Topic: Hygienic regulation of microclimate parameters of industrial and non-industrial premises
3.4. HYGIENIC REGULATION OF MICROCLIMATE PARAMETERS
Hygienic regulation parameters industrial microclimate established Sanitary regulations and SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 " Hygiene requirements to industrial premises”, as well as GOST 12.1.005-88. Sanitary regulations establish the optimal and permissible parameters of the microclimate of workplaces of industrial premises - temperature, relative humidity and air velocity, taking into account the intensity of energy consumption of workers, the time of work, periods of the year. Optimal microclimatic conditions established according to the criteria for the optimal thermal and functional state of a person. They provide a general and local feeling of thermal comfort for an 8-hour period. work shift with a minimum tension of thermoregulation mechanisms, they do not cause deviations in the state of health, create the prerequisites for a high level of performance and are preferred in the workplace. Permissible microclimatic conditions established according to the criteria for the permissible thermal and functional state of a person for the period of an 8-hour work shift. They do not cause damage or health problems, but can lead to general and local sensations of thermal discomfort, tension in the mechanisms of thermoregulation, deterioration in well-being and decreased performance. When normalizing, a warm and cold period of the year is distinguished. The warm period of the year is characterized by an average daily outdoor temperature above +10°С; cold period of the year - temperature equal to +10°C and below. The daily and seasonal rhythmic fluctuations of physiological functions that exist in the human body are important in the hygienic regulation of the microclimate. For example, lower air temperatures during the night are normalized due to the fact that a moderate decrease in the temperature of inhaled air with appropriate thermal insulation of the entire skin surface contributes to the deepening of sleep inhibition. In sleeping quarters, for better sleep, an air temperature of 16 ... 18 ° C is desirable. Seasonal changes in the physiological functions of the body should also be taken into account when normalizing the microclimate. During the cold period of the year, a certain increase in metabolism, an increase in vascular reactions to cooling, and other changes that occur when exposed to low air temperatures are observed in the human body. Therefore, in the cold season, in order to quickly normalize the thermal state, a higher temperature in the dwelling is necessary. in winter in residential premises (with a convection heating system) the most favorable air temperature in a temperate climate is a temperature of 18 ... 20 ° C, in a cold climate - 21 ... 22 ° C. However, the widespread use of large areas of glazing in modern construction causes a decrease in the temperature of enclosing surfaces and an increase in heat transfer from a person by radiation. Therefore, most people feel comfortable at an air temperature in the room of 20 ... 23 ° C. Air temperatures in the range of 17 ... 25 ° С are recommended as acceptable for the cold and transitional periods of the year. During the warm period of the year, a certain decrease in metabolism, an increase in skin temperature, an acceleration of sweating and other changes occur in the human body. On hot summer days, optimal microclimatic conditions can be provided by various means of improving the microclimate: air conditioning devices, ventilation, etc. The optimal air temperature for this period is 22 ... . The specified indoor air temperature standards satisfy hygienic requirements only if the temperature of the internal surfaces of the walls is below the temperature room air no more than 2 ... 3 ° C. The lower temperature of the walls and surrounding objects, even at the optimum air temperature, increases radiative heat loss and causes a feeling of discomfort. To ensure the thermal comfort of a person, the magnitude of the air temperature differences along the height of the room and horizontally is important. The difference in air temperature in the vertical direction for each meter of height should not be more than 2 ... 3 ° C. An increase in the vertical temperature difference of more than 3 ° C can lead to cooling of the legs, discomfort, reflex changes in the temperature of the upper respiratory tract and colds. The air temperature gradient at the same horizontal level - from the outer wall to the opposite inner wall - should not exceed 2 ... 3 °C. Daily fluctuations in air temperature during the heating period should be within: for rooms with central heating 2 ... 3 ° С; with furnace - 4 ... 6 ° С. The diversity of climatic conditions in the Russian Federation excludes the possibility of establishing uniform microclimate parameters in residential premises for the whole country. So, for different climatic regions, the following temperatures of residential premises are recommended for the winter period: for a cold climatic zone 21 ... 12 ° С; moderate - 18 ... 20 ° С; warm - 18 ... 19 ° С; hot - 17 ... 18 ° С. When normalizing the parameters of the microclimate, the energy consumption of the human body is taken into account when performing work of various severity. There are the following categories of work:
- light physical work(categories Ia and Ib). Energy consumption of the body during the performance of work up to 174 watts. These categories include work that is done sitting, standing or associated with walking and accompanied by slight physical stress (mainly people of mental labor, a number of professions in enterprises of precision instrumentation and engineering, in watchmaking, clothing production, in the field of management and so on.). Physical work of moderate severity(categories IIa and IIb). The energy consumption of the body during the performance of work is 175 - 290 watts. Works related to categories IIa and. IIb, are performed standing or associated with walking and carrying small weights (up to 10 kg), accompanied by moderate physical stress (a number of professions in mechanized foundries, rolling, forging, welding shops, etc.). Heavy physical work(category III). The energy consumption of the body during the performance of work is more than 290 watts. The work is associated with constant movement and carrying of significant loads (over 10 kg), requires great physical effort (a number of professions in forges, foundries with manual labor, etc.).
Table 3.3
Normalized microclimate parameters in industrial premises
| Period of the year | Air temperature, °С | Relative humidity, % | Air speed, m/s |
|||||||
| optimal | admissible | optimal | let-may, no more* | optimal, | admit-may* |
|||||
| upper bound | bottom line |
|||||||||
| Workplaces |
||||||||||
| permanent | fickle | permanent | fickle |
|||||||
| Cold | Light | Not more than 0.1 |
||||||||
| Medium II a | ||||||||||
| heavy | ||||||||||
| Warm | Light | 55 (at 28°C) | ||||||||
| 60(at 27°C) | ||||||||||
| Medium II a | 65 (at 26°C) | |||||||||
| 70 (at 25°C) | ||||||||||
| heavy | 70 (at 24°C and below) | 0,4Document On approval of the Regulations on the Federal Air Transport Agency (Government Decree Russian Federation dated July 30, 2004 No. 396) As amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 30. Ministry of Transport of Russia Southern Interregional Territorial Administration of Air Transport of the Federal Air Transport Agency (Southern MTU Tue Faut)Document1.1. This job regulation was developed in accordance with the Federal Law of July 27, 2004 No. 79-FZ “On the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation” (hereinafter referred to as the Federal Law on Civil Service), the Federal | ||||||||
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1. Microclimate
The microclimate is a complex physical properties air, affecting the heat exchange of a person with the environment, on his thermal state in a limited space (in separate premises, a city, a forest area, etc.) and determining his well-being, working capacity, health and labor productivity. Indicators of the microclimate are the temperature and humidity of the air, the speed of air movement and the thermal radiation of surrounding objects and people.
The state of microclimatic factors determines the features of thermoregulation of the human body, which in turn determines the heat balance. It is achieved by the ratio of the processes of heat production and heat transfer of the body. Heat production occurs during oxidation nutrients, as well as during contraction of skeletal muscles (Q cont.). In addition, the human body can receive convection and radiation heat from the surrounding air and heated objects if their temperature is higher than the temperature of the skin of open parts of the body (Q ext.). The main mechanisms of heat transfer by the human body: conduction into the air layers adjacent to the skin and less warm objects (Q cond.) and subsequent convection of heated air (Q conv.), radiation towards less heated objects (Q radi.), evaporation of sweat from skin and moisture from the surface of the respiratory tract (Q isp.), heating up to 37 ° C of inhaled air Qload.). The heat balance in general form can be represented by the equation:
Opprod. + Qext. -(< >) Qcond. + Qconv. + Qred. + Check + - load.
