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Preparation for the Unified State Exam in Russian - a collection of texts. Texts for essays and discussions on the Russian language Discussions about the state of the language

(1) Discussions about the state of the Russian language have been going on since the times of the mighty revolutions of the past centuries: A.S. Pushkina, F.I. Tyutcheva, A.I. Herzen, V.G. Belinsky, F.M. Dostoevsky. (2) Nowadays for us their disputes and reflections on the fate of their native language are high lessons of Russian literature and human thought.

(3) As for the “degradation,” “weakening,” and even the inevitable “death” of the Russian language and literature, this is nothing more than hyperbole, based quite often on sincere, natural and understandable anxiety for the fate of one’s people, especially in times changes, shocks.

(4) The current upheavals and profound changes in Russia are occurring, in my opinion, rather in the minds and souls of people. (5) For the Russian language, they do not seem very significant to me, if we recall such trials as the “Mongol invasion” or Peter the Great’s “window to Europe”.

(6) “Eastern wind” and “Western wind” come and go, unable to shake the mighty tree of the Russian language, rooted over centuries and across vast expanses, only refreshing it, and therefore strengthening it.

(7) In such cases, trials, the mighty ocean of the great language

(and not only Russian) with his incomparable mass, power, energy, measured and tireless work, he will cut, polish other people’s words, adapting them to his own needs, sprinkle them with living keys native land, taking into folk speech, writing, fiction. (8) It was so. (9) Apparently this will happen. (10) Two hundred thousand words of V.I.’s dictionary alone. Dalia - isn't it an ocean? (11) He will grind and grind someone else’s things, and throw away the dirty ones with foam. (12) Private, current, orthographic dictionary, and that one is a hundred thousand words, each of which is not old mold, but living speech, which, of course, is richer than any dictionaries; it is not for nothing that people draw generously from it, but, thank God, the bottom is not visible. (13) The Russian language not only lives, but gives life!

(14) One of the chemical industries has been pumping its waste, of course poisonous, into the deep layers of the earth for a long time and to this day, destroying living waters. (15) They do not listen to reproaches and reproaches. (16) The main thing for them is profit.

(17) On this same land, preserving the living waters, schoolchildren from the farms of Malogolubinsky, Pyatnitsky and others, of course with their teachers, protect the earth’s springs and springs, clean them. (18) To each his own.

(19) The same is true in our literature and journalism, which, of course, influence the state of the Russian language. (20) It’s a matter of conscience and, most importantly, talent. (21) Tolstoy, Turgenev, Sholokhov, Shukshin did not set themselves the task of protecting the Russian language. (22) They did this naturally, because they were born on the Russian soil, from which they received a great gift and used it worthily. (23) That's the whole explanation. (24) For me personally it is profound. (25) To the best of my ability and ability, I follow him, realizing my small strength.

(26) But on the Malogolubinsky farm, the springs are cleared by very small children from elementary school. (27) These springs and springs flow little by little, reviving the rivers Malaya Golubaya, Rostosh, Eruslan, and then the Don, its mighty waters.

(According to B.P. Ekimov*)

*Boris Petrovich Ekimov (born in 1938) is a Russian prose writer and publicist.

20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.

1) The changes taking place in the Russian language are capable, without exaggeration, of destroying it.

2) The language accepts borrowed words into popular speech, polishing them.

3) When creating their works, classical writers set themselves the goal of protecting the Russian language.

4) The actions of people to clean up springs and springs are akin to the actions of writers to preserve their native language.

5) By clearing the springs on the Malogolubinsky farm, schoolchildren thereby contributed to the purification of the waters of the Don.

21. Which of the following statements are false? Specify the answer numbers.

1) Sentences 1–2 provide a description.

2) Sentences 4–5 present the reasoning.

3) Sentences 12–13 present the narrative.

4) Sentence 16 explains the content of sentences 14–15.

5) Sentences 21–22 illustrate the points made in sentences 19–20.

22. From sentences 1–2, write down synonyms (synonymous pair).

23. Among sentences 17–25, find one that is related to the previous one

using personal and demonstrative pronouns. Write the number of this offer.

“About the Russian language B.P. Ekimov talks very figuratively and colorfully. The emotional tone of his reasoning is set by the trope - (A)__________ (for example, in sentence 6), as well as the device - (B)__________ (“not old mold, but living speech” in sentence 12). Speaking about changes in the native language, the author tries to convey their essence as accurately as possible, which helps him lexical device– (B)__________ (“changes, shocks” in sentence 3, “cut, polished” in sentence 7). However, the fate of the Russian language does not cause concern to the author, which is why he uses a technique such as (G)__________ (“of course” in sentences 14, 17, 19).”

List of terms:

1) quoting

2) exclamatory sentences

3) lexical repetition

4) opposition

5) anaphora

6) extended metaphor

7) parcellation

8) spoken words

9) contextual synonyms

Part 2

Write an essay based on the text you read.

Formulate and comment on one of the problems posed by the author of the text (avoid excessive quoting).

Formulate the position of the author (narrator). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the text you read. Explain why. Justify your answer, relying primarily on reading experience, as well as knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

Work written without reference to the text read (not based on this text) is not graded. If the essay is a retelling or completely rewritten of the original text without any comments, then such work is scored zero points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Option 3

Read the text and complete tasks 1-3

(1) Napoleon loved to read, which was quite unusual for a military man. (2) In each residence he had a library composed of the same books, and (......) the emperor could continue reading any book after moving from place to place. (3) He became addicted to reading as a child, at a military school: his relationships with his peers did not work out, and books allowed him to forget about loneliness and everyday troubles.

1.Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) Napoleon often spent time reading books in one of his residences.

2) In each residence of Napoleon there was a library made up of different books.

3) Since childhood, Napoleon was addicted to reading, which replaced his communication with peers, so the emperor had the same library in each residence.

2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in second proposal? Write this word down.

Therefore Also Because

Mostly of course

3. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word LIBRARY. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in sentence 2. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

Library,-i, f.

1 .An institution that collects and stores printed and written works for public use, as well as carrying out reference and bibliographic work. Children's library.

2 . A collection of books, printed works, as well as the room where they are stored. Scientist's library. home library.

3 . The name of a series of books, united thematically or by purpose or genre. Travel Library.

4. In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down.

broke in locked

SIGNIFICANCE OF ARRIVING REPEATES

5. In one of the sentences below WRONG The highlighted word is used. Fix it lexical error, choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.

Experts REDUCE points for spelling errors.

A DIFFICULT question, I don’t have an answer to it.

A pleasant, sonorous and very persistent baritone was heard from box No. 2.

From a distance came a VICIOUS bark.

The exhibition featured wonderful works by SKILLED bone carvers.

6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the form of the word. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly

young accountants at their work

within THIRTY-FIVE MINUTES of ladies' SHOES

no comments

7. Match between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are made: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Grammatical errors

Offers

A) a violation in the construction of a sentence with a participial phrase B) an error in the construction of a complex sentence C) a violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application D) a violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate E) a violation of the type-temporal correlation of verb forms

1) When getting ready for the hike, the guys were in a good mood. 2) The minibus driver told the newly entered passengers that you will pay for the fare. 3) The sisters were fond of and well versed in music. 4) Everyone who is interested in environmental problems follows publications in special publications. 5) The air, frosty and thin, stung my nose and pricked my cheeks with needles. 6) New materials about contemporary art have appeared in the magazine “October”. 7) The schedule for repair work in the plant’s workshops was violated contrary to the director’s instructions. 8) In Russian literature there are a huge number of works dedicated to a woman-mother. 9) It is better to overestimate the risk than not to notice it.

