History main dates chronological table. Dates in the history of Russia: chronology. Head of Comm, parties
6th century - The legend of Prince Kiy - the founder of the city of Kyiv.
9th century - Education Old Russian state
860 - The campaign of the Rus to Constantinople.
882 - Unification of Novgorod and Kyiv under Prince Oleg.
907, 911 - Oleg's campaigns against Tsargrad. Treaty with the Greeks. 944 - Treaty of Igor with Byzantium.
945 - Revolt of the Drevlyans.
957 - Olga's embassy in Constantinople.
964-972 - Campaigns of Svyatoslav.
980-1015 - The reign of Vladimir I.
988 - The adoption of Christianity by Russia.
1015 - The uprising in Novgorod against the Varangians.
1019-1054 - The reign of Yaroslav the Wise.
1068-1072 - Popular performances in Kyiv, Novgorod, Rostov-Suzdal, Chernigov lands. 1097 - Lyubech congress of Russian princes.
1113 - Uprising in Kyiv.
1113-1125 - The reign of Vladimir Monomakh.
1136 - Establishment of a republic in Novgorod.
1147 - The first mention in the annals of Moscow.
Beginning of the XII-end of the XV centuries. - Feudal fragmentation of Russia.
1169 - The capture of Kyiv by the troops of Andrei Bogolyubsky.
1202 - Formation of the Order of the Sword.
1206-1227 - The reign of Genghis Khan.
1219-1221 - Conquest by the Mongol-Tatars Central Asia.
1223, May 31 - Battle on the Kalka River.
Beginning XIII in. — Formation of the Lithuanian state.
1227-1255 - The reign of Batu.
1235-1243 - The conquest of Transcaucasia by the Mongol-Tatars.
1236 - The conquest of the Volga Bulgaria by the Mongol-Tatars.
1237-1240 - The conquest of Russia by the Mongol-Tatars.
1237 - Formation of the Livonian Order.
1238, March 4 - Battle of the River City.
1240, July 15 - Battle of the Neva.
1242, April 5 - Battle on the Ice.
1243 - Formation of the state of the Golden Horde.
1247 - Formation of the Tver principality.
1252-1263 - Alexander Nevsky - Grand Duke of Vladimir.
1262 - Uprisings in Russian cities against the Mongol-Tatars.
1276 - Formation of the Moscow principality.
1299 - Metropolitan moved from Kyiv to Vladimir.
1301 - Accession of Kolomna to Moscow.
1302 - The entry of Pereyaslavl-Zalessky into the Moscow principality.
1303 - Accession of Mozhaisk to Moscow.
1310 - Adoption of Islam as the state religion of the Golden Horde.
Around 1313-1392 - Sergius of Radonezh.
1327 - The uprising in Tver against the Golden Horde.
1328 - Transfer of the center of the metropolis to Moscow.
1359-1389 - Board of Dmitry Donskoy in Moscow (from 1363 - Grand Duke of Vladimir). OK. 1360-1430 - Andrei Rublev.
1363 - The victory of the Lithuanian troops over the Horde at Blue Waters. The entry of Kyiv into Lithuania.
1367 - Construction of the white stone Kremlin in Moscow.
1378 - The first victory over the Golden Horde on the Vozha River.
1380, September 8 - Battle of Kulikovo.
1382 - The defeat of Moscow by Tokhtamysh.
1385 - Kreva union between Lithuania and Poland.
1393 - Accession of Nizhny Novgorod to Moscow.
1395 - The ruin of the Golden Horde by Timur.
1410, July 15 - Battle of Grunwald.
1425-1453 - Great feudal war between the sons and grandsons of Dmitry Donskoy.
1437 - Formation of the Kazan Khanate.
1439 - Union of Florence. 1443 - Formation of the Crimean Khanate.
1448 - Election of Jonah to the Russian metropolis. Autocephaly of the Russian Orthodox Church.
1453 - Fall of the Byzantine Empire.
1462-1505 - The reign of Ivan III
1463 - Accession to Moscow of the Yaroslavl principality.
1469-1472 - Travel of Athanasius Nikitin to India.
1471 - Battle on the river. Shelons of the Moscow and Novgorod troops.
1474 - Accession to Moscow of Rostov the Great.