Normal vital activity of the organism and high efficiency are possible only if the temperature constancy of the organism is maintained within certain limits (36.1-37.2 C), there is a thermal equilibrium with the environment, i.e. correspondence between the processes of heat production and heat transfer.
The adverse effect of the microclimate is due to the complex effect of physical factors of the air environment: an increase or decrease in temperature, humidity or air velocity. At elevated air temperatures, high humidity prevents the evaporation of sweat and moisture and increases the risk of overheating of the body. High humidity at low temperatures increases the risk of hypothermia because wet air, filling the pores of clothing, unlike dry - good conductor heat. High air velocity increases heat transfer through convection and evaporation and contributes to faster cooling of the body if its temperature is below skin temperature, and, conversely, increases the heat load on the body at a temperature exceeding skin temperature.
For a pharmacist, information about the microclimate of the premises is necessary to assess working conditions in pharmacies, since the microclimate affects the thermoregulation of the body, to assess the effectiveness of ventilation and features production environment where medicines are stored, manufactured and dispensed. The safety of many drugs and dosage forms, their biological activity depends on microclimatic conditions, thermoregulation people.
2. Hygienic norm of the microclimate
The hygienic norm of the microclimate is thermal comfort, which is determined by the combined action of all microclimatic components that provide the optimal level of physiological reactions of the body and the least stress of the thermoregulatory system, i.e. optimal thermal state of a person. When normalizing the microclimate, the optimal values of its parameters and the permissible limits of their fluctuations are established, which are characterized by insignificant general or local uncomfortable heat sensations and moderate tension of the thermoregulation mechanism, i.e. the inclusion of adaptive (adaptive) reactions of the body. Depending on the state (overheating or hypothermia), these reactions are manifested in a moderate expansion (or narrowing) of skin vessels, an increase (or decrease) in sweating, an increase (or decrease) in the pulse. Under these conditions, a long stay of a person is possible without a violation of working capacity and danger to health. In conditions close to comfort, indoor microclimate standards can be the same for adults and children; when establishing permissible fluctuations in microclimate indicators, the individual nature of people's thermoregulation, due to gender, age, weight, and the degree of physiological adaptive capabilities, should be taken into account. The normalized parameters of the microclimate should guarantee the preservation of health and performance even for a person with a reduced individual tolerance for fluctuations in factors environment.
The most optimal microclimate parameters for residential premises: temperature 18-20 C, relative humidity 40-60%, air speed 0.1-0.2 m/s.
3. Hygienic parameters of the microclimate
The hygienic parameters of the microclimate in the premises are normalized depending on the climate for the warm and cold periods of the year. Optimum temperature for a cold climatic region, it is considered 21-22 C, moderate - 18-20 C, warm - 18-19 C, hot - 17-18 C. Design temperature standards in rooms are differentiated depending on their functional purpose. So, in most pharmacy premises (assistant, aseptic, defector, procurement, packaging, storage of medicinal raw materials and medicinal products), the most favorable air temperature is 18 ° C; in the premises of medical institutions: in the operating room, preoperative room, resuscitation room, wards for children, burn patients, postoperative wards, intensive care wards, procedural rooms - 22 C, in wards for adults, doctors' offices and other medical auxiliary rooms - 20 C, in wards for patients with hypothyroidism - 24 C, in wards for premature babies and newborns - 25 C, in wards for patients with thyrotoxicosis - 15 C at relative humidity - 30-60% and air velocity - no more than 0.15-0 .25 m/s; in classrooms: classrooms, classrooms, offices, laboratories - 18 C, in sports halls, educational workshops - 15-17 C at a relative humidity of 40-60% and an air velocity of 0.1-0.2 m / s.
The microclimate of the premises is assessed by the temperature regime, i.e. differences in air temperature horizontally and vertically in different parts of the room. To ensure thermal comfort, the air temperature in the rooms must be relatively uniform. The change in temperature horizontally from the outer wall to the inner wall should not exceed 2 C, and vertically - 2.5 C for each meter of height. The temperature fluctuation in the room during the day should not exceed 3 C.
For an integral assessment of the microclimate, the index of the thermal load of the environment (THS-index) is used, which characterizes the combined effect on the human body of temperature, humidity, air velocity and thermal radiation from surrounding surfaces. This indicator is recommended to be used when the air velocity is less than 0.6 m/s and the intensity of thermal radiation is less than 1000 W/m2.
Rationing of microclimatic conditions in industrial premises is carried out in relation to the warm and cold periods of the year, taking into account the category of work and the corresponding energy consumption of the body (Table 1).
For employees of pharmacies, related to the level of energy consumption (up to 139 W) to category 1a, the optimal values of microclimate indicators are regulated: during the cold season, the temperature is at the level of 22-24 ° C, relative humidity 40-60%, air velocity 0.1 m/s; during the warm period of the year, the temperature is 23-25 ? C, relative humidity 40-60%, air speed 0.1 m/s.
Table 1 Optimal values of microclimate parameters for industrial premises
|
Period of the year |
Air temperature, ?С |
Surface temperature, ?С |
Relative humidity,% |
||
|
Cold |
|||||
4. Determination of atmospheric pressure
Atmospheric pressure is determined using an aneroid barometer. Atmospheric pressure is measured in hectopascals (hPa) or mmHg. 1 hPa = 1 g/cm2 = 0.75 mmHg Normal Atmosphere pressure on average fluctuates within 1013+26.5 hPa (760+20 mm Hg).
For continuous recording of fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, a self-recording device is used - a barograph (Fig. 1). It consists of a set of aneroid boxes that react to changes in air pressure, a transmission mechanism, an arrow with a feather and a drum with a clockwork. The vibrations of the box walls are transmitted by means of a system of levers to the pen of the recorder. Pressure fluctuations are recorded on a paper tape mounted on a rotating drum.
5. Determination of air temperature
Isolated determination of air temperature can be carried out with mercury thermometers of the TM-6 type (measurement range from -30 to +50 ?С) or laboratory alcohol thermometers with a scale from 0 to +100 ?С. Maximum and minimum thermometers are used to fix the maximum or minimum temperatures. The measurement of air temperature in industrial premises is usually combined with the determination of its humidity and is carried out using a psychrometer. In the presence of sources of infrared radiation, temperature measurement is carried out using the dry thermometer of an aspiration psychrometer, since the thermometer tanks are reliably protected from the influence of thermal radiation by double polished and nickel-plated screens.
Using alcohol thermometers mounted on a portable stand at a height of 1.5 m and 0.5 m from the floor, measure the air temperature at each point for 7-10 minutes at the following 4 points:
* in the center of the room at a height of 0.5 m (T1) and 1.5 m from the floor (T2);
* at a height of 1.5 m at a distance of 5-10 cm from the outer wall (window glass in the room) (T3) and from the opposite inner wall(T4);
To study the temperature dynamics, when it becomes necessary to determine temperature fluctuations in the room, self-recording devices are used - thermographs (daily or weekly) of the M-16 type (measurement range from -20 to +50 C) (Fig. 2).