8. Identify the word in which the unstressed vowel of the root being tested is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter

comment..original

grow..grow to..shaking l..gical

9. Define a row, in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter.

P..come, n..play

and..distort, lifeless

pr..flattering, pr..encourage

pan..slamism, previous..previous

by..write, respect..respect

10. Write down the word E.

walk...mocking...

beans..starch..to satisfy..to

11. Write down the word, in which a letter is written in place of the gap E.

linger..stay, move..attack..my

look..sh, just..sh

12. Define the offer, in which NOT spelled together with the word. Open the brackets and write down this word

The keys have still (not) been found.

The sun is scorching - there’s no longer anything to breathe.

Seryozha (slowly) turned the page.

There was (not) a month in the sky, and the stars were shining brightly.

There is (not) more than a week until the New Year.

13. Define the offer, in which both highlighted words are written FULL. Open the brackets and write out these two words.

SO), lyrical hero Pasternak feels that love helps to overcome the vanity and vulgarity of the world, and (THUS) remembers the once extinguished spark of love with regret.

(C) FOR twenty years I have traveled Russia in all directions, but EVERYTHING (SAME) best place than my father’s land, I couldn’t find it.

Based on the idea of predestination, it is possible (ON) BEFORE to justify any human act, NO MATTER repulsive or criminal it may seem to us.

Now Chatsky YES (SAME) has nothing to talk about with Sophia, but STILL (SAME) he loves her.

Patients are waiting for these medicines, (BY) THIS we need to work more quickly than ever, collectedly,

WHATEVER is stopping us.

14.Indicate all numbers, in the place of which it is written NN.

In the first paintings of I.N. Nikitin had some simplification: the figures are snatched (2) from the darkness of an indefinite (3) space by a beam of bright light and exist without connection with the environment.

15. Set up punctuation marks. Specify two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) The Cossack wanted to jump on his horse and rush away, but he just waved his hand.

2) The biography of Andrei Rublev is reconstructed based on extremely meager and fragmentary information from chronicles and hagiographic texts.

3) Grandfather Eremey dreamed of returning back to his village and weaving baskets there for the joy of his grandchildren.

4) She lived with her father and mother, either in Dobraya Sloboda, or on Razgulay, or on Kuznetsky.

5) Rowan is beautiful in both spring and autumn.

16. Place punctuation marks:

Ippolit Matveyevich (1) wallowing in shame (2) stood under the acacia tree and (3) without looking at the people walking (4) repeated three memorized phrases.

17. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentences.

Sometimes a thought will come that (1) seems (2) true, but you are afraid to believe it. However, then you see that that thought, which (3) may be (4) strange, is in fact the simplest truth: once you know it, you can no longer stop believing in it.

18. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

Gross domestic product is the indicator (1) on the basis of (2) which divides countries (3) into developed and developing.

19. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

A belated lightning flashed directly overhead (1) and (2) while it was shining (3) I saw (4) some white dot flickering on the shore.

(according to new criteria) (1) My father and the police chief were amazed that we had to spend the night in Selivan’s house...What could be the reason for a person’s rejection by society? Is it possible to change how other people treat you? Exactly makes you think about these questions N.S.Leskov...

(1) All my life I heard the word “soul” and pronounced this word myself, not at all understanding what it meant...What is the human soul? What treasures does she keep? It is impossible to accurately answer these questions, because each person has a unique soul, filled with both amazing advantages and unpleasant shortcomings. It is precisely the problem of spirituality, the ambiguity of the human soul that M. Prishvin raises in his text...

(according to new criteria)
(1) With eyes, full of tears, Ivan looked into the snow below him: the end of his fairy tale was approaching...How does a person’s love for nature manifest itself? Why do people perceive the world around them differently? Exactly over the problems oh the relationship of man to nature makes you think in your own wayby the way L. Leonov.

(according to new criteria) (1) Once upon a time, starlings flew to me during my October, autumn, stormy watch...What is true love for one's country? What is associated with the feeling of homeland for a Russian person? It is the problem of the feeling of homeland that V. Konetsky raises in his text.

(according to new criteria) (1) Man was created to last for centuries, judging by the enormous, incomparable waste of energy. (2) A lion, having killed an antelope, rests for a day in a well-fed sleep... What is the meaning of human life? Why is man given a huge supply of energy? Right above the problem the meaning of human life makes you think in its text B. Vasiliev...

7. (according to new criteria)
(1) Someone comes into the hallway, undresses for a long time and coughs... (2) A minute later, a young man of pleasant appearance comes in to see me. (3) For a year now, we have been in a strained relationship: he answers me disgustingly in exams, and I give him unities. What does it mean to be a responsible person? It is the problem of a responsible attitude to life that A.P. Chekhov addresses in his text.

If you go out to the pier, you will meet, despite the bright sun, a sharp wind and you will see the distant winter peaks of the Alps, silver, terrible. ...What does it mean to be kind person? It is the problem of a humane, compassionate attitude towards people that I. A. Bunin addresses in his text.

We are going to Boldino. The architect-restorer Pyotr Dmitrievich Baranovsky is with us, and we drove along the old Smolensk road to his native place.....It is precisely the problem of preserving monuments that V.A. addresses in his text. Chivilikhin.

I stood at the window of the carriage, aimlessly looking at the landscape running past, at the stops and small stations, plank houses with names in black and white, which I did not always have time to read, and why. Why do children see the world around them differently? How does an adult’s perception of the world differ from a child’s? It is these questions that D.A. Granin suggests thinking about in his text.

11. (according to new criteria)
The main educator of any person is his life experience..."Do people have an innate ear for poetry? Why doesn't everyone like poetry? It is the problem of the perception of literature that E.A. Evtushenko addresses in his text...

(1) In a letter to his wife on May 18, 1836, Pushkin wondered: where did these sensible young people come from, “who are spit in the eyes, and they wipe themselves off” instead of defending their honor?Honor and dignity... What do they mean in our time? Are today's young people ready to defend them? These problematic issues preserving honor and dignity is asked by D. Shevarov in his text...

(1) In the outskirts of our village there was a long room made of boards on stilts. (2) For the first time in my life I heard music here - a violin. (3) Vasya the Pole played it.

1. Why does a person feel love for his homeland forever? It is the problem of homesickness that he addresses in his text. V. Astafiev...

2. “The music grabbed you by the throat, but did not squeeze out tears, did not sprout pity.” In the proposed text V. Astafiev makes us think about the problem of the impact of art on humans...

What role does true art play?In human life? Whichcan have an impactmusic per person? Exactly the problem the impact of music on the human soulraises in his text V.P.Astafiev...

(1) One summer, our family was vacationing in Estonia, on the shores of Lake Pyhäjärve. (2) I saw many beautiful lakes. (3) I saw Lake Pleshcheyevo near Pereslavl-Zalessky.

1. Nature... how amazing and unique it is. But not everyone is able to feel its magical power. And in the text S. Lvov raises a complex problem of the relationship between man and nature...

2 . Does man need nature? Such a philosophical problem of the relationship between man and nature S. Lvov raises in his text...

(1) Once upon a time, about a dozen or two years ago, the following image came to my mind: The Earth is our tiny house, flying in an immensely large space...What value does human culture have in people's minds? It is precisely this problem of recognition of values cultural heritage humanity D. Likhachev raises in his text...

(1) With the release of Mark Geyser’s book about Marshak in the “Life of Remarkable People” series, the general reader’s idea of the famous poet should change. (2) And not only among the masses.People live in almost every corner of our planet. They are similar to each other in some ways, different in some ways. But how correctly can you understand a person when meeting him and in the process of communicating with him? It was the problem of biased attitude towards the individual that he touched on in his text S. Sivokon... How does S.Ya. Marshak’s selfless devotion to his work manifest itself? It is the problem of devotion to creativity that S. Sivokon addresses in his text...

