diesel engines.
Of course, dozens and hundreds of other automotive little things are being invented, such as the ignition coil, steering, headlights, and much more, which make the car convenient and safe.

Inventions of the 19th century. Photo

In the 19th century, another invention appeared, without which existence now seems unthinkable. This photo.
The camera obscura, a box with a hole in the front wall, has been known since ancient times. Chinese scientists also noticed that if a room is tightly draped with curtains and there is a small hole in the curtain, then on a bright sunny day an image of the landscape outside the window appears on the opposite wall, albeit upside down. This phenomenon was often used by magicians and careless artists.

But it was only in 1826 that the Frenchman Joseph Niepce found more practical application box that collects light. Joseph applied a thin layer of asphalt varnish to a sheet of glass. Then the first photographic plate was installed in the apparatus and... In order to get an image, you had to wait about twenty minutes. And if this was not considered critical for landscapes, then those who wanted to capture themselves in eternity had to try. After all, the slightest movement led to a spoiled, blurry frame. And the process of obtaining an image was not yet similar to what had become common in the twentieth century, and the cost of such a “photo” was very high.

A few years later, chemical reagents that were more sensitive to light appeared; now there was no need to sit, staring at one point and be afraid of sneezing. In the 1870s, photographic paper appeared, and ten years later, heavy and fragile glass plates were replaced by photographic film.

The history of photography is so interesting that we will definitely devote a separate large article to it.

Inventions of the 19th century. Gramophone

But a device that allows you to record and play sound appeared almost at the turn of the century. At the end of November 1877, inventor Thomas Edison presented his next invention. It was a box with a spring mechanism inside, a long cylinder covered with foil and a horn on the outside. When the mechanism was launched, many thought that a miracle had happened. From the metal bell came, albeit quietly and inaudibly, the sounds of a children's song about a girl who brought her lamb to school. Moreover, the song was performed by the inventor himself.
Soon Edison improved the device, calling it a phonograph. Wax cylinders began to be used instead of foil. The quality of recording and playback has improved.

If you use a disk made of durable material instead of a wax cylinder, the volume and duration of the sound will increase. The first use of a shell disc was in 1887 by Emil Berlinner. The device, called a gramophone, gained great popularity, because stamping records with recordings turned out to be much faster and cheaper than recording music on cylinders of soft wax.

And soon the first record companies appeared. But this is already the history of the twentieth century.

Inventions of the 19th century. Warfare

And of course, technological progress has not spared the military. Among the most significant military inventions of the nineteenth century, we can note the massive transition from muzzle-loading smoothbore shotguns to rifled firearms. Cartridges appeared in which gunpowder and bullet formed a single whole. A bolt appeared on the guns. Now the soldier did not have to separately pour gunpowder into the barrel, then insert a wad, then push in a bullet and then a wad again, using a ramrod during each operation. The rate of fire has increased several times.

The queen of the fields, artillery, also underwent similar changes. From the second half of the nineteenth century, gun barrels became rifled, dramatically increasing accuracy and firing range. Loading now took place from the breech, and cylindrical projectiles began to be used instead of cores. Gun barrels were no longer cast from cast iron, but from stronger steel.

Pyroxylin smokeless gunpowder appeared, nitroglycerin was invented - an oily liquid that explodes with a slight push or blow, and then dynamite - all the same nitroglycerin mixed with binders.
The nineteenth century gave generals and admirals the first machine gun, the first submarine, sea mines, unguided missiles and armored steel ships, torpedoes; instead of red and blue uniforms, suitable only for parades, soldiers received a uniform that was comfortable and invisible on the battlefield. The electric telegraph began to be used for communication, and the invention of canned food greatly simplified the provision of food to armies. Anesthesia, invented in 1842, saved the lives of many wounded people.

Inventions of the 19th century. Match

In the nineteenth century, a lot of things were invented, sometimes unnoticeable in everyday life. Matches were invented, the most seemingly simple and ordinary thing, but for the appearance of this small wooden stick it took the discoveries of chemists and designers. Special machines were created for the mass production of matches.

1830 — Thomas McCall of Scotland invents the two-wheeled bicycle

1860 — Pierre Michaud from France upgrades his bicycle by adding pedals

1870 — James Starley from France creates a modification of the bicycle with a big wheel

1885 — John Kemp from Australia makes cycling safer

1960 racing bicycle appears in the USA

In the mid-1970s, mountain biking appeared in the United States.