Rice. 1 Thermograph
The thermograph sensor is a bimetallic curved plate, inner surface which consists of an Invar alloy, which practically does not expand when heated, and the outer one is made of constantan, which has a relatively large coefficient of thermal expansion. With an increase or decrease in temperature, the curvature of the bimetallic plate changes. The oscillations of the plate are transmitted through a system of levers to a pen with ink, which registers a temperature curve on a tape fixed on a drum rotating at a certain speed.
6. Determination of thermal radiation
hygienic microclimate thermal humidity
The determination of thermal radiation is carried out if there are heating devices or heated equipment in the room. Thermal radiation is infrared radiation with a wavelength of 760 to 15,000 nm. An actinometer is used to measure thermal radiation. The actinometer sensor (Fig. 3) is a thermopile and consists of alternating black and silver-white metal plates attached to different ends. electrical circuit. With a temperature difference at the ends of the electrical circuit, due to the heating of the black plates as a result of the absorption of infrared rays, a thermoelectric current arises, which is recorded by a galvanometer calibrated in units of thermal radiation - cal/cm2.min or W/m2. The maximum allowable level of thermal radiation at the workplace = 20 cal/cm2.min.
Rice. 2 Actinometer
Before starting the measurement, the arrow on the galvanometer scale must be set to zero, then open the cover on the rear surface of the actinometer. The readings of the galvanometer are written off 3 seconds after the installation of the thermal receiver (sensor) of the actinometer towards the source of thermal radiation.
7. Determination of air humidity
The humidity of the air depends on the content of water vapor in it. To characterize humidity, the following concepts are distinguished: absolute, maximum, relative humidity, saturation deficit, physiological saturation deficit, dew point. Absolute humidity - elasticity (partial pressure) of water vapor in the air at the time of measurement (in g / m3 or mm Hg). Maximum humidity - the elasticity of water vapor when the air is fully saturated with moisture at a certain temperature (in g / m3 or mm Hg). Relative humidity - the ratio of absolute humidity to maximum, expressed as a percentage. Saturation deficit - the difference between maximum and absolute humidity (in mm Hg). The dew point is the temperature at which the air is most saturated with water vapor. Only relative humidity is normalized, which is considered normal in the range of 40-60%.
Measurement of air humidity can be carried out using various instruments. Absolute humidity can be determined using psychrometers. There are 2 types of it: the Assmann aspiration psychrometer and the August station psychrometer (Fig. 4). The psychrometer consists of two identical thermometers, the tank of one of which is wrapped in a light hygroscopic cloth moistened with distilled water before measurement, and the second remains dry.
Rice. 3 Psychrometers: a) aspiration; b) station
Station psychrometer Augusta is used in stationary conditions, excluding the effect of wind and radiant heat on it. It consists of two alcohol thermometers. Based on their readings, the absolute humidity is determined from the tables or by the formula:
K \u003d f - a (tc - tv) B
where: K - absolute air humidity at a given temperature, mm Hg;
f - maximum air humidity at the temperature of the wet bulb, mm Hg.
a - psychrometric coefficient, equal to 0.001 with a slight movement of air;
tc and tВ - temperature of dry and wet thermometers, ?С; B - atmospheric pressure at the time of measurement, mm Hg.
Most widely in hygienic practice, for measuring absolute humidity both indoors and out, portable aspiration Assmann psychrometers are used, which are protected from wind and thermal radiation. The psychrometer consists of two mercury thermometers (having a scale from -30 to +50 ? C), which are enclosed in a common frame, and their reservoirs are in double nickel-plated metal tubes to protect against radiant heat. A clockwork fan mounted in the instrument head sucks air along the thermometers at a constant speed of 2 m/s.
Before starting measurements with a pipette, it is necessary to moisten the tissue on the reservoir of the wet thermometer, start the mechanism of the device to failure with the key and hang it vertically on the bracket at the point under study, usually in the center of the room, and then after 3-5 minutes record the readings of the dry and wet thermometers .Absolute air humidity in this case is calculated by the formula:
K = / 755.
Relative humidity (in %) is calculated by the formula:
P=K. 100 / F, where: P - relative humidity,%,
F - maximum air humidity at dry bulb temperature, mm Hg. (see Table 2).
Table 2 Maximum air humidity at different temperatures
|
Pace. air, +C |
Max. Humidity, mm Hg |
Pace. air, C |
Max. humidity, mm Hg |
|
Literature and sources
1. Denisov E.I. and others. Information as a physical factor: problems of measurement, hygienic assessment and IT automation // Occupational Medicine and Industrial Ecology. - 2014. - No. 1.
2. WHO. Global Plan of Action for Workers' Health 2008
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The concept of the microclimate of the workplace of industrial premises, its impact on the performance and health of workers. Method of hygienic standardization of indicators of the microclimate of workplaces of industrial premises according to the degree of danger and harmfulness.
Federal Agency for Railway Transport
Ural State University means of communication
____________________________________________________________________
Department of Life Safety
V.V. Troshunin
G.V. Zvigintseva
Z.I. Ivashov
Study of microclimate indicators in the working area of industrial premises
Yekaterinburg 1994
Goal of the work
To study the principles of standardization of microclimate indicators, to master the skills of measuring and analyzing these indicators.
Microclimate- This weather conditions, which are determined by the totality of physical parameters of the air environment acting on the human body in small open or closed spaces (up to tens and hundreds of meters in diameter). The indicators characterizing the microclimate of industrial premises are: temperature, humidity, air velocity and thermal radiation.
Air temperature- the degree of its heating. The temperature is measured in degrees Celsius (°C).
Air humidity- the content of water vapor in the air. Air humidity is characterized by absolute air humidity and relative air humidity. Absolute air humidity- the ratio of the mass of water vapor to the volume of air (g / m 3). Relative Humidity- the ratio of the actual mass of water vapor contained in the air to the maximum possible (saturating) mass of it in a given volume of air at a given temperature. Relative humidity is measured in percent.
Air speed measured in meters per second (m/s).
There is a constant heat exchange between the person and the environment. At the same time, regardless of the values of the microclimate indicators, the body temperature remains at a constant level of 36.6°C. This ability human body due to the work of the thermoregulation system. Thermoregulation is provided by a change in heat production and heat transfer of the body.
Heat production increases with intense physical (muscular) work and the more, the harder it is.
Heat transfer to the environment is carried out by convection, radiation and evaporation.
Convection is understood as the transfer of heat from the surface of the human body to less heated layers of air washing the surface of the body. Under these conditions, the intensity of heat transfer is proportional to the surface area of the human body, the temperature difference between the human body and the environment, as well as the speed of air movement. At rest and at an ambient temperature of +18°C, heat transfer through convection is about 30% of the total heat removed.
The release of heat by radiation (radiation) occurs in the direction of surfaces with a lower temperature. The intensity of heat transfer by radiation depends on the temperature difference between the heat source and the receiving object; and is completely independent of the speed of the air flow separating objects. The share of heat transfer by radiation is usually about 45-50% of the total heat removed. At high temperatures of the surrounding surfaces (35-30°C), heat transfer by radiation stops completely, and at higher temperatures, heat transfer occurs in the opposite direction - from the surrounding surfaces to the person.