1478 - Annexation of Novgorod the Great to Moscow.
1480 - Standing on the river Ugra. The final overthrow of the Mongol-Tatar yoke.
1484-1508 - Construction of the current Moscow Kremlin. The construction of cathedrals and the Faceted Chamber, brick walls.
1485 - Accession of Tver to Moscow.
1489 - Accession to Moscow of the Vyatka land.
1497 - Sudebnik of Ivan III.
End of the XV-beginning of the XVI centuries. — Formation of the Russian centralized state.
1500-1503, 1507-1508, 1512-1522, 1534-1537 - Russian-Lithuanian wars.
1502 - End of the Golden Horde.
1503 - Church Council on the issue of monastic land ownership (Nil Sorsky - Joseph Volotsky). 1505-1533 - The reign of Basil III.
1510 - Accession of Pskov to Moscow.
1514 - Accession of Smolensk to Moscow.
1521 - Accession of the Ryazan and Seversk lands to Moscow.
1533-1584 (from January 16, 1647 - Tsar) - The reign of Ivan IV the Terrible.
1547 - Uprising in Moscow. 1549 - The beginning of the convocation of Zemsky Sobors.
1550 - Sudebnik of Ivan IV.
1551 - Stoglavy Cathedral.
1552 - Accession of the Kazan Khanate to Moscow
1552-1557 - The entry of the Volga region into Russia.
1556 - Accession of the Astrakhan Khanate to Russia.
1558-1583 - Livonian War.
1561 - The defeat of the Livonian Order.
1564 - Beginning of book printing in Russia. "Apostle".
1565-1572 - Oprichnina.
1569 - Union of Lublin. The formation of the Commonwealth
1581 - The first mention of reserved years.
1581 - Yermak's campaign in Siberia.
1582 - Yam-Zapolsky truce with Poland.
1583 Peace of Plus with Sweden.
1589 - Establishment of the patriarchate. Patriarch Job.
1591 - Death of Tsarevich Dmitry in Uglich.
1592 - Compilation of scribe and census books.
1595 - Tyavzinsky peace with Sweden.
1596 - Brest Church Union.
1597 - Decree on a five-year investigation of the fugitives.
1598-1605 - Board of B.F. Godunov.
1603-1604 Cotton Rebellion.
1605-1606 - The reign of False Dmitry I.
1606-1607 - The uprising of I.I. Bolotnikov.
1606-1610 - The reign of Vasily Shuisky.
1607 - Decree on a fifteen-year investigation of the fugitives
1607-1610 - False Dmitry II. Tushino camp.
1610-1613 - Seven Boyars.
1611, March-July - The first militia.
1612, October 26 - Liberation from the interventionists of Moscow by the people's militia under the leadership of K. Minin and D. Pozharsky.
1613, February 21 - Election of M.F. Romanov to the kingdom.
1617 - Stolbovsky peace with Sweden.
1618 - Deulino truce with Poland
1645-1676 - Board of Alexei Mikhailovich.
1648-1654 — liberation war Ukrainian people against the Poles under the leadership of B. Khmelnitsky.
1649 - Cathedral Code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.
1649 - Zborovsky peace.
1651 - Belotserkovsky peace.
1651 - The beginning of the reforms of Patriarch Nikon. Split.
1654, January 8 - Pereyaslav Rada.
1654-1667 - War with the Commonwealth for Ukraine.
1661 Peace of Cardis with Sweden.
1662 - "Copper Riot" in Moscow.
1667 - Andrusovo truce with the Commonwealth.
1667-1669 - "Campaign for zipuns".
1667 - New trade charter
1667-1676 - Solovetsky uprising.
1670-1671 - Peasant war led by S.T. Razin
1676-1682 - the reign of Fedor Alekseevich.
1676-1681 - War between Russia and Turkey.
1682, 1698 - Streltsy uprisings in Moscow.
1682 - Abolition of parochialism.
1682-1689 - The reign of Sophia.
1682-1725 - The reign of Peter I, until
1696 together with Ivan V (from 1682 to 1689 - under the regency of Sophia)
1686 - "Eternal peace" with Poland.
1687 - Opening of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.
1687, 1689 - Crimean campaigns of V.V. Golitsyn.