(1) In the last few years, another one has been added to the usual fears of parents. (2) Increasingly, teenagers scare us with their addiction to virtual communication. (3) Here are examples of complaints.In A.S. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit,” Famusov said: “You don’t need another example when your father’s example is in your eyes.” He considered himself a worthy example for his daughter. Was this really the case? But at all times, the relationship between generations has been a painful question to which everyone was looking for their own answer. Same in the text A. Ivanova touches on the current problem of misunderstanding of the younger generation by the elders, the problem of fathers and children...

(1) It was one of those autumn days when debilitating melancholy crushes the heart, when dank dampness penetrates the soul and there, like in a cellar, it becomes dark and cold.I. Novikov In his text he touches on the problem of perceiving life as a source of joy...

Essay with updated commentary (taking into account new requirements)

What makes a person happy? It is the problem of perceiving life as a source of joy that I. Novikov addresses in his text...

(1) What a mirror of life our language is! (2) No, he is truly great, remaining free and truthful to this day.The Russian language is the national language of the Russian people. For any person living in the vast expanses of our homeland, language is the pride of a great people; it “accepts everything, responds to everything, like Pushkin’s echo.” The text is dedicated to the problem of ecology of the Russian language. T. Zharova...

What is true beauty? How is external beauty related to a person’s inner spirituality? V.A. Sukhomlinsky makes you think about these questions in his text, revealing the problem of the perception of beauty...
(1) I knew a wonderful writer. (2) Her name was Tamara Grigoryevna Gabbe. HHow often do we show courage? Is it required in everyday life? It is the problem of showing courage that F.A. Vigdorova addresses in her text...

(1)Once I was on a train. (2) A modestly dressed, reserved woman sitting next to me at the window opened a volume of Chekhov.What is happiness? How can it be achieved? It is precisely the problem of understanding happiness that S.L. Soloveichik suggests thinking about in his text.

Books... How many unique, breathtaking stories they keep on their pages! A book is a whole world in which it welcomes every guest. Sometimes a small, nondescript volume turns the reader’s consciousness upside down and changes his worldview. It is the problem of the role of books in human life that E. A. Evtushenko thinks about in his text.

How does art influence a person and his daily life? It is the problem of the role of art in human life that E.M. Bogat addresses in his text.

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(1) Children see the world differently than adults. (2) With us, even if we admire the sunset, birds or cats,– – it’s more like that, washed-out delights. (3) And the children merge with all this beauty. (4) They are not outside, but inside it.

(5) One day, on a piece of paper, my son Seryozha drew two cats picking mushrooms in the forest. (6) The big cat and the kitten walked holding hands. (7) Yes, yes, not by the paws, but by the hands. (8) They walked like human beings on two legs and with baskets. (9) Living reality was visible through the childish naivety. (10) The cat and the cat clearly depicted Seryozha and me.

(11) Sharpness and clarity in a child’s gaze– - That's not all. (12) It also has “microscopic” properties that allow you to notice the whiskers of a mosquito, the wings of a fly, grains of sand, sugar... (13) I showed spider bugs, blades of grass, flowers to my son when he was still a baby. (14) Instead of bright and tasteless plastic rattles, I hung autumn maple leaves, seasonal flowers, spruce and pine cones in front of him on a string. (15) And I saw his obvious pleasure from them.

(16) From the age of five or six, I began to draw together with him. (17) I drew what he couldn’t, and then let him finish drawing what he wanted. (18) And then he left us alone with our common work.

(19) We didn’t have cats and kittens at home. (20) Flowers, parrots. (21) And he lived in the village for a long time. (22) Real forest, Smorodinka river, old houses. (23) Huge birches and willows. (24) Well, spring. (25) In a word, nature in all its elemental diversity. (26) There were terrible thunderstorms, and dewy sunsets and sunrises, hail. (27) There was even a real tornado that broke a tall birch tree before his eyes. (28) And what fogs we saw during the full moon!

(29) I remember I showed Seryozha snowflakes on the street through a strong magnifying glass. (30) I found photographs in books. (31) And he said that among millions of snowflakes there will never be identical ones. (32) Seryozha understood this and became already
look at this white miracle differently. (33) And draw. (34) This is where the subjects of his pictures appeared. (35) They may ask why he draws so many cats and... forty? (36) We just have a lot of them, and he loves them with us. (37) But he never drew ninja turtles or dinosaurs, not to mention Teletubbies.

(38) Florensky wrote to his daughter in 1937 from the Solovetsky camp: (39) “The secret of creativity– - in preserving youth. (40) The secret of genius– - in preserving childhood, the child’s constitution for life... (41) It is this constitution that gives the genius an objective perception of the world... and therefore it is integral and real. (42) What is illusory, no matter how brilliant it may be, can never be called genius. (43) For the essence of a brilliant worldview– - penetration into the essence of things, and the essence of the illusory– - in closing reality from oneself.” (According to D. Utenkov*)

* Dmitry Maksimovich Utenkov (born 1948)– – contemporary graphic artist, member of the Union of Artists of Russia.

What statementdoes not find reflections in the text?

Children merge with the world around them, perceiving it as if from the inside.

An adult mentor can nurture a creative personality in a child.

Children see little things in the world around them that are inaccessible to adults.

All outstanding artistic discoveries were based on first childhood impressions.

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Offers 2– –4 explain the content of what is said in sentence 1.

There are 22 sentences– –24 contains a description of the place.

Suggestions 29– –33 contain the answer to the question formulated in sentence 35.

There are 39 sentences– –43 the reasoning is presented.

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In which sentence are antonyms used?

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Of 29 proposals– –33 write down the word that is formed in a prefix-suffix way.

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From sentences 1– –4 write down a noun formed by transitioning from another part of speech.

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Of 21 proposals– –26 write down a phrase with the connection CONNECTION.

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There are 30 offers– –35 find a complex sentence that includes a one-part indefinite-personal sentence. Write the number of this complex sentence.

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Among the offers 1– –13 find sentences with a separate common agreed definition. Write the numbers of these proposals.

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There are 22 offers– –31 find complex sentence with a subordinate clause. Write the number of this complex sentence.

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There are 5 offers– –13 find one that is related to the previous one using a personal pronoun. Write the number of this offer.

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“Journalist D. Utenkov draws conclusions by watching his son Sergei. The persuasiveness, depth and artistry of the author’s thoughts help to strengthen a variety of techniques, the leading ones among which are __________ (sentences 2– –3), __________ (sentences 39 – –43). A __________ (sentences 14 – -15; sentences 32 – –33) – - a technique that clearly expresses the special author’s intonation in the text. Paths add poetry to speech, including – – __________ (sentences 3 – -4)".

List of terms:

epithet

metaphor

gradation

parcellation

irony

opposition

citation

anaphora

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(1) You must be brave, true to your word, strong, hardworking.

(2) Why is it necessary? (3) And therefore. (4) This is how it is accepted. (5) Otherwise they will punish, or expel, or despise...

(6) On the one hand, this is good and correct. (7) Behavior was cultivated that made it possible to withstand and rise in the fight against nature and enemies. (8) What contributes to the survival and prosperity of society, that is, the majority of people, is true, otherwise we will all perish. (9) Here the criterion of truth is practice; everything is clarified through the experience of generations.

(10) On the other hand, these practical instructions discouraged people from thinking and deciding for themselves. (11) The majority always did not want (and could not) think and decide for themselves. (12) But some mentally restless people always wanted to get to the bottom of all the root causes themselves...