A significant part in the heat exchange between the worker and the environment is the transfer of heat through the evaporation of moisture (sweat) from the surface of the body. The amount of sweat produced by the body depends on the ambient temperature and the intensity of physical activity. The efficiency of heat transfer is determined by the rate of sweat evaporation and depends on humidity and air velocity. In the overall balance of heat transfer, the share attributable to the evaporation of moisture is 20-30%.
Thus, for the thermal well-being of a person, a certain combination of temperature, relative humidity and air velocity is important.
At low ambient temperatures, the heat loss of the human body increases due to convection-radiation processes. Under conditions of elevated ambient temperature, heat loss by convection and radiation is significantly reduced, but increases due to evaporation. When the temperature of the air and fences is equal to the temperature of the human body, heat transfer by convection and radiation practically loses its significance, and the only way for heat transfer is the evaporation of sweat from the surface of the skin.
At ambient temperatures below human body temperature, increased air mobility contributes to an increase in heat loss by convection and evaporation. At high ambient temperatures, high air velocities do not always contribute to an increase in body heat loss. Great importance under these conditions, they have both the parameters of temperature and air velocity, and its humidity. An increase in air humidity reduces heat loss by evaporation. The effect of air humidity at low temperatures is much less.
Under production conditions, with the prevailing dynamic ratio of heat production and heat transfer processes, the heat balance of a working person can be positive, negative or zero.
Long term exposure high temperature at high humidity, it can cause a violation of thermal equilibrium, which leads to overheating, and, consequently, a decrease in working capacity, a violation of water-salt and protein metabolism in the body. As a result of these violations, heat stroke can occur.
Negative heat balance is observed with a combination of low air temperature, high humidity and high air mobility. With a negative heat balance, hypothermia of the body is possible.
Zero heat balance indicates that the conditions for heat transfer by the body of a worker performing work of a certain severity correspond to the parameters of the meteorological conditions of the environment. Zero heat balance corresponds to comfortable state organism.
Prolonged and intense overheating or hypothermia of the human body can lead to a violation of its compensatory-protective mechanisms, the development of a pathological condition, including occupational diseases.
The foregoing determines the need to develop physiologically substantiated parameters of temperature, humidity and air velocity, which would take into account the specifics of various industries, a variety of technological processes, and labor intensity. Such studies to assess the impact of a set of parameters of meteorological conditions on human heat transfer were carried out by the institutes of occupational health. Based on the results of the research, “Sanitary norms for the microclimate of industrial premises” No. 4088-86 were developed and approved by the Ministry of Health of the USSR. The provisions of this normative document were the basis for GOST 12.1.005-88 approved in 1988 “General sanitary and hygienic requirements for air working area» (latest revision in 2000). This GOST applies to both planned and operating enterprises of all sectors of the national economy and is the basis of not only preventive, but also current sanitary supervision. The main content of preventive supervision is control over compliance with sanitary norms and rules for design and construction industrial facilities. The task of the current sanitary supervision is to control compliance with sanitary legislation at operating enterprises. One of the elements of the current sanitary supervision is the study of working conditions at industrial enterprises in order to prevent occupational and general morbidity. The study of working conditions involves a sanitary inspection of individual workshops with a hygienic assessment of the data obtained. If the requirements of the sanitary legislation are violated by the sanitary supervision bodies, a fine may be imposed on the guilty officials or the question of bringing these persons to disciplinary responsibility may be raised.
Hygienic regulation of industrial microclimate
The norms for the parameters of meteorological conditions in industrial premises are regulated by GOST 12.1.005-88 "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area" and SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 "Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises". The standards establish requirements for indicators of air temperature, its relative humidity, air velocity for the working area of industrial premises in the form of optimal and permissible values, taking into account the period of the year and the severity of labor activity.
The norms of parameters of meteorological conditions are established for the working area - a space up to 2 meters high above the floor level or a platform on which the place of permanent or temporary stay of the worker is located. A permanent place is a place where an employee spends more than 50% of his working time or more than 2 hours continuously.
The optimal and permissible parameters of meteorological conditions must correspond to the values indicated in Table 1.
Optimal- these are combinations of parameters of meteorological conditions that, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, ensure the preservation of the normal thermal state of the body without straining the mechanisms of thermoregulation. They provide a sense of thermal comfort and create the prerequisites for a high level of performance.
Permissible parameters of meteorological conditions - such combinations of microclimate parameters that, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, can cause passing and quickly normalizing changes in the thermal state of the body, accompanied by a tension in the mechanisms of thermoregulation that does not go beyond the limits of physiological adaptive capabilities. In this case, there is no damage or health disorders, but uncomfortable thermal sensations, deterioration in well-being and a decrease in efficiency can be observed.
Optimal parameters The microclimate must be observed in cabins, on consoles and control posts for technological processes, as well as in industrial premises when performing operator-type work associated with neuro-emotional stress.
Permissible values of microclimate indicators are established in cases where, according to the technological requirements of production, technical and economic reasons it is not possible to provide optimal standards.
Table 1 shows that the normalized values of the parameters of meteorological conditions are given separately for the cold and warm periods of the year. The cold period of the year is characterized by an average daily outdoor temperature of +10°C and below. For a warm period, this temperature rises, exceeding +10°C.
The norms take into account the severity of labor, since the thermal state of the human body depends not only on environmental conditions, but also on the amount of heat production, determined by total energy consumption. The classification of work according to severity adopted by the standard provides for the differentiation of these works on the basis of the total energy consumption of the body in kcal / h (W) and establishes the following categories of work:
Light physical work covers activities in which energy costs are less than 139 kcal / h (category 1a) and from 140 to 174 kcal / h (category 1b). Category 1a includes work performed while sitting and accompanied by slight physical exertion. Category 1b includes work performed while sitting, standing or walking and accompanied by some physical stress.
Physical work of moderate severity - activities in which energy costs are 175-290 kcal / h. They are also divided into two subgroups: IIa - 151-232 kcal/h and IIb - 233-290 kcal/h. Category IIa includes work associated with constant walking, moving small (up to 1 kg) products or objects in a standing or sitting position and requiring a certain physical exertion. Category IIb includes work performed while standing, associated with walking, carrying small (up to 10 kg) weights and accompanied by moderate physical exertion.
Heavy physical work is associated with systematic physical stress, in particular, with constant movement and carrying significant (over 10 kg.) Weights. Energy consumption in this case is more than 290 kcal/h.
In production conditions, there are situations when, due to the requirements of the technological process or technical unattainability and economic inexpediency, it is impossible to provide acceptable standard values for the parameters of meteorological conditions; in such cases, special measures are taken to protect workers from possible overheating or cooling.
Main of preventive measures the following:
Mechanization and automation of heavy and labor-intensive work, the implementation of which is accompanied by excessive heat release in the human body;
Remote control of heat-radiating processes and devices, which eliminates the need for workers to stay in the infrared radiation zone;
Installation of protective screens, air and water curtains that protect workplaces from thermal radiation;
Rational placement and thermal insulation of equipment, apparatus, communications and other sources that radiate heat to workplaces;
The device at the entrance to the shop vestibules to thermal curtains to prevent the ingress of outside cold air into the premises;
Shelter of sources of intense moisture release with casings, covers or local suction devices;
The device of aeration or mechanical ventilation in the presence of powerful sources of heat and moisture release in the production premises;
The device in hot shops of rooms for short-term rest, with the supply of purified and cooled air to them;
The device of specially equipped rooms for periodic heating of those working for a long time in the cold.