Inventions of the 19th century. Stethoscope

Remember going to the doctor-therapist. A cold touch to the body of a metal round, the command “Breathe - don’t breathe.” This is a stethoscope. It appeared in 1819 due to the reluctance of the French physician Rene Laennec to put his ear to the patient's body. At first, the doctor used tubes made of paper, then made of wood, and then the stethoscope was improved, became even more convenient, and modern devices They use the same operating principles as the first paper tubes.

Inventions of the 19th century. Metronome

To train novice musicians to gain a sense of rhythm, the metronome was invented in the nineteenth century, a simple mechanical device that made clicks evenly. The frequency of sounds was regulated by moving a special weight along the pendulum scale.

Inventions of the 19th century. Metal feathers

The nineteenth century also brought relief to the saviors of Rome - the geese. In the 1830s, metal feathers appeared; now there was no need to run after these proud birds in order to borrow a feather, and there was no need to trim steel feathers. By the way, the penknife was originally used for the constant sharpening of bird feathers.

Inventions of the 19th century. ABC for the blind

While still a child, Louis Braille, the inventor of the alphabet for the blind, became blind himself. This did not stop him from studying, becoming a teacher, and inventing a special method of three-dimensional printing, now the letters could be touched with the fingers. Braille is still used today, thanks to it people who have lost their sight or were blind from birth were able to gain knowledge and get intellectual work.

In 1836, an interesting structure appeared in one of the endless wheat fields of California. Several horses pulled the cart, which made noise, creaked, squealed, and frightened the crows and respectable farmers. On the cart, undulating wheels spun randomly, chains rumbled and knife blades sparkled. This mechanical monster devoured wheat and spat out straw that no one needed. And the wheat accumulated in the belly of the monster. This was the first grain harvester. Later, combines became even more productive, but they also required more and more traction power; up to forty horses or oxen pulled mechanical monsters across the fields. At the end of the nineteenth century, the steam engine came to the aid of horses.

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Invention of photography in the 19th century

One of the outstanding scientific and technical discoveries of the 19th century - photography, i.e. obtaining stable images on photosensitive materials under the influence of light rays - was the result of the work of many European scientists and inventors. Decisive successes at the last stage of the experiments were achieved by the French researchers J. N. Niepce and L. J. M. Daguerre. After the name of the latter, the method itself was called daguerreotype. But it was only in the 1840s, when, as a result of improvements in the photographic method, it was possible to obtain from negatives any number of positive prints on light-sensitive paper (and not just one, as with Daguerre’s method), the period of widespread use of photography began.

19th century road transport

In con. 19th century arose the new kind transport - automobile. In 1885-1886 German engineers K. Benz and G. Daimler designed the first models of cars, and from the 1890s. In a number of countries, industrial production of automobiles began, which led to increased construction of highways. The success of automobiles was facilitated by the introduction of pneumatic rubber tires in 1895 by Irish inventor J. Dunlop.

Steam shipping

The first steamship to receive practical use was the river ship "Clermont", built in 1807 by the American inventor Robert Fulton. The design of steam ships for a long time followed the established forms of sailing ships, and the steamships retained additional sailing equipment. A major role was played by the introduction of the propeller, the design of which was proposed by the Czech engineer Joseph Ressel and a little later by the Swedish engineer J. Erikson. Since the 1840s iron began to serve as a material for sheathing steamships, and then for the construction of ship hulls.

From the end 1860s Piston steam engines began to be used on sea vessels, and from 1894-1895. The first experiments were undertaken to replace piston engines with steam turbines, which significantly increased the power and speed of sea and ocean steam ships. The construction of canals was of great importance for the development of world trade. In 1869, the Suez Canal opened, which immediately acquired enormous international significance, shortening the route from England or the Netherlands to India by almost 13 thousand km.

First telegraph

In the 1st quarter of the 19th century, optical telegraphy became widespread throughout the European continent. In 1832, the Russian designer and engineer P. JI. Schilling demonstrated the electromagnetic telegraph he created, transmitting signs through the conditional position of the arrows in the station apparatus. S. F. B. Morse in the USA, K. A. Steingeil in Germany, and B. S. Jacobi in Russia worked on improving the electromagnetic telegraph. The Morse apparatus became the most widely used. The achievement of the following decades was the invention in 1850 of B. S. Jacobi of the direct-printing telegraph apparatus. However, the direct-printing apparatus designed in 1855 by the American designer D. E. Hughes became widespread. In 1876, the French mechanic E. Baudot patented the first practical five-fold telegraph apparatus, allowing five messages to be sent simultaneously. Since the 1840s. The laying of telegraph submarine cables begins between the most developed countries, as well as between metropolises and colonies.