(13) Children always ask: “Why?” (14) And they receive the answer: “Because.” (15) In youth, this question becomes more and more general, and the answer becomes less and less intelligible: “Because there is such a law of nature,” or “Because you must do good, not bad,” or “Because they will be punished for it, and they will reward you for this”...

(16) Naturally, it is in youth, when choosing a path, that a person tries to realize his destiny: why did he come into this world? (17) Then these thoughts and movements of the soul usually disappear and smooth out– – there is no time: you have to work, feed your family, build a career, buy this and that.

(18) And then in old age a man sits and thinks: why did I need all this work and torment of mine? (19) You can’t take anything with you to the next world...

(20) And whoever is smarter answers him: a person should do the most in life that he is capable of. (21) To a large ship– – great swimming. (22) Who will conquer half the world, who will plant a garden, who will raise children– - to each his own. (23) You could have done this and that, but you didn’t. (24) I didn’t guess my purpose. (25) I was stupid and weak, the old man replies, and why the hell is it all, you can’t change the world, everything is vanity of vanities, we’ll all die. (26) “Well,” the other answers, “therefore, there is no need to twitch and strain at all, but we must live in holiness and reflect on the eternal and the frailty of existence, since the end is still the same.

(27) Tamerlane said this: “The world needs a ruler, and this ruler should be me.” (28) Here everything is clear with the place and role of a person. (29) At least to himself and everyone around him...

(30) However, most people do not like their place, and they are not satisfied with their role. (31) And why their fate turned out this way and not otherwise, they explain in two words: “character” and “circumstances.” (32) Which is one of the forms of the old parental answer “because that’s how it is.” (33) Why such a character? (34) Why such circumstances? (35) Because genetics and the level of development of socio-economic relations. (36) Why? (37) And why?

(According to M. Weller*)

* Mikhail Iosifovich Weller (born 1948)– – writer, publicist.

What statementdoes not match the content of the text?

Adult children must take care of their parents.

Parents rarely give intelligible answers to their children's questions.

In old age, people have doubts about the advisability of constant intensive work.

Children are always interested in why they should behave the way they do.

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Beginning of the form

Which of the following statements is false?

Sentence 1 contains the reasoning.

In 6 sentences– –9 contains the reasoning.

There are 23 sentences– –24 description provided.

There are 30 sentences– –37 reasoning presented.

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Which sentence uses synonyms?

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From 6 sentences– –7 write down the word formed by prefixes.

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From 8 proposals– –12 write a short adjective.

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From sentences 1– –5 write out the subordinating phrase with the connection CONCORDING.

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There are 20 offers– –26 find complex sentences that contain one-part impersonal sentences. Write the numbers of these complex sentences.

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There are 10 offers– –16 find a sentence with a clarifying isolated circumstance. Write the number of this offer.

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There are 17 offers– –21 find difficult sentence, in which there is a non-union and allied subordination. Write the number of this offer.

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There are 27 offers– –30 find one that is connected to the previous ones using coordinating conjunction. Write the number of this offer.

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“The famous publicist M. Weller poses complex problems to his readers. A fragment of his article confirms the idea that even complex philosophical problems you can speak clearly. A variety of means of expression add emotionality and persuasiveness to speech. Techniques: __________ (2 sentences– –5), __________ (sentences 11 – –12), __________ (sentence 27), as well as lexical means of expression, one of which – - __________ ("Vanity"), – “strengthen the polemical nature of the text, involve readers in discussion and debate.”

List of terms:

epithet

question-answer form of presentation

phraseological unit

dialectism

parcellation

citation

opposition

metaphor

dialogue

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1) Tenderness– – the most meek, timid, divine face of love. (2)Love-passion– - always looking at yourself. (3) She wants to conquer, seduce, she wants to please, she preens herself, puts her hands on her hips, measures, and is always afraid of missing out on what she has lost. (4) Love-tenderness gives everything, and there is no limit to it. (5) And she will never look back at herself, because “she is not looking for her own.” (6) She’s the only one who’s not looking. (7) But one should not think that a feeling of tenderness degrades a person. (8)On the contrary. (9) Tenderness comes from above, it takes care of the beloved, protects, takes care of him. (10) But only a defenseless creature in need of care can be looked after and protected, therefore words of tenderness– - diminutive words coming from a strong word
to the weak.

(11) Tenderness is rare and increasingly rare. (12) Modern life is difficult and complex. (13) Modern man, even in love, strives first of all to establish his personality. (14)Love– - martial arts.

–– (15) Yeah! (16) Love? (17) Well, okay. (18) Roll up your sleeves, straighten your shoulders– - Come on, who will win?

(19) Is there any tenderness here? (20) And who to protect, who to pity– – all well done and heroes. (21) Who knows tenderness– - that one is marked.

(22) In the minds of many, tenderness is always depicted in the form of a meek woman bending towards the head of the bed. (23) No, that’s not where you need to look for tenderness. (24) I saw her differently: in forms that were not at all poetic,
in simple, even funny ones.

(25) We lived in a sanatorium near Paris. (26) We walked, ate, listened to the radio, played bridge, and gossiped. (27) There was only one real patient– - a feisty old man recovering from typhus.

(28) The old man often sat on the terrace in a chaise lounge, covered with pillows, wrapped in blankets, pale, bearded, always silent and, if anyone passed by, he turned away and closed his eyes. (29) His wife hovered around the old man, like a trembling bird. (30) The woman is middle-aged, dry, light,
with a faded face and anxiously happy eyes. (31) And she never sat quietly. (32) She kept adjusting something around her patient. (33) Now she turned over the newspaper, now she fluffed the pillow, now she tucked in the blanket, now she ran to warm the milk, now she dripped medicine. (34) The old man accepted all these services with obvious disgust. (35) Every morning, with a newspaper in her hands, she rushed from table to table, talked friendly with everyone and asked:

–– Here, maybe you can help me? (36) Here is a crossword puzzle: “What happens in a residential building?” (37) Four letters. (38) I write it down on a piece of paper to help Sergei Sergeevich. (39) He always solves crosswords, and if he gets stuck, I come to his aid. (40) After all, this is his only entertainment. (41) Patients are like children. (42) I’m so glad that at least this amuses him.

(43) They pitied her and treated her with great sympathy.

(44) And somehow he crawled out onto the terrace earlier than usual. (45) She sat him down for a long time, covered him with blankets, and propped up pillows. (46) He winced and angrily pushed her hand away if she did not immediately guess his wishes. (47) She, shivering joyfully, grabbed the newspaper.

–– (48) Here, Serezhenka, today there seems to be a very interesting crossword puzzle.

(49) He suddenly raised his head, rolled out his angry yellow eyes and began to shake all over.

–– (50) Finally, get to hell with your idiotic crossword puzzles!– – he hissed furiously.

(51) She turned pale and somehow sank.

–– (52) But you...– – she babbled in confusion.– – (53) After all, you were always interested in...

–– (54) I was never interested!– – he kept shaking and hissing, looking with animal pleasure at her pale, desperate face.– – (55) Never! (56) It was you who climbed with the tenacity of the degenerate that you are!

(57) She didn’t answer anything. (58) She just swallowed air with difficulty, pressed her hands tightly to her chest and looked around with such pain and
with such despair, as if she was looking for help. (59) But who can take such a funny and stupid grief seriously? (60) Only a little boy, sitting at the next table and seeing this scene, suddenly closed his eyes and cried bitterly.

(According to N.A. Teffi*)

* Nadezhda Aleksandrovna Teffi (1872 – –1952) – - Russian writer, poet, memoirist and translator.

Love-passion ennobles a person, makes him be caring, gentle, attentive.

It cannot be said that the feeling of tenderness degrades a person.

Tenderness is often found in our lives; it helps a person to affirm his personality.

The rudeness of the sick husband offended and upset his caring, gentle
and an attentive wife.