Table 1 - Optimal and allowable norms temperature, relative humidity and air velocity in the working area of industrial premises.
| Period of the year | Category of works | Temperature, 0 C | Optimum humidity, % | Travel speed, m/s | ||||||
| optimal | admissible | optimal | admissible | optimal no more | admissible | |||||
| upper bound | bottom line | |||||||||
| in the workplace | ||||||||||
| constant | not permanent | constant | not permanent | |||||||
| Cold | Easy - Ia | 22 – 24 | 40 – 60 | 0,1 | no more than 0.1 | |||||
| Light - Ib | 21 – 23 | 40 – 60 | 0,2 | no more than 0.2 | ||||||
| Moderate - IIa | 19 – 21 | 40 – 60 | 0,2 | no more than 0.3 | ||||||
| Moderate - IIb | 17 – 19 | 40 – 60 | 0,2 | no more than 0.4 | ||||||
| Heavy - III | 16 – 18 | 40 – 60 | 0,3 | no more than 0.5 | ||||||
| Warm | Easy - Ia | 23 – 25 | 40 – 60 | (at 28 0 С) | 0,1 | 0,1 – 0,2 | ||||
| Light - Ib | 22 – 24 | 40 – 60 | (at 27 0 С) | 0,2 | 0,1 – 0,3 | |||||
| Moderate - IIa | 20 – 22 | 40 – 60 | (at 26 0 С) | 0,3 | 0,2 – 0,4 | |||||
| Moderate - IIb | 19 – 21 | 40 – 60 | (at 25 0 С) | 0,3 | 0,2 – 0,5 | |||||
| Heavy - III | 18 – 20 | 40 – 60 | (at 24 0 С) | 0,4 | 0,2 – 0,5 |
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Life safety
Hygienic standardization of microclimate parameters of production and non-production premises
industrial microclimate productivity health
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Federal Agency for Education (Rosobrazovanie)
Arkhangelsk State Technical University
Department of Safety of Technological Processes and Productions
Assignment for control work
3rd year student of the correspondence faculty
Specialties 0608 "Economics and management at the enterprise of forestry and the forest industry"
According to the discipline "BJD"
Option 17
Initial data:
Alekseeva L.V., Schepetkina E.N., Popov M.V., Life safety: Guidelines for implementation control works. - Arkhangelsk: Publishing House of ASTU, 2003. - 15 p.
Issued by ___________
Deadline_____________
Teacher______________
4. Hygienic standardization of microclimate parameters for industrial and non-industrial premises. Influence of deviations of industrial microclimate parameters from standard values on labor productivity and health status, occupational diseases………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….5
17. Life safety in the construction and operation of electrical networks and electrical installations. The impact of electric current on a person, touch voltage, step voltage. Safety precautions…………………………………………………………………………...8
40. Give a classification of natural and man-made emergencies………………………………………………………....12
Option 2 - Organization of the workplace of the PC operator………….16
4. Hygienic standardization of microclimate parameters for industrial and non-industrial premises. Influence of deviations of industrial microclimate parameters from standard values on labor productivity and health status, occupational diseases.
Microclimate - a complex of physical factors of the internal environment of the premises, influencing the heat exchange of the body and human health. Microclimatic indicators include temperature, humidity and air velocity, the temperature of the surfaces of enclosing structures, objects, equipment, as well as some of their derivatives (air temperature gradient along the vertical and horizontal of the room, the intensity of thermal radiation from internal surfaces).
The microclimate of industrial premises is understood as the climate of the internal environment of these premises surrounding a person, which is determined by the combinations of temperature, humidity and air velocity acting on the human body, as well as the temperature of the surfaces surrounding it.
The industrial microclimate standards are established by the system of labor safety standards GOST 12.1.005-88 "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area" and SanPiN 2.24.548-96 "Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises". They are the same for all industries and all climatic zones with some minor deviations.
In these standards, each component of the microclimate in the working area of the production room is separately normalized: temperature, relative humidity, air speed, depending on the ability of the human body to acclimatize at different times of the year, the nature of clothing, the intensity of work performed and the nature of heat generation in the working room.
To assess the nature of clothing (thermal insulation) and acclimatization of the body at different times of the year, the concept of a period of the year is introduced. Distinguish between warm and cold periods of the year. The warm period of the year is characterized by an average daily outdoor temperature of +10oC and above, the cold period - below +10oC.
When taking into account the intensity of labor, all types of work, based on the total energy consumption of the body, are divided into three categories: light, moderate and heavy. The characteristics of industrial premises by the category of work performed in them are established by the category of work performed by 50% or more of the workers in the corresponding room.
Light work (category I) with an energy consumption of up to 174 W includes work performed while sitting or standing, which does not require systematic physical stress (the work of controllers, in the processes of precision instrumentation, office work, etc.). Light work is divided into category Ia (energy costs up to 139 W) and category Ib (energy costs 140 ... 174 W).
Moderate work (category II) includes work with an energy consumption of 175 ... 232 W (category IIa) and 233 ... 290 W (category IIb). Category IIa includes work associated with constant walking, performed standing or sitting, but not requiring the movement of weights, category IIb - work associated with walking and carrying small (up to 10 kg) weights (in machine assembly shops, textile production, processing wood, etc.).
Hard work (category III) with an energy consumption of more than 290 W includes work associated with systematic physical stress, in particular with constant movement, with the carrying of significant (more than 10 kg) weights (in forges, foundries with manual processes, etc.) .
According to the intensity of heat release, industrial premises are divided into groups depending on the specific excess of sensible heat. Sensible heat is the heat that affects the change in the air temperature of the room, and the excess of sensible heat is the difference between the total sensible heat gains and the total heat losses in the room.
Sensible heat that was formed within the premises, but was removed from it without transferring heat to the room air (for example, with gases from chimneys or with air from local exhausts from equipment), is not taken into account when calculating excess heat. Insignificant excesses of apparent heat are excesses of heat not exceeding or equal to 23 W per 1 m3 of the internal volume of the room. Premises with significant sensible heat excesses are characterized by heat excesses of more than 23 W/m3.
The intensity of thermal exposure of workers from heated surfaces of technological equipment, lighting fixtures, insolation at permanent and non-permanent workplaces should not exceed 35 W / m2 when irradiating 50% of the human surface and more, 70 W / m2 - when irradiating 25 ... 50% of the surface and 100 W/m2 - when irradiating no more than 25% of the body surface.
The intensity of thermal exposure of workers from open sources (heated metal, glass, open flame, etc.) should not exceed 140 W / m2, while more than 25% of the body surface should not be exposed to radiation and personal protective equipment must be used.
In the working area of the production facility, according to GOST 12.1.005-88, optimal and permissible microclimatic conditions can be established.
Optimal microclimatic conditions are such a combination of microclimate parameters that, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, provides a feeling of thermal comfort and creates the prerequisites for high performance.