1689 - Nerchinsk treaty with China. 1695, 1696 - Azov campaigns of Peter I.
1697-1698 - "The Great Embassy".
1700-1721 - Northern War.
1700, January 1 - Introduction of a new chronology
1703, May 16 - Foundation of St. Petersburg.
1707-1708 - an uprising led by K. Bulavin.
1708-1710 - Establishment of provinces.
1709, June 27 - Battle of Poltava.
1710-1711 - Prut campaign.
1711 - Establishment of the Senate.
1713 - Transfer of the capital to St. Petersburg.
1714 - Decree on single inheritance.
1714, July 27 - Victory of the Russian fleet at Cape Gangut.
1718-1721 - Establishment of colleges.
1720 - Victory of the Russian fleet at Grengam Island.
1721 - Permission to buy peasants to factories.
1721, August 30 - Treaty of Nystadt with Sweden.
1721 - Establishment of the Synod
October 22, 1721 - Proclamation of Peter I as emperor.
1722 - Table of ranks.
1722 - Decree on the succession to the throne: the emperor himself can appoint an heir
1722-1723 - Caspian campaign.
1725 - Opening of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg.
1725-1727 - The reign of Catherine I.
1726-1730 - Supreme Privy Council.
1727-1730 - The reign of Peter P.
1730-1740 - The reign of Anna Ioannovna. Bironovshchina.
1731 - Cancellation of single inheritance.
1741-1761 - The reign of Elizabeth Petrovna.
1750 - Opening of the first Russian theater in Yaroslavl.
1755, January 25 - Foundation of Moscow University.
1756-1763 - Seven Years' War.
1761-1762 - The reign of Peter Sh.
1762 - Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility.
1762-1796 —Reign of Catherine II.
1764 - Secularization of church property.
1764 - Liquidation of the hetmanship in Ukraine.
1768 - Beginning of the issue of banknotes.
1767-1768 - Laid Commission,
1768-1774 - Russian-Turkish war. Kyuchuk-Kainarji world.
1771 - Plague riot in Moscow.
1772, 1793, 1795 - Partitions of Poland.
1773-1775 - The uprising of E.I. Pugachev.
1775 - Establishment of the provinces of the Russian Empire.
1780 - Declaration of armed neutrality.
1783 - Georgievsky treatise. Transition of Eastern Georgia; under Russian protectorate.
1785 - Letters of grant to the nobility and cities.
1787-1791 - Russian-Turkish war. Jassy world.
1796-1801 - Reign of Paul I
1797 - Manifesto on the three-day corvee.
1801-1825 - The reign of Alexander I Pavlovich.
1802 - Establishment of ministries in Russia.
1803 - Decree on "free cultivators".
1804-1813 - Russian-Iranian war.
1805-1807 - Participation of Russia in the III and IV anti-Napoleonic coalitions.
1805, November - Battle of Austerlitz.
1806-1812 - Russian-Turkish war.
1807 - Peace of Tilsit.
1810 - Creation State Council.
1812, June 12-December 21 - Patriotic War.
1812, July 22 - Connection of the 1st and 2nd Russian armies near Smolensk.
1812, August 3-6 - Battle for Smolensk.
1812, August 8 - Appointment of M.I. Kutuzov as commander-in-chief of the Russian army.
1812, August 26 - Battle of Borodino.
1812, September 1 - Meeting in Fili.
1812, October 7 - Departure of the French army from Moscow.
1812, October 12 - Battle of Maloyaroslavets.
1812, November 14-17 - French troops crossing the Berezina river.
1812, December 21 - Order of M.I. Kutuzov for the army on the expulsion of the French army from Russia. 1813-1814 - Foreign campaigns of the Russian army.
1813 - "Battle of the Nations" at Leipzig.
1814, September-1815, May - Congress of Vienna.
1816-1817 - Activities of the Union of Salvation.
1818-1821 - Activities of the Union of Welfare.
1820 - Rebellion in the Semyonovsky regiment.
1821 - Formation of the Southern Society.
1822 - Formation of the Northern Society. 1823 - Formation of the Society of United Slavs.
1825, December 14 - Decembrist uprising in St. Petersburg.
1825, December 29 -1826, January 3 - Uprising of the Chernigov regiment.
1825-1855 - The reign of Nicholas I Pavlovich.