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In 7 sentences– –10 contains the reasoning.

There are 11 sentences–

Sentence 30 provides the description.

There are 44 sentences– –45 narration is presented.

Suggestions 57– –58 contain reasoning.

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From 5 offers– –10 write down the antonyms (antonymous pair).

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There are 28 offers– –34 find one that is related to the previous one
using a conjunction and a personal pronoun. Write the number of this offer.

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“The text analyzes an issue that has troubled people for centuries. To express his understanding of love and tenderness, the author uses the technique– – (A)__________ (sentences 2, 3 – – 4, 5) and syntactic means – – (B)__________ (in sentences 1, 9). The trope helps the writer create the image of a tender wife – - (IN)__________
( "anxiously happy eyes" in sentence 30) and a syntactic device – – (D)__________ (“like a trembling bird” in sentence 29).”

List of terms:

comparative turnover

epithet

spoken words

ranks homogeneous members offers

opposition

litotes

phraseological units

parcellation

rhetorical questions

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(1) Man was created to last for centuries, judging by the enormous, incomparable waste of energy. (2) The lion, having killed the antelope, rests for a day in a well-fed sleep. (3) After an hour-long battle with an opponent, a powerful elk stands in the thicket for half a day, frantically moving its sunken sides. (4) Aitmatov’s Karanar accumulated strength for a year to rage, rage and triumph for half a month. (5) For a person, such feats are the brilliance of a moment, for which he pays with such a small fraction of his reserves that he does not need rest at all.

(6) The goal of the beast is to live out the time allotted by nature. (7) The amount of energy embedded in it is correlated with this period, and a living creature spends not as much as it wants, but as much as it needs, as if some kind of dosing device is provided in it: the beast does not know desire, it exists according to the law of necessity. (8) Isn’t that why animals don’t suspect that life is finite?

(9) Life of animals– - this is the time from birth to death: animals live in absolute time, not knowing that there is also relative time, in this relative time only a person can exist. (10) His life never fits into the dates on the gravestone. (11) It is larger, it contains seconds known only to him, which dragged on like hours, and days that flew by like moments. (12) And the higher a person’s spiritual structure, the more opportunities he has to live not only in absolute, but also in relative time. (13) For me, the global super task of art is its ability to prolong human life, saturate it with meaning, teach people to actively exist in relative time, that is, to doubt, feel and suffer.

(14) This is about spirituality, but even in ordinary, physical life, a person is given obviously more “fuel” than is needed in order to live according to the laws of nature. (15) Why? (16) For what purpose? (17) After all, in nature everything is reasonable, everything has been verified, tested over millions of years, and even the appendix, as it turned out, is still needed for something. (18) Why is a huge supply of energy many times greater than needs given to man?

(19) I asked this question in the fifth or sixth grade, when I got to elementary physics, and decided that it explained everything. (20) And she really explained everything to me then. (21) Except for humans. (22) But I couldn’t explain it. (23) It was here that the straightforward logic of knowledge ended and the frighteningly multivariate logic of understanding began.
(24) At that time, of course, I didn’t imagine this, but the energy balance did not converge, and I asked my father why a person was given so much.

− (25) For work.

− (26) “I see,” I said, not understanding anything, but did not ask questions.

(27) This property - to agree with the interlocutor not when I have understood everything, but when I have not understood anything - is apparently inherent in me by nature. (28) In everyday life, it always bothered me, because I couldn’t get out of my troubles, writing my own theories, hypotheses, and often laws. (29) But there was still one beneficial side to this strangeness: I remembered without understanding, and got to the bottom of the answers myself; now it’s not so important that most often the answer was wrong. (30) Life requires from a person not answers, but desires
look for them.

(31) I am writing about this only for the sake of two words from my father, which determined the whole meaning of existence for me. (32) This became the main commandment, the alpha and omega of my worldview. (33) And I became a writer, probably not at all because I was born with such brilliance in my eyes, but only because I sacredly believed in the need for persistent, daily, frantic work.

(According to B.L. Vasiliev*)

* Boris Lvovich Vasiliev (1924 – –2013) – - Soviet writer, prose writer, publicist, public figure, author of the works “And the Dawns Here Are Quiet”, “Tomorrow There Was War”, “Not on the Lists”, etc.

Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.

A person by nature has more energy than any, even the largest, animal.

A person perceives time in a special way: sometimes seconds can seem like hours, and a day can fly by instantly.

Physics can explain the laws of nature, but this science is not able to explain the nature of man, the purpose of the energy inherent in man by nature.

The narrator immediately realized the meaning of his father’s statement that great energy is given to a person for work.

The narrator successfully studied at school, which was facilitated by his desire to thoroughly study every subject.

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Which of the following statements are true? Specify the answer numbers.

Contents of sentences 2– –5 explains the content of sentence 1.

There are 19 sentences– –20 description provided.

There are 27 sentences– –29 the reasoning is presented.

Proposition 30 explains the content of sentence 29.

Propositions 31 and 32 are contrasted in content.

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Of 31 offers– –33 write down the phraseological unit.

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There are 6 offers– –11 find one that is related to the previous one
using a possessive pronoun and lexical repetition. Write the number of this offer.

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“Speech by B.L. Vasilyeva is polemical. The author seems to invite the reader to a conversation, a discussion of issues that are important to him. Syntactic device– – (A)__________ (sentences 15, 16, 18) – – attracts the reader’s attention to the problem of the text, makes you think. Various means of expression help to understand the author’s train of thought, including the technique– – (B)__________ (sentences 20 – –21), syntactic device – – (B)__________ (sentences 30, 33), as well as trope – - (G)__________ (" frenzied labor" in sentence 33)".

List of terms:

irony

epithet

parcellation

rows of homogeneous members

syntactic parallelism

interrogative sentences

dialogue

citation

metaphor

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(3) And as for the “degradation”, “weakening”, and even the inevitable “death” of the Russian language and literature– - this is nothing more than hyperbole, often based on sincere, natural and understandable concern for the fate of one’s people, especially in times of change and upheaval.

(7) In such cases, trials, the mighty ocean of the great language
(and not only Russian) with his incomparable mass, power, energy, measured and tireless work, he will cut and polish other people’s words, adapting them to his own needs, sprinkle them with the living keys of his native land, taking them into folk speech, writing, and fiction. (8) It was so. (9) Apparently this will happen. (10) Two hundred thousand words of V.I.’s dictionary alone. Dalia– – isn’t it the ocean? (11) He will grind and grind someone else’s things, and throw away the dirty ones with foam. (12) Ordinary, current, spelling dictionary, and that– - one hundred thousand words, each of which– - not old mold, but living speech, which, of course, is richer than any dictionaries; it is not without reason that people draw generously from it, but, thank God, the bottom is not visible. (13) The Russian language not only lives, but gives life!

(19) Same– – in our literature, journalism, which, of course, influence the state of the Russian language. (20) It’s a matter of conscience and, most importantly, talent. (21) Tolstoy, Turgenev, Sholokhov, Shukshin did not set themselves the task of protecting the Russian language. (22) They did this naturally, because they were born on the Russian soil, from which they received a great gift and used it worthily. (23) That's the whole explanation. (24) For me personally it is profound. (25) To the best of my ability and ability, I follow him, realizing my small strength.

(According to B.P. Ekimov*)

*Boris Petrovich Ekimov (born 1938)– - Russian prose writer and publicist.

Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.

The changes taking place in the Russian language are capable, without exaggeration, of destroying it.

The language accepts borrowed words into popular speech, polishing them.

When creating their works, classic writers set themselves the goal of protecting the Russian language.

The actions of people to clean up springs and springs are akin to the actions of writers to preserve their native language.