Permissible microclimatic conditions are such combinations of microclimate parameters that, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, can cause tension in thermoregulation reactions and which do not go beyond the limits of physiological adaptive capabilities. At the same time, there are no violations in the state of health, there are no uncomfortable heat sensations that worsen well-being and a decrease in working capacity. The optimal parameters of the microclimate in industrial premises are provided by air conditioning systems, and the permissible parameters are provided by conventional ventilation and heating systems.
17. BZD in the construction and operation of electrical networks and electrical installations. The impact of electric current on a person, touch voltage, step voltage, Safety measures.
Electric current is the ordered movement of electric charges. The current strength in the circuit section is directly proportional to the potential difference, i.e. voltage at the ends of the section and inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit section.
By touching a live conductor, a person includes himself in an electrical circuit if he is poorly insulated from the ground or at the same time touches an object with a different potential value. In this case, an electric current passes through the human body. The nature and depth of the impact of electric current on the human body depends on the strength and type of current and the time of its action, the path of passage through the human body, the physical and psychological state of the latter. Thus, the resistance of a person under normal conditions with dry, intact skin is hundreds of kilo-ohms, but under adverse conditions it can drop to 1 kilo-ohm.
Threshold (sensible) is a current of about 1 mA. At a higher current, a person begins to feel unpleasant painful muscle contractions, and at a current of 12-15 mA, he is no longer able to control his muscular system and cannot independently break away from the current source. Such a current is called non-letting. The action of a current of more than 25 mA on muscle tissue leads to paralysis of the respiratory muscles and respiratory arrest. With a further increase in current, fibrillation (convulsive contraction) of the heart may occur. A current of 100 mA is considered lethal.
Alternating current is more dangerous than direct current. It matters what parts of the body a person touches the current-carrying part. The most dangerous are those ways in which the brain or spinal cord (head - arms, head - legs), heart and lungs (arms - legs) are affected. Any electrical work should be carried out away from grounded equipment (including water pipes, pipes and heating radiators) to prevent accidental contact with them.
A characteristic case of getting under voltage is contact with one pole or phase of a current source. The voltage acting on a person is called touch voltage. Particularly dangerous are the areas located on the temples, back, backs of the hands, shins, back of the head and neck.
Increased danger is represented by premises with metal, earthen floors, damp. Particularly dangerous are rooms with vapors of acids and alkalis in the air. Safe for life is a voltage not higher than 42 V for dry rooms heated with non-conductive floors without increased danger, not higher than 36 V for rooms with increased danger metal, earthen, brick floors, dampness, the possibility of touching grounded structural elements), not higher than 12 V for especially dangerous premises with a chemically active environment or two or more signs of premises with increased danger. In the case when a person is near a live wire that has fallen to the ground, there is a danger of being struck by step voltage. Step Voltage- this is the voltage between two points of the current circuit, located one from the other at a step distance, at which a person simultaneously stands. Such a circuit is created by a current flowing along the ground from the wire. Once in the zone of current spreading, a person must connect his legs together and slowly leave the danger zone so that when moving, the foot of one leg does not go completely beyond the foot of the other. In case of an accidental fall, you can touch the ground with your hands, which increases the potential difference and the danger of injury.
The effect of electric current on the body is characterized by the main damaging factors:
An electric shock that excites the muscles of the body, leading to convulsions, respiratory and cardiac arrest;
Electrical burns resulting from the release of heat when current passes through the human body; depending on the parameters of the electrical circuit and the condition of the person, reddening of the skin, burns with the formation of bubbles or carbonization of tissues may occur; when the metal is melted, metallization of the skin occurs with the penetration of pieces of metal into it. The effect of current on the body is reduced to heating, electrolysis and mechanical action. This can serve as an explanation for the different outcome of electrical injury, all other things being equal. Nervous tissue and the brain are especially sensitive to electric current. The mechanical action leads to tissue rupture, delamination, shock effect of the evaporation of fluid from the tissues of the body.
Thermal action causes overheating and functional disorder organs along the current path. The electrolytic effect of the current is expressed in the electrolysis of fluid in the tissues of the body, a change in the composition of the blood. The biological effect of the current is expressed in irritation and overexcitation of the nervous system.
Security features:
In accordance with state standards for electrical safety and the Electrical Installation Rules (PUE), the range of types of protection against electric shock includes the following methods and means.
In case of direct contact it is necessary:
Application of protective shells and barriers
Location of current-carrying non-insulated parts out of reach
Application of insulation (working, additional, reinforced) of current-carrying parts
Safety shutdown
Blocking of dangerous zones (spaces)
Application of warning signaling, safety signs
Use of personal protective equipment during work on networks or electrical equipment under voltage
Control and isolation
In case of indirect contact:
Grounding using protective conductors
Potential equalization
Safety shutdown
Application of double insulation
Use of low voltage
Insulation control
Electrical separation of the network
Technical methods and means of protection are used separately or in combination, so that optimal protection is obtained.
To prevent accidental contact of a person with uninsulated current-carrying parts or approaching them at a dangerous distance, they must be located in an inaccessible place (in a niche, internal cavities of building structures, etc.) or at an accessible height (above the level of the working area). In the event that this cannot be done, the current-carrying parts are closed with fences or enclosed in shells.
First aid to the victim from the current:
When a person is injured electric shock it is necessary to release the victim from the conductor with current. First of all, the conductor must be de-energized. If it is impossible to turn it off, it is urgent to separate the victim from him using dry sticks, ropes and other means. You can take the victim for the clothes if it is dry and lags behind the body, without touching metal objects and parts of the body that are not covered with clothes. When rendering assistance, it is necessary to isolate yourself from the "ground" by standing on a non-conductive stand (dry board, dry rubber shoes, etc.), and wrap your hands with a dry cloth. Provide rest to the victim and monitor the pulse and respiration. Since the possibility of clinical death in case of electrical injury has been established, it is necessary to carry out resuscitation measures in the absence of a pulse and respiration - artificial ventilation lungs (most effectively - mouth-to-mouth) and indirect, or closed, heart massage. These activities must be carried out until the restoration of the work of the heart and spontaneous breathing, until the provision of qualified medical care, or until the appearance of cadaveric spots (i.e., direct signs of biological death). If there are tissue changes at the site of exposure to electric current, a dry aseptic bandage is applied to the affected part of the body.
To avoid electric shock, it is necessary to carry out all work with electrical equipment and devices after disconnecting them from the electrical network.
40. Give a classification of natural and man-made emergencies.
Regulations on the classification of natural and man-made emergencies (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 13, 1996 N 1094)
This Regulation, developed in accordance with the Federal Law "On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies", is intended to establish a unified approach to assessing natural and man-made emergencies (hereinafter referred to as emergency situations), determining the boundaries of emergency zones and appropriate responses to them.
Emergencies are classified depending on the number of people affected in these situations, people whose living conditions were violated, the amount of material damage, as well as the boundaries of the zones of distribution of damaging factors of emergency situations.
Emergencies are divided into local, local, territorial, regional, federal and transboundary.
A local emergency is a situation in which no more than 10 people were injured, or the living conditions of no more than 100 people were violated, or material damage amounted to no more than 1,000 rubles. minimum dimensions wages on the day of the emergency and the emergency zone does not extend beyond the territory of the industrial or social facility.