Another branch of electrical engineering has become no less widespread - the design and practical use of telephone equipment. In the 1860-1870s. Experiments began on creating a telephone. In 1876, the American inventor A. Bell received a patent for the first practically usable telephone. Two years later, T. Edison and D. Hughes independently proposed the design of a microphone that was missing from Bell’s apparatus. The first telephone exchange was built in 1877 in the USA, in 1879 in Paris, in 1881 in Berlin, St. Petersburg, Moscow, Odessa, Riga and Warsaw. In 1889, American inventor A. B. Strowger received a patent for an automatic telephone exchange.

In 1895, Russian scientist and inventor A. S. Popov demonstrated the first radio receiver that made it possible to receive and transmit signals over a distance without wires. At first, the new branch of communication technology was called “wireless signaling” or “wireless telegraphy” in all languages. The term “radio” appeared after the First International Conference on Wireless Telegraphy in 1903, where it was recommended for use

On July 23, 1875, Isaac Merritt Singer passed away, thanks to whom the sewing machine can now be found in many homes. We have compiled a list of eight inventions of the 19th century that have proven useful in everyday life in the 21st century.

At one time, when Singer was working in a printing house, he became obsessed with the idea of ​​improving the typesetting machine. To realize his idea, Isaac Singer rented an entire workshop, but he never managed to sell the assembled model: there was an explosion in the room that destroyed everything. For an entrepreneur engaged in sewing machines, Singer came across it while looking for a new space for his workshop. The machines often broke down, which prompted Singer to undertake new work to improve the existing mechanism. Spending 11 days and 40 dollars, Isaac Singer created a sewing machine suitable for promotion to the masses. Constantly improving his machines, Singer did not forget about the commercial side of the issue. In 1854, he and his lawyer founded I.M. Singer & Co., headquartered in New York.

SmartNews has compiled a list of 8 19th-century inventions that are still useful in everyday life.

A fountain pen

The fountain pen first appeared in Spain around 600 AD. However, the invention was patented only in the 19th century. It is difficult to say who exactly was the first inventor. It is known that trade in steel feathers was carried out already in 1780. But the fountain pen, as the current generation is accustomed to seeing it, appeared thanks to a patent by Lewis Edson Waterman in 1883. The shape of such a pen resembled a cigar, and the ink from it did not flow, which led the Waterman company to wealth and popularity.

Car with internal combustion engine

Several inventors shared the championship in creating the first gasoline-powered car. In 1855, Karl Benz built a car with an internal combustion engine, and in 1886 he patented his invention and began producing cars for sale. In 1889, inventors Daimler and Maybach assembled their own version of the car. They are also credited with creating the first motorcycle. But one can argue with this: in 1882, Enrico Bernardi received a patent for a single-cylinder gasoline engine and installed it on his son’s tricycle. It is this moment that many consider as the birth of the first motorcycle.

Phonograph

The phonograph, capable of reproducing its own recording, was invented by Thomas Edison. The sound was recorded on a medium in the form of a track, which was placed in a cylindrical spiral on a replaceable rotating drum. When the phonograph was working, the needle of the device moved along a groove, transmitting vibrations to an elastic membrane that emits sound. In this case, the depth of the track was proportional to the volume of the sound. The invention was extremely popular and was constantly modified. Small portable models appeared, and wax-coated rollers began to be used for recording.

Telephone communications

American Alexander Graham Bell filed an application for the telephone he invented with the US Patent Office on February 14, 1876. Two hours after Bell's arrival, an American named Gray came to the Bureau for the same patent, but the matter remained with Bell. It is worth noting that pure chance helped him in inventing the telephone. Initially, he tried to create a multiplex telegraph that could transmit several telegrams simultaneously over one wire.

Photo

The first photograph is considered to be “View from a Window,” a photograph taken by the Frenchman Joseph Nicéphore Niepce in 1826. The photo was placed on a tin plate covered with a thin layer of asphalt. Later, in 1839, Louis-Jacques Mande Daguerre offered the world his own method of obtaining images. In Daguerre's scheme, the copper plate on which the image was to appear was treated with iodine vapor, which resulted in the plate being coated with a supersensitive layer of silver iodide. With daguerreotype, after a half-hour exposure, the image had to be kept in a dark room over heated mercury vapor, and table salt was used to fix the image.

Electric lamp

Electricity, as a source of energy for lighting something, began to be used only closer to end of the 19th century century. Before this point, people used candles and gas lamps. The invention of the electric light bulb, despite the fact that many scientists and inventors worked in this direction, is usually attributed to Thomas Edison. It was Edison who equipped the lamps with a base and socket, and in addition, thought out the design of the switch.