By clearing the springs on the Malogolubinsky farm, schoolchildren thereby contributed to the purification of the waters of the Don.

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Which of the following statements areerroneous ? Specify the answer numbers.

Sentences 1–2 provide the description.

Sentences 4–5 present the reasoning.

Sentences 12–13 present the narrative.

Proposition 16 explains the content of sentences 14–15.

Suggestions 21– –22 illustrate the points put forward
in sentences 19– –20.

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From sentences 1– –2 write down synonyms (synonymous pair).

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There are 17 offers– –25 find one that is related to the previous one
using personal and demonstrative pronouns. Write the number of this offer.

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“About the Russian language B.P. Ekimov talks very figuratively and colorfully. The emotional tone of his reasoning is set by the trope– – (A)__________ (for example, in sentence 6), as well as reception – – (B)__________ (“not old mold, but living speech” in sentence 12). Speaking about changes in the native language, the author tries to convey their essence as accurately as possible, in which the lexical device helps him– – (B)__________ (“changes, shocks” in sentence 3, “cut, polished” in sentence 7). However, the fate of the Russian language does not cause concern to the author, which is why he uses a technique such as (G)__________ (“of course” in sentences 14, 17, 19).”

List of terms:

citation

exclamatory sentences

lexical repetition

opposition

anaphora

extended metaphor

parcellation

spoken words

context synonyms

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1) In modern society there is a whole ocean of problems. (2) They surround us everywhere, and no matter which path you take, new ones arise. (3) Let’s take the question of reading - in class, at home. (4) About how much they read, how they read, how they feel about the book. (5) This is also a very complicated matter. (6) Now, according to my observations, they read much less than 25 - 30 years ago. (7) I remember the war years, when as a boy I found myself in evacuation, in the rear, in special hospital conditions. (8) What a great value the book was for us! (9) They were ready to exchange it for any boyish joy - for stamps, for slingshots, and for anything. (10) Moreover, not to exchange for personal use, but only to read. (11) This was already happiness. (12) The most popular boys among us were those who knew how to retell a book that no one had seen. (13) Those who could tell “The Three Musketeers”, “The Headless Horseman” and ... “War and Peace”. (14) Yes, yes, “War and Peace,” this most serious work, I heard in the stories of an eleven-year-old boy. (15) At the age of ten I read “Dead Souls” by Gogol and “Cunning and Love” by Schiller. (16) I can’t say that I understood a lot, but I still imagine some scenes from Schiller. \(17) Under the influence of the ever-accelerating, increasingly nervous rhythm of life, a trend has emerged that many consider inevitable and logical: instead of reading voluminous novels by great writers, you can watch a film adaptation and get acquainted with the contents of the book. (18) More or less successfully... (19) Some people think that this is very modern and gives big advantage person, as it saves his time, which must be spent on familiarizing himself with the work. (20) This is so convenient for a schoolchild who needs to read so much “according to the program”! (21) I think that television is the great enemy of books. (22) It’s a misfortune that children watch too much TV indiscriminately and read too few books. (23) Of course, television is a great power and it is difficult to do without it in our lives and in our studies. (24) But it must be used more wisely. (25) When a restaurant offers us a menu of a hundred dishes, we naturally don’t take everything. (26) One or two, and we’re already full. (27) But what are we doing with television? (28) Chaotically, when we have to, we turn on the device and “watch” whatever they show. (29)Barbarism. (30) It is necessary to shape the taste of the children so that they can choose what can be discussed later with friends and teachers. (31) Education of taste is a separate topic. (32) This should only be done on tall samples. (33) Unfortunately, now there are many works of art very low artistic level. (34) Getting used to them, we lose our bearings. (35) You can cultivate taste in Tolstoy, in Dostoevsky, in Pushkin. (36) The main thing is to learn to distinguish between what is really beautiful and what is fake. (37) What is new and original, and what is banal and worn out, has been encountered a thousand times. (38) Therefore, it is not art: art is always new, it reveals something. (39) Taste can be cultivated only by reading, thinking, and looking at truly perfect texts.

(According to V. Lakshin)

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What a statementdoes not match the content of the text?

One of the problems modern society- loss of interest in reading.

We should use the opportunities that television provides more wisely.

You can cultivate artistic taste in any work.

Cultivating taste is impossible without thoughtful reading of books.

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“Turning to one of the pressing problems of our time, V. Lakshin recalls his childhood. He reflects on the book, using syntactic devices such as _____ (sentence 8), _____ (sentence 9), and a lexical device such as _____ in sentence 22. The author draws readers' attention to the role of classical literature using a syntactic device of expression such as _____ in sentences 36 – 37.”

epithet

antonyms

exclamatory sentence

dialectism

metaphor

parcellation

citation

colloquial vocabulary

series of homogeneous members

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From sentences 1 – 2, write down a word formed in a prefix-suffix way.

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What type(s) of speech are represented in sentences 31 – 39?

reasoning

narration

narration and description

reasoning and storytelling

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From sentences 31 – 36, write a short adjective.

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Indicate the sentence in which the phraseological unit is used.

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(1) The outstanding Russian writer Leonid Leonov called the book a selfless and loyal friend. (2) A young programmer called the book a pile of dusty paper in one of his recent TV shows. (3) His words sounded childishly pugnacity; he probably wanted to tease the silent audience with his audacity, and several enthusiastic fans rewarded the young “troublemaker” with applause. (4) No, I’m not at all going to groan about the deterioration of morals, I understand very well the laws of television talk shows, where outrageousness and shocking bravado are needed in order to give a spicy taste to boring and banal conversations. (5) It seemed strange to me, offensively strange, the submissive, kind of mournful, funeral silence of the adult audience.

(6) We somehow very obediently agreed that the book was hopelessly outdated and now its place is among dusty museum exhibits. (7) Today we are surrounded by very useful and smart machines: microwave ovens, vacuum cleaners, home theaters, refrigerators... (8) All this technology has made human life more comfortable and freed up a lot of time. (9) Now you don’t have to carry water from a well, you don’t have to wring out washed clothes, you don’t have to go to the other end of the city to watch a sensational film! (10) Everything is nearby, almost any desire can be fulfilled instantly, as if by magic, with a slight movement of the hand. (11) And against the background of these fashionable machines, studded with buttons, toggle switches, blinking lights, a tight stack of stitched paper seems to many to be something archaic, some kind of ridiculous rudiment that accidentally survived in the turbulent streams of progress.

(12) No, the book has not become worse, it still fulfills its purpose, it just as patiently and kindly teaches a person, selflessly passes on to him the wisdom carefully collected by our ancestors. (13) But we have changed, we imagine ourselves as the owners of some untold riches, the conquerors of some unattainable spiritual heights... (14) But in fact, we are simply fooling ourselves: we were told that what is fashionable is necessary, that all new better than that what happened before. (15) So you installed a computer in your apartment - an expensive device, all entangled in wires, which is capricious every now and then, constantly requiring a specialist for its maintenance... (16) So what? (17) What real advantages does this bulky, unreliable unit have over a book - this compact, cheap, always accessible device that never fails, does not “glitch”, does not break, which does not require an engineer for its maintenance, which only needs an intelligent, attentive and friendly interlocutor?

(18) I’m not a retrograde, I’m not calling to the primitive past, I don’t think that people live better in a ventilated cave than in a panel house! (19) I’m talking about spiritual vigilance, about the fact that we often allow ourselves to be easily deceived. (20) Okay, when this “deception” concerns only our wallet. (21) It’s a shame when we deceive our soul, when we rob ourselves, when we exchange an honest and disinterested friend for a smug and dishonest friend.

(According to I. Kosolapov*)

* Kosolapov Igor Petrovich - modern publicist.