1826 - Publication of the "cast-iron" censorship charter.
1826-1828 - Russian-Iranian war.
1828-1829 - Russian-Turkish war.
1837 - Construction of the railway from St. Petersburg to Tsarskoye Selo.
1837-1841 - Carrying out management reform by P.D. Kiselev state peasants. 1839-1843 - Monetary reform of E.F. Kankrin.
1842 - Publication of a decree on "obliged peasants".
1844-1849 - The activities of the secret circle of M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky.
1845 - Formation of the Slavic Society of St. Cyril and Methodius.
1853-1856 - Creation of the Free Russian Printing House.
1853, November - Battle of Sinop.
1854, September 2 - the landing of the Anglo-French troops in the Crimea.
1854, September 2 - The sinking of the Russian fleet in the bay of Sevastopol.
1854, September 8 - Battle on the river Alma.
1854, September-1855, August - Defense of Sevastopol.
1855-1881 - The reign of Alexander II Nikolaevich.
1855, August - Battle of the Black River.
1855 - Signing of the Treaty of Shimoda between Russia and Japan.
1855, November - The capture of the Kare fortress by Russian troops.
1856 - Paris Congress. 1860 - Beijing treaty between Russia and China.
1861-1863 - The activities of the secret circle "Great Russian".
1861, February 19 - The abolition of serfdom in Russia.
1861-1864 - Activities of the organization "Land and Freedom".
1864 - Judicial, zemstvo and school reforms.
1864-1885 - The conquest of Central Asia by Russia.
1866 - Formation of the Turkestan Governor-General.
1868 - Establishment of vassal dependence of the Emirate of Bukhara from Russia.
1870 - Foundation of the Russian section of the First International.
1870 - Publication of the "City Regulations".
1873 - Creation of the Union of the Three Emperors.
1874 - Military reform. The introduction of universal military service.
1874 - The first "going to the people."
1875 - Treatise of Russia and Japan on the division of possessions in the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin Island.
1876 - The entry of the Kokand Khanate into Russia.
1876-1879 - Activities of the organization "Land and Freedom".
1876 - The second "going to the people"
1877-1878 - Russian-Turkish war.
1877, July-December - Defense of the Shipka Pass.
1878 - Signing of the San Stefano peace treaty.
1878 - Congress of Berlin.
1879-1881 - Activities of the organization " People's Will».
1879-1881 - Activities of the Black Redistribution organization.
1881, March 1 - Assassination of Alexander P.
1881-1894 - The reign of Alexander III Alexandrovich.
1881 - Adoption of the "Regulations on measures to protect state security and public peace."
1882 - Transfer of peasants to compulsory redemption.
1885 - A strike at the Nikolskaya manufactory of T.S. Morozov in Orekhovo-Zuevo.
1887 - Circular about "cook's children".
1889 - Adoption of the "Regulations on zemstvo chiefs".
1890 - Adoption of the "Regulations on provincial and district zemstvo institutions" (zemstvo counter-reform). 1891-1894 - Registration of the Franco-Russian Union.
1892 - Adoption of the "City Regulations" (city counter-reform).
1894-1917 - The reign of Nicholas II Alexandrovich.
1895 - Creation of the "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class".
1897 - The first general population census in Russia.
1897 - Monetary reform S.Yu. Witte.
1898 - I Congress of the RSDLP.
1900, December - Creation of the Iskra newspaper.
1901 - "Obukhov defense".
1902 - Unification of neo-populist circles. Creation of the "Party of Socialist Revolutionaries". 1903, July - Creation of the "Union of Liberation"
1903, July-August - Creation of the Union of Zemstvo-Constitutionalists.
1904-1905 - Russo-Japanese War.
1904, January 26-27 - Japanese ships attack Russian squadrons in Port Arthur and Chemulpo.
1904, August-1905, December - Defense of Port Arthur.
January 9, 1905 - "Bloody Sunday".
1905, February - Battle of Mukden.
1905, May - The death of the Russian fleet near Tsushima Island.
June 1905 - Uprising on the battleship Potemkin.
1905, July-August - Creation of the Peasants' Union.
1905 August - Signing of the Peace of Portsmouth.
1905, October - All-Russian political strike.