During this period, it became Mendeleev, which is still used today. Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev managed to combine all the chemical elements known at that time into one scheme based on their atomic mass. According to legend, the famous chemist saw his table in a dream. Today it is difficult to say whether this is true, but his discovery was truly ingenious. The periodic law of chemical elements, on the basis of which the table was compiled, made it possible not only to order the known elements, but also to predict the properties of those that had not yet been discovered.

Physics

Quite a lot important discoveries during the 19th century it was also made. At this time, most scientists were studying electromagnetic waves. Michael Faraday watching the movement copper wire in a magnetic field, discovered that when the lines of force intersect, a electricity. Thus, electromagnetic induction was discovered, which later contributed to the invention.

In the second half of the 19th century, scientist James Clark Maxwell suggested that there are electromagnetic waves, thanks to which electrical energy is transmitted in space. A couple of decades later, Heinrich Hertz confirmed the electromagnetic theory of light, proving the existence of such waves. These discoveries enabled Marconi and Popov later to use radio and became the basis for modern methods of wireless data transmission.

Biology

Medicine and biology also developed rapidly during this century. The famous chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur, thanks to his research, became the founder of such sciences as immunology and microbiology, and his name was subsequently given to a method of heat treatment of products, in which vegetative forms of microorganisms are killed, which allows extending the shelf life of products - pasteurization.

French physician Claude Bernard devoted himself to studying the structure and functioning of the endocrine glands. Thanks to this doctor and scientist, such a field of medicine as endocrinology appeared.

The German microbiologist Robert Koch was even awarded Nobel Prize. This scientist was able to isolate the tuberculosis bacillus, the causative agent of tuberculosis, which greatly facilitated the fight against this dangerous and at that time widespread disease. Koch also managed to isolate Vibrio cholerae and Anthrax bacillus.

The transition from manufacturing to factory production and the invention at the end of the XNUMXth century. steam engine made development technical progress in industry. The content of the new stage of technical progress, which unfolded in the first half of the 19th century, consisted in the creation of machines with the help of machines. So, mechanical engineering has become one of the main sectors in industry.

A lot of metal was needed to make machines, so the metallurgical industry began to improve. The English engineer Henry Bessemer invented a rotating furnace - a converter - for the production of cast iron, iron and steel, and the French engineer Pierre Martin invented a furnace for the production of high-quality steel.

An example of technological progress in the first half of the 19th century. changes in printing began. At the beginning of the century they used for printing manual machine. Subsequently, it gave way to a mechanical one, which was also constantly improved. In 1816, 1,100 copies of the Times newspaper were printed in London per hour, and in 1850 - already 10 thousand.

Railroads became the main means of transportation on land. On sea routes, steamships gradually replaced sailing ships. In 1807, Robert Fulton's first steamboat was tested. At the beginning of the century, the first steam-powered cars appeared in the USA and England. Their speed in England was limited to 4 km/hour.

Steam engines have found application in agriculture. In the 40s of the XIX century. The first steam threshers appeared in England, and after some time, steam plows. From here they began to spread to other countries.

Communication means also began to improve. The telegraph apparatus, invented in 1844 by the American scientist Samuel Morse, spread very quickly.

The need to develop world trade led to the construction of canals. The largest of them was the Suez Canal, the construction of which began in 1859 by the French engineer Ferdinand Lesseps. Within ten years the construction was completed.

Evidence of the success of new technology was the construction of railway tunnels. In 1843, the construction of such a tunnel under the Thames was completed. Bridge designs began to improve. In 1818 - 1826 in England, engineer Telford built the first railway suspension bridge. Johann Roeblingow built five famous chain bridges in the United States. Famous among them is the Brooklyn Bridge in New York, the width of the middle span of which is 486 g.

So, the first half of the 19th century. became a period of rapid development of technological progress, which significantly changed the human environment. The most important step in energy supply industrial production and transport began to produce electricity on a large scale using dynamos, the first examples of which appeared in the 70s.

Technical event of great importance was the emergence of a new class of engines, which were designed by German inventors Nikolaus Otto (1876) and Rudolf Diesel (1897). These compact, highly economical engines running on liquid fuel quickly found application in the first car of G. Daimler and K. Benz (1886, Germany).

Gradually, the telephone, which was invented by Alexander Graham Bell (1876), the phonograph (Thomas Alva Edison, 1877), the radio (Guglielmo Marconi and Alexander Popov, 1895), cinema (brothers Louis Jean and Auguste Lume) came into use. Rugby, 1895), electric lighting streets, workshops, apartments, etc. In 1881, a tram appeared, and soon the metro.

Significant advances have also occurred in military technology. In 1883, a machine gun by the American engineer X. Maxim appeared. The creation of aviation began. The fleet received armored ships with large-caliber cannons and submarines.