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Kosolapov Igor Petrovich - modern publicist.

Indicate the meaning of the word ARCHAIC (sentence 11).

heavy, massive

simple, unpretentious

ancient, outdated

exotic, rare

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From sentence 7, write out a subordinating phrase with the connection MANAGEMENT.

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There are 4 offers– –10 find a complex sentence with homogeneous subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer.

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There are 10 offers– –15 find a complex sentence that includes a one-part indefinite-personal sentence. Write the number of this complex sentence.

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Which of the following statements is false?

Proposition 10 explains the claim made in Proposition 9.

Sentence 11 contains a descriptive element.

There are 12 sentences– –14 narration is presented.

Suggestions 18– –21 contain reasoning.

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What a statementdoes not match the content of the text?

A computer is inferior to a book in simplicity and reliability.

Progress devastates the human soul, so it is necessary to return to the past, when man lived in living unity with nature.

The book has not lost its high significance in the spiritual life of society in our time.

Modern technology in itself cannot make a person more spiritual.

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From sentence 12, write down a word formed in a prefix-suffix way.

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From sentence 6, write down all the prepositions.

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There are 6 offers– –10 find one that is related to the previous one using attributive and demonstrative pronouns and contextual synonyms. Write the number of this offer.

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There are 14 offers– –20 find offers with a separate application. Write the numbers of these proposals.

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"Talking about life and everyday life modern man, the author uses such syntactic devices as __________ (in sentences 7, 8), __________ (sentence 9) and __________ (“as if by magic” in sentence 10). The author seeks to emphasize the role of the book, which it continues to perform in the modern world, and for this purpose uses such a trope as __________ (in sentence 21).”

List of terms:

litotes

rows of homogeneous members

irony

metaphor

exclamatory sentence

dialectism

parcellation

comparative turnover

rhetorical appeal

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(1) I recently read an article by my colleague in a magazine. (2) Speaking about our society, about our many problems, he was glad that today’s Russians have freed themselves from prejudices, from the hypocrisy that so bothered us before. (3) Here, it seems to me, something needs to be clarified.

(4) What is meant by prejudice? (5) If by prejudice we understand superstitions, unjustified prejudices, then, of course, such prejudices are worthy of condemnation. (6) And so Pushkin writes in a letter to Chaadaev: “... I am far from admiring everything that I see around me; ...as a person with prejudices– - I’m offended...” (7) But it’s unlikely that he means superstitions, black cats and “relics of the past.”

(8) Prejudice him– – this is not something ridiculous, outdated. (9)B this case Pushkin talks about what “turns on”before reason . (10) Before him. (11) Before him. (12) About what always lives in a person’s consciousness, what constitutes his emotional and subconscious memory, what is embedded in him by the past, what does not depend on the will. (13) And what is thisprejudices ? (14) Yes, all the same concepts of acceptable and unacceptable, possible and impossible, fair and unfair, noble and dishonorable.

(15) A rational, evaluative understanding of what is happening will come later, and who knows what conclusions and conclusions it will end with. (16) Butprejudice has already worked, has already configured a person in a certain way, and it is impossible not to take it into account.

(17) Now about hypocrisy. (18) In any explanatory dictionary they write that a prude– - This is “a hypocrite hiding behind virtue and piety.” (19) Everything is so, and hypocrisy– - it’s a really unpleasant thing, but... (20) Today we can only dream of hypocrisy! (21) We still need to get to him! (22) We still need to live to see the time when our officials and ordinary citizens will be able to pronounce the necessary lofty words, understanding their meaning.

(23) A bigot, although not always, must perform actions in accordance with those lofty concepts that public opinion forces him to proclaim. (24) But expecting noble deeds and honest decisions from a person who is convinced that noble thoughts and honesty do not exist in nature is simply useless. (25) No, you can still get along with a hypocrite, but with a frank and principled “superman”, a person without prejudices...

(26) In the West, a person who gets rich necessarily engages in charity. (27) Not because he is such a saint. (28) But because let him try not to do it! (29) No, they will not prosecute him, but they will definitely make him an outcast, not allowed into decent society.

(30) That's what we're talking about. (31) How can we introduce into our lives the high concepts of duty and honor, conscience and service to the people. (32) So that, while fighting hypocrisy, one does not fall into savagery.

(According to I. Serkov*)

* I.K. Serkov (born 1926)– - children's writer.

What, according to the author of the text, is the greatest evil for society?

prejudices and superstitions

hypocrisy

disregard for moral standards

following moral standards only out of fear of losing position in society

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Which of the following statements is false?

Suggestions 8– –12 explains what is said in sentence 6.

Proposition 14 contains the answer to the question posed in sentence 13.

Sentence 18 contains the definition of the concept.

Sentences 25–27 provide a description of the person.

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Which of the following sentences contains a phraseological unit?

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Determine the method of forming the word COMPREHENSION (sentence 15).

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Of the 15 proposals– –18 write down the word formed by turning a participle into a noun.

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From sentence 1, write out the subordinating phrase with the connection CONCORDING.

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There are 6 offers– –16 find a complex sentence that includes a one-part impersonal sentence. Write the number of this complex sentence.

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Among the offers 1– –5 find a sentence complicated by a non-isolated common agreed definition. Write the number of this offer.

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Among the offers 1– –12 find a complex sentence with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer.

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There are 4 offers– –14 find one that is connected to the previous one using a conjunction and a personal pronoun. Write the number of this offer.

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“Publicist I. Serkov, interested in an article in a magazine, reflects on the concepts of “prejudice” and “hypocrisy.” __________ (sentences 13– –14) – - a technique that helps the author conduct a conversation with the reader. Various techniques:__________ (sentences 6, 18), __________ (sentences 21– –22) – – help to understand the author’s erudition, the persuasiveness of his arguments, and the polemical pathos of the text as a whole.
A __________ (sentences 31 – –32) – - a technique with which I. Serkov emphasizes the main thing that worries him in modern society.”

List of terms:

epithet

question-answer form of presentation

litotes

gradation

parcellation

hyperbola

opposition

citation

anaphora

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In 1991, the conference “Russian Language and Modernity. Problems and prospects for the development of Russian studies" (see Russian speech. 1992. No. 1). In the process of preparing this conference, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yu. N. Karaulov, organized a postal discussion “On the state of the Russian language.” By publishing the materials of this discussion (in this and subsequent issues), we hope that our readers will receive answers to many of their questions in the statements of prominent Russian scholars.

Yu. N. Karaulov, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences

In our perestroika-troubled times, when the state of the country's economy, the state of the human environment, the state of his soul and his physiological state are assessed as degrading, as having fallen into decay, as requiring decisive intervention in order to bring them, respectively, to a regulated market, to an environmentally friendly clean appearance, moral revival and physical recovery; In this merciless to man, but still wonderful (because we live in it) time, one can often hear complaints about the poor state (“decline”, “impoverishment”, “impoverishment” and even “degeneration”) of the Russian language.

So, the first question: do you think that the current “state of the Russian language” is as alarming as the other “conditions” listed at the beginning, and also requires decisive intervention?

II.

Is it typical for you to use such a combination?

Don’t you think that this very combination, implying an organismic metaphor (cf. “the patient’s condition”), inevitably evokes epithets of negative evaluation: bad, difficult, worrying, weak, useless, etc.? [ 48 ]

As you know, there are three most common, total, I would say, metaphors of language - natural-biological, social-game and social-instrumental.