1905, October - Creation of the "Constitutional Democratic Party" (cadets).
1905, October 17 - Publication of the Manifesto "On the improvement of the state order."
1905 - Creation of the "Union of the Russian people".
1905, November - Cancellation of redemption payments.
1905, November - Creation of the "Union of October 17".
1905, December - Armed uprising in Moscow.
1906, April-July - Activities of the First State Duma.
1906, July - Uprisings in Sveaborg and Kronstadt.
1906, November 9 - Decree on the withdrawal of peasants from the community.
1907 - Creation of the Union of Michael the Archangel.
1907, February-June - Activities of the II State Duma.
1907, June 3 - Dissolution of the State Duma and the adoption of a new electoral law.
1907-1912 - Activity of the III State Duma.
1912, April 4 - Lena execution.
1912, November - Beginning of the IV State Duma.
1914, July-1918, November - World War I.
1914, August - East Prussian operation of the Russian army.
1914, August-September - Galician operation of the Russian army.
1915, May-October - The retreat of the Russian army.
1915, August - Formation of the Progressive Bloc.
1916, May - "Brusilovsky breakthrough" of the Russian troops.
1917, February 23 - Demonstration in Petrograd.
February 25, 1917 - General political strike in Petrograd.
1917, February 27 - Formation of the Committee of the State Duma and the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.
1917, March 2 - Abdication of Nicholas II from the throne. Formation of the Provisional Government. Establishment of dual power in Russia.
1917, June - VI Congress of the RSDLP (b). The course of the Bolsheviks towards an armed uprising.
1917, August - Speech by General L.G. Kornilov.
1917, October 24-26 - Armed uprising in Petrograd. II All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Formation of the Soviet government. (Great October Socialist Revolution).
1918, January 5-6 - Constituent Assembly.
1918, March 3 - Brest peace.
1918, May - 1920, December - Civil War in Russia.
1918, July - The Constitution of the RSFSR.
1919, March - VIII Congress of the RCP (b).
March 1920 - X Congress of the RCP (b), transition to the NEP.
1922, December 30 - Formation of the USSR. 1924, January - The Constitution of the USSR.
1925, December - XIV Congress of the CPSU (b). Industrialization course.
1927, December - XV Congress of the CPSU (b). Collectivization course.
1929 - The beginning of continuous collectivization.
1936, December - Constitution of the USSR.
1939, August 23 - Non-aggression pact with Germany.
1939, November - 1940, March - the Soviet-Finnish war.
1941, June 22 - 1945, May 9 - The Great Patriotic War.
1941, December 5-6 - The beginning of the offensive near Moscow.
1942, November 19 - 1943, February 2 - Battle of Stalingrad. The beginning of a radical fracture.
1943, July - August - 1943, November - Battle of Kursk.
1945, May 8 - The capitulation of Germany.
1945, August 8 - September 2 - Soviet-Japanese War
1949, January - Establishment of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA).
1953, September - Election of the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU N.S. Khrushchev.
May 1955 - Establishment of the Warsaw Pact Organization.
1955, July - Plenum on scientific and technical progress.
1956, February - XX Congress of the CPSU.
1957 - Civil industry management reform. Creation of economic councils.
1959 - Visit of N.S. Khrushchev in the USA.
1959-1965 - Seven-year plan.
1961, April 12 - Yuri Gagarin's flight into space.
1961, October - XXII Congress of the CPSU. Adoption of the third program of the CPSU.
1962, October - Cuban Missile Crisis.
1964, October - Election of L.I. Brezhnev as the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
1970 - XXIV Congress of the CPSU.
1975 - Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki)
1976 - XXV Congress of the CPSU. 1977, October - The Constitution of the USSR.
1981 - XXVI Congress of the CPSU. 1982 - Adoption of the Food Program.
1985, March - Election of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU MS Gorbachev.
1986 - XXVII Congress of the CPSU.
1987-1991 - The period of "perestroika" in the USSR.
1988 - XIX All-Union Party Conference.
1989, May-June - I Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR.
1990, March - III Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR. Election of MS Gorbachev as President of the USSR.
1991 Dissolution of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the Warsaw Treaty Organization.
1991, June 12 - Election of B.N. Yeltsin as President of the RSFSR.