A local emergency refers to an emergency, as a result of which more than 10, but not more than 50 people were injured, or the living conditions of more than 100, but not more than 300 people, were violated, or material damage amounted to more than 1,000, but not more than 5,000 minimum wages labor on the day of the emergency and the emergency zone does not go beyond the boundaries of the settlement, city, district.
Territorial emergency refers to an emergency, as a result of which more than 50, but not more than 500 people were injured, or the living conditions of more than 300, but not more than 500 people were violated, or material damage is more than 5 thousand, but not more than 0.5 million minimum the amount of wages on the day of the emergency and the emergency zone does not go beyond the boundaries of the subject of the Russian Federation.
A regional emergency refers to an emergency, as a result of which more than 50, but not more than 500 people were injured, or the living conditions of more than 500, but not more than 1,000 people were violated, or material damage is more than 0.5 million, but not more than 5 million minimum wages on the day of the emergency and the emergency zone covers the territory of two constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
A federal emergency refers to an emergency in which more than 500 people were injured, or the living conditions of more than 1,000 people were violated, or material damage amounted to more than 5 million minimum wages on the day of the emergency and the emergency zone extends beyond more than two subjects Russian Federation.
A transboundary situation is an emergency, the damaging factors of which go beyond the borders of the Russian Federation, or an emergency that occurred abroad and affects the territory of the Russian Federation.
The liquidation of an emergency situation is carried out by the forces and means of enterprises, institutions and organizations, regardless of their organizational and legal form (hereinafter referred to as organizations), local governments, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, on the territories of which an emergency situation has developed, under the leadership of the relevant commissions for emergency situations.
Classification of emergency situations of natural and man-made
character
(Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 13, 1996 No. 1094)
Part 2
Option 1 - Analysis of working conditions in the workplace
1. Brief description of production at the workplace.
Loading, unloading and intra-warehouse processing of goods - sorting, stacking, carrying, re-weighing, packaging, etc. manually using the simplest loading and unloading devices and means of transportation: wheelbarrows, carts, conveyors and other lifting and transport mechanisms. Installation of winches, lifting blocks, arrangement of temporary ramps and other devices for loading and unloading cargo. Securing and sheltering cargo in warehouses and vehicles. Carrying shields and ladders. Rolling (rolling) of cars in the process of work. Opening and closing hatches, sides, doors of rolling stock. Cleaning of the rolling stock after the unloading of the cargo. Cleaning and lubrication of serviced handling devices and means of transportation.
Must know: rules for loading and unloading cargo; rules for stowage, fastening, sheltering goods in a warehouse and vehicles; rules for the use of simple loading and unloading devices and means of transportation; conditional signaling during loading and unloading of goods by hoisting and transport mechanisms; permissible dimensions when loading goods onto open railway rolling stock and motor vehicles, when unloading goods from railway cars and stacking them in a pile; location of warehouses and places of loading and unloading of goods.
2. Analysis of hazardous and harmful production factors present in the workplace
Dangerous and harmful physical factors:
Moving machines and mechanisms; various transport and lifting devices and movement of goods; unprotected moving parts of production equipment; electricity;
Harmful to health physical factors are: increased or decreased air temperature of the working area; high humidity and air velocity; dust and gas contamination of the working area; insufficient illumination of workplaces, passages and driveways; working with hybrids.
Psychophysiological dangerous and harmful production factors: physical overload (static and dynamic), and neuropsychic overload (mental overstrain, overstrain of the organs of vision, hearing, etc.).
3.Measures and means of protection against dangerous and harmful factors.
3.1 The use of industrial gas masks:
Industrial filtering gas masks are an individual means of protecting the respiratory organs, eyes, face of a person from exposure to harmful gases, dust, fumes, smoke and fog present in the air.
The use of filtering gas masks is possible only in an atmosphere containing at least 18% by volume of free oxygen and not more than 0.5% of harmful impurities by volume.
Gas masks are used at temperatures from minus 30 0 С to plus 50 0 С.
3.2 Safety precautions with electric tools:
Loaders working with electric tools must be trained and tested with the assignment of the first qualification of the safety group.
Before working with a power tool, personal clothing should be inspected and put in order. During operation, parts of clothing should not touch the tool.
The body of the electric tool during operation must be grounded (connected to the zero output of the mobile power station) through the fourth core of the supply and main cables. Power tool operation is only allowed with a four-wire cable.
Repair and adjustment of the electric tool is allowed to be carried out after a complete stop and disconnection of the tool from the mains.
When carrying a power tool, do not hold it by the working parts.
The loader must immediately turn off the electric tool if he feels even a slight impact of the current, and inform the work supervisor about this.
3.3 Safety measures when working with pesticides:
Loaders engaged to work with herbicides (toxic chemicals) must undergo a medical examination, instructions, pass the sanitary minimum for working with pesticides and obtain permission to work with them. Persons not trained in security measures are not allowed to work.
The duration of work on loading, unloading pesticides should not exceed 6 hours.
Loaders working with pesticides are provided with two sets of personal protective equipment for twice the wear period. Protective overalls and safety shoes can only be worn while working with pesticides.
Overalls in which work with herbicides is carried out should be ventilated daily at a distance of no closer than 100 m from housing and degassed at least twice a month.
Before eating, wash your hands and face thoroughly, rinse your mouth, and take a shower at the end of work.
4. Development of instructions on labor protection for the type of work or for the profession.
Instruction No. 72.7
ON LABOR SAFETY
for loaders and drivers of the PRC
(section No. 1, section No. 2, section No. 3)
when closing the side and top hatches of the car
1. General Provisions
1.1 Work to close the side and top hatches is carried out at the loading area finished products upon detection of a lack of fastening on the inside of the car, according to the specifications for loading and securing cargo.
1.2 Closing of the hatches is performed by employees preparing the car for loading, loaders and drivers. Works related to access to the roof are carried out by a shift foreman.
1.3 A necessary condition for safety is: caution, attentiveness in work, strict observance of safety regulations, not being distracted by extraneous affairs and conversations and not allowing violations of labor safety requirements. Work should be carried out in overalls and safety shoes.
1.4 The employee is obliged to immediately notify his immediate supervisor of any situation that threatens the life and health of people. About every accident that occurred at work. About the deterioration of their health, incl. about the appearance of acute prof. Diseases.
1.5 For non-compliance with the requirements of this instruction, the employee is liable in accordance with applicable law.
2. Requirements for workers during work.
2.1 When carrying out work on closing the side and top hatches of the car, use the lighting of a portable lamp (36 volts), or the lighting of a forklift.
2.2 Close the top and side hatches from the car
2.3 The hatch is closed in accordance with the requirements of the specifications for loading and securing cargo in the car using wire lashing and a wooden block with a cross section of 40 * 40 mm, a length of 600 mm. The bar in the middle is tightly attracted to the ceiling with a wire with a diameter of at least 4 mm in two threads, passed through the body of the locking device located on the hatch cover. The wire should be twisted in two or three turns.
2.4 When closing the side and top hatches, use a ladder installed on the floor of the car.
2.5 Requirements when working with ladders and ladders.
2.5.1. Ladders and ladders must be equipped with a device that prevents them from shifting and tipping over during operation.
2.5.2. At the lower ends of ladders and ladders there must be fittings with sharp tips for installation on the ground. When using ladders and step-ladders on smooth supporting surfaces, they must be equipped with shoes made of rubber or other non-slip material.