1) If you expand the first of them, then the language will appear in the form of a “tree”, the invisible “roots” of which go back to the pre-literate era of the history of the people and, at the etymological level, merge with the “roots” of related languages. The “trunk” symbolizes the evolution of the language, which can be reconstructed from written monuments, where macro changes in its structure were deposited in the form of tree rings, the shape and character of the bark or a pattern on it, etc. The branches and crown reflect the modern forms and ways of existence of the language (oral dialect speech, colloquial literary language, the language of fiction, scientific and technical language, political language...), and human-scale microchanges in it can be expressed in the swaying of branches, the rustling and movement of leaves, their color, etc. The tree metaphor of language, although somewhat clumsy and old-fashioned good because it evokes thoughts about the cyclical existence of language, about the cyclical nature of its states, when the time of flowering and growth alternates with the time of maturity, and then withering and fading of life...

What time is our language going through now and experienced in the recent past, and how do you imagine it tomorrow?

2) Saussure's "chess" metaphor of language focuses on the rules of the game, the properties of the "pieces", the skill of the participants and the limitations (8X8) of the "field". If we rely on it, then questions about the “state” of the Russian language should look like this: what happened to the language today:

We've lost a lot of pieces and pawns, and the game can't be complete?

Have we forgotten the rules and forgotten how to “make the right moves”?

The field of “game” has suddenly narrowed and now it is impossible to use all the pieces, or vice versa, as M. Botvinnik once suggested, the field was expanded to the size of 15X15, which caused confusion among the partners?

Or...? etc.

3) Finally, the social-instrumental view of language seems to turn it into a tool - a tool invented by man, completely subject to him, amenable to various kinds of manipulation with him - especially if such a view is based on the now fashionable “computer metaphor of language” . The conditions for its appearance within the science of language were prepared by the books of N. Chomsky, and the essence of the metaphor boils down to the following: language seems to consist of two rows of heterogeneous phenomena - elements or units (words, phonemes, syllables, morphemes, differential features, sentences, elementary meanings). ..) and production systems, that is, the rules for obtaining units of one level from units of another, the rules for their combination and juxtaposition, etc. Let us also recall the idea of L. V. Shcherba about the fundamental opposition in the language of vocabulary (units) and grammar (rules) . Similarly, elements (symbols) and rules (algorithms and programs) constitute two series of phenomena in computer technology, in the processes of operating data on a computer, as a result of which some “texts” also appear.

Now, if with our questions about the state of the Russian language we turn to its computer metaphor, then dissatisfaction with this state, its negative assessments can be caused by:

By simply reducing the number of elements (units)?

Deteriorating quality and limiting the quantity of the most commonly used ones?

Simplification and poor quality of production systems, that is, rules (“has the grammar deteriorated? Its potentials are not used, entire grammatical zones, sets of rules do not find application, and the prevailing rules are those that are not suitable for all areas or not for all elements?);

IV.

But let's leave metaphors aside. We - linguists - are able to agree without them on what we mean by the concept of “language” and the concept of “state”. When we say “Russian language”, we mean:

Or the entire set of texts on it, all written books, articles, etc., all spoken speeches, individual sounds, words, remarks, including a just purchased newspaper and a database of Russian colloquial speech in the Machine Fund of the Russian Language.. .;

Either scientific descriptions of the structure of the Russian language, its vocabulary, features of its functioning in different stylistic conditions, etc., made by specialists, in other words, a very condensed, economical presentation of its potential in dictionaries, grammars and textbooks;

Or, finally, neither one nor the other, but something elusive, which exists, however, in the head of each speaker in the form of the ability, the ability to construct and understand sentences and texts in Russian, and those that have never been produced or heard by this speaker before.

So, in science there are only three ways of representing language: language as a set of texts, language as a structure (ultimately also reducible to a set, but of units and rules) and language as an ability. What are we not satisfied with when talking about the state of the Russian language - the texts in it, the structure and its descriptions, or the competence of the speakers, their ability to produce texts based on knowledge of the linguistic system? [ 50 ]

Nevertheless, despite our dissatisfaction, the Russian language lives every day with the people and functions successfully today, as it has for many centuries in a row, serving the thoughts and feelings of the individual, that is, within the individual, and the interests of the entire society. True, this “internal” language, internal speech “for oneself” is not always consistent, does not always coincide with external speech, speech “for others”, and such a protracted conflict in our lives of “thinking about one thing” and “talking about another” did not benefit either the individual or the language. After all, for some, glasnost today is only a language problem, it is just an opportunity to bring external speech into line with one’s internal speech while maintaining unchanged ideological, ethical, aesthetic positions and goals, one’s vision of the world and one’s place in it. Whereas for others, glasnost means complete destruction, a breakdown of the existing and established picture of the world, a change in life attitudes, values and motives, that is, it forces one to go far beyond the boundaries of the language itself, although all this can also be perceived as “the state of the Russian language.”

So, perhaps our concern, our dissatisfaction with the “state of the Russian language” is caused not at all by the way we speak (that is, the state of speech culture in society in the narrow sense of the term), but by what we say, that is, the state of Culture (with capital letters)?

Ironic). Ornate - flowery, intricate (about syllable, style of speech, handwriting, etc.).

Big Encyclopedic Dictionary. 2000 .

Synonyms:

See what “VITIA” is in other dictionaries:

Talker, talker, orator. Wed. speaker... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian Dictionaries, 1999. talker, talker, orator, eloquent; Chrysostom... Synonym dictionary

VITIA, vitiia, husband. (book poetic obsolete; colloquial irony). A speaker skilled in eloquence. “There is noise in the capitals, the ornate thunder.” Nekrasov. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

VITIA, and husband. (outdated). Orator, eloquent person. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

- ·about. orator, rhetorician, eloquent speaker, eloquent writer, eloquent speaker, eloquent speaker, eloquent person. Vitiyny, vitiysky, characteristic of vitiy. Vityism Wed. artificial eloquence, and therefore more or less pompous, rhetorical. Ornate… Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

orbit- (speaker). Loans. from Art. sl. language Formed using suf. иj from n. vet (through “yat”) “advice, word.” Modern form with and at the root as a result of or semantic convergence with vit cf. convolution of words, or intersyllabic assimilation of “yat” and. Vitia... ... Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language

orbit- This word, now considered obsolete and meaning speaker, talker, is borrowed from Old Church Slavonic and derived from the noun вът – advice, word. Probably, under the influence of the word vit, ъ passed into and, which gave the modern... ... Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language by Krylov

M. speaker, other Russian. vetii - the same, art. glory vetii ῥήτωρ (Supr.). Associated with vet, answer, covenant, veche, other Russian. Vѣtiti, Vѣchu speak. [Toporov (KSIS 25, 1958, pp. 86 – 87) explains slav. větii from *vēt i from *vē to blow; Lat here. vātēs… Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language by Max Vasmer

- (from other Russian vet advice, word, vetiti to speak) speaker, a person skilled in eloquence, a master of the spoken or written word. The term "V." sometimes used with a hint of irony. Ornate, characterized by pomp, floweriness (about the syllable, ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

M. Orator, sophisticated in eloquence. Ephraim's explanatory dictionary. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern Dictionary Russian language Efremova

Vitiy, vitiy, vitiy, vitiy, vitiy, vitiyam, vitiy, vitiy, vitiy, vitiy, vitiy, vitiy, vitiy (Source: “Full accentuated paradigm according to A. A. Zaliznyak”) ... Forms of words

Books

Picture of Russia's eighth anniversary. from 1825 to 1834, V. Olin. “The custom of our ancestors was pious and wise,” says the famous ancient Vitia, starting the Eulogy to his Emperor Trajan, “it was a pious and wise custom...
General history. Late 19th - early 21st century Grade 11. Textbook. Advanced level. Federal State Educational Standard, Nikita Vadimovich Zagladin. The textbook of Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor N.V. Zagladin presents a wide panorama of human history late XIX- beginning of the 21st century. It is designed to form a holistic…