2.5.3. Step-ladders must be equipped with devices (hooks, chains) that do not allow them to move apart spontaneously while working with them. The slope of the ladders should be 1:3.
2.5.4. It is not allowed to work from the two upper steps of a ladder without railings and stops.
2.5.5. It is forbidden for more than one person to be on the steps of the ladder.
2.5.6. It is not allowed to work on ladders:
2.5.6.1. Near and above rotating mechanisms, working machines;
2.5.6.2. Using electric and pneumatic tools;
2.5.6.3. When performing gas and electric / welding work.
2.5.7. Step-ladders are inspected by a shift foreman before use, in his absence by a foreman.
2.6. If necessary, the upper hatch of the car is closed from the roof. It is possible to climb and descend to the roof of the car using a ladder located at the front side of the car, and it is possible to move along the roof of the car only along wooden walkways specially mounted on the cars. In the absence of wooden bridges, closing the wagon hatch from the roof is prohibited.
3. Safety requirements in emergency situations.
3.1. If an employee is injured during work, immediately inform the foreman and contact the health center of the plant for assistance.
4.1. Each worker must clean his workplace.
4.2. All remarks that took place during the work must be reported to the master.
LIST OF SOURCES USED
1. Life safety: Proc. Allowance for students. Institutions of medium prof. education / Yu.G. Sapronov, A.B. Shakhbazyan. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2002. - 320 p.
Hygienic standardization of industrial microclimate parameters is established by the system of labor safety standards (GOST 12.1.005-88, as well as SanPiN 2.2.4.584-96).
The optimal and permissible parameters of the microclimate are normalized - temperature, relative humidity and air velocity. The values of the microclimate parameters are set depending on the ability of the human body to acclimatize at different times of the year and the category of work in terms of energy consumption.
The body's ability to acclimatize depends on the period of the year, and therefore the values of the optimal and permissible parameters. When normalizing, a warm and cold period of the year is distinguished.
The warm period of the year is characterized by an average daily outdoor temperature above +10 °С; cold period of the year - equal to +10 °С and below.
When normalizing the parameters of the microclimate, the categorization of work according to severity was made by distinguishing on the basis of the total energy expenditure by the body per unit of time, which is measured in watts.
The following categories of work are distinguished:
Light physical work (categories 1a and 16) - all activities with an energy consumption of not more than 174 watts. Category la (up to 139 W) includes work performed while sitting and accompanied by slight physical stress - a number of professions in precision instrumentation and engineering enterprises, in watchmaking, clothing production, in management, etc. To category 16 (140 .. .174 W) includes work performed while sitting, standing or walking and accompanied by some physical stress - a number of professions in the printing industry, in communications enterprises, controllers, craftsmen in various types of production, etc .;
Physical work of medium severity (categories Na, Pb) - activities with an energy consumption of 175 ... 290 W. The category Pa (175 ... 232 W) includes work associated with constant walking and moving small (up to 1 kg) products - a number of professions in mechanical assembly shops, spinning and weaving, etc. The category Pb (233. ..290 W) includes work related to walking, moving weights up to 10 kg, - a number of professions in mechanized foundries, rolling, forging, welding shops, etc.;
Heavy physical work (category III) - activities with an energy consumption of more than 290 W - work associated with systematic physical stress, in particular with constant movement and carrying significant (over 10 kg) weights (a number of professions in forges, foundries with manual labor and so on.).
Methods for ensuring comfortable indoor climate conditions
To ensure comfortable conditions, it is necessary to maintain a thermal balance between the release of heat by the human body and the release of heat to the environment. It is possible to ensure the heat balance by adjusting the values of the microclimate parameters in the room (temperature, relative humidity and air velocity). Maintaining the specified parameters at the level optimal values provides comfortable climatic conditions for a person, and at the level of allowable - the maximum allowable, in which the thermoregulation system of the human body provides heat balance and does not allow overheating or hypothermia of the body.
The main method of ensuring the required parameters of the microclimate and the composition of the air environment is the use of ventilation, heating and air conditioning systems.
Good ventilation of the room contributes to the improvement of human well-being. On the contrary, poor ventilation leads to increased fatigue, decreased performance. In residential, public and industrial premises, as a result of human activity, operation of equipment, cooking, combustion of natural gas, harmful substances, moisture, and heat are released. As a result, climatic conditions worsen, the composition of the air environment changes. Therefore, ensuring good ventilation, regular airing of the premises is a necessary condition for ensuring optimal conditions for human work and maintaining his health.
The most widely used to ensure optimal microclimate parameters is general exchange supply and exhaust ventilation. Both mechanical and natural ventilation are used.
If natural ventilation is possible in the room, and the volume of the room per person is at least 20 m3, the ventilation performance should be at least 20 m3 / h per person. If the volume of the room per person is less than 20 m3, the ventilation performance should be at least 30 m3/h. If natural ventilation is not possible, the ventilation capacity must be at least 60 m3/h per person.
When moisture and heat are released from the equipment and technological processes in the room, the ventilation performance should be increased in comparison with the indicated values. The required performance is determined by calculation, taking into account the amount of moisture and heat released.
In the hot season, as well as in hot shops at workplaces exposed to intense heat flows from furnaces, hot castings and other heat sources, air showering is additionally used, which consists in blowing the working air flow in order to increase the intensity of convective heat transfer and removal heat due to evaporation.
The blowing speed is 1 ... 3.5 m/s, depending on the intensity of the heat flow. Air shower installations are stationary, when air is supplied to the workplace through a system of air ducts with supply nozzles, and mobile, in which a mobile fan is used. An example of a mobile air shower device is a household fan used in residential and non-industrial premises in hot weather, when natural ventilation cannot provide a heat balance between a person and the environment. Air oases make it possible to improve meteorological conditions in a limited area of the room, for which this area is separated from all sides by partitions and filled with air that is cooler and cleaner than the air in the rest of the room. Air and air-thermal curtains are arranged to protect people from cooling by cold air penetrating through gates or doors. Curtains are of two types: air curtains with air supply without heating and air-thermal curtains with heating of the supplied air in heaters. The air for the curtain is supplied to the doorways through a special slot and exits at a high speed (10...15 m/s) at an angle towards the cold air entering from outside. The curtain air prevents cold air from entering the room; the part of the cold air that has penetrated into the room is heated when mixed with the warmer air of the curtain. There are curtains with bottom and side air supply. An example of air curtains are air-thermal curtains used in the cold season at the entrance doors of shops, subways, institutions. Air conditioning is used to create optimal meteorological conditions in the premises. Air conditioning is the automatic maintenance of the specified optimal parameters of the microclimate and air purity in the premises, regardless of changes in external conditions and modes inside the premises. During air conditioning, the air temperature, its relative humidity and the rate of supply to the room can be automatically regulated. The creation of such air parameters is carried out in special installations and devices called air conditioners. Air conditioners are local - for servicing individual premises, rooms, and central - for servicing groups of premises, workshops and industries as a whole. The complexity of the air conditioner is determined by the number and accuracy of parameters supported in a given range. The simplest air conditioners are household air conditioners, which can be seen built into windows and fixed on the outside of the walls of the premises. In the cold season, heating is used to maintain the optimum air temperature in the room. Heating can be water, steam, electric.