1991, August 19-22 - Coup attempt (GKChP)
1991, December 8 - Belovezhskaya agreement on the dissolution of the CCCI and the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
1992, March - Signing of the Federal Treaty.
1993, September 21 - Decree of President Boris Yeltsin on the beginning of constitutional reform in Russia and the dissolution of the Supreme Council.
1993, October 3-4 - Armed clashes between supporters of the Supreme Council and government troops in Moscow.
1993, December 12 - Elections to the State Duma and the Federation Council. Adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. 1995, December - Elections to the VI State Duma.
1996, July 16 - July 3 - Election of the President of the Russian Federation.
1999, December 19 - Elections to the VII State Duma.
1999, December 31 - Decree on the termination of the powers of the President of the Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin. 2000, March 26 - Election of V.V. Putin as President of the Russian Federation.
LEADERS OF THE SOVIET STATE AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Head of State (Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee,
since 1923 - Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR,
since 1938 - Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR,
from May 1989 to March 1990 - Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR,
since March 1990 - President of the USSR,
since December 1991 - President of the Russian Federation).
1. Kamenev Lev Borisovich - November 1917 (according to the new style)
2. Sverdlov Yakov Mikhailovich - November 1917 - March 1919
3. Kalinin Mikhail Ivanovich - March 1919 - March 1946
4. Shvernik Nikolai Mikhailovich - March 1946 - March 1953
5. Voroshilov Kliment Efremovich - March 1953 - May 1960
6. Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich - May 1960 - July 1964; June 1977 - November 1982
7. Mikoyan Anastas Ivanovich - July 1964 - December 1965
8. Podgorny Nikolai Viktorovich - December 1965 - June 1977
9. Andropov Yuri Vladimirovich - June 1983 - February 1984
10. Chernenko Konstantin Ustinovich - April 1984 - March 1985
11. Gromyko Andrey Andreevich - July 1985 - October 1988
12. Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich - October 1988 - December 1991
13. Yeltsin Boris Nikolaevich - June 1991 to December 1999
14. Putin Vladimir Vladimirovich - since December 31, 1999 to present
Head of Government (Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR,
from July 1923 - Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR,
since March 1946 - Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR,
from December 1990 to December 1991 - Prime Minister of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR,
since December 1991 - Prime Minister of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Russian Federation, Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation)
1. Lenin Vladimir Ilyich - November 1917 - January 1924
2. Rykov Alexey Ivanovich - February 1924 - December 1930
3. Molotov Vyachevlav Mikhailovich - December 1930 - May 1941
4. Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich - May 1941 - March 1953
5. Georgy Maksimilianovich Malenkov - March 1953 - February 1955
6. Bulganin Nikolay Alexandrovich - February 1955 - March 1958
7. Khrushchev Nikita Sergeevich - March 1958 - October 1964
8. Kosygin Alexey Nikolaevich - October 1964 - October 1980
9. Tikhonov Nikolai Alexandrovich - October 1980 - September 1985
10. Ryzhkov Nikolai Ivanovich - September 1985 - December 1990
11. Pavlov Valentin Sergeevich - December 1990 - August 1991
12. Gaidar Egor Timurovich - Spanish. obligatory - December 1991 - December 1992
13. Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin - December 1992 - March 1998
14. Kirienko Sergey Vladilenovich - March 1998 - August 1998
15. Primakov Evgeny Maksimovich - September 1998 - May 1999
16. Stepashin Sergey Vadimovich - May 1999 - August 1999
17. Putin Vladimir Vladimirovich - August 1999 - May 2000.
18. Kasyanov Mikhail Mikhailovich - May 2000 - to present Head of Comm, parties
(General Secretary of the Central Committee, from 1953 to 1966. First Secretary of the Central Committee).
1. Stalin I.V. - April 1922 - March 1953
2. Khrushchev N.S. - September 1953 - October 1964
3. Brezhnev L.I. - October 1964 - November 1982
4. Andropov Yu.V. - November 1982 - February 1984
5. Chernenko K.U. - February 1984 - March 1985
6. Gorbachev M.S. - March 1985 - August 1991
Planning
General rules for drawing up a plan when working with text
- Read the text and think about what you read.
- Break the text into semantic parts and title them. Headings should convey the main idea of each fragment.
- Check whether the points of the plan reflect the main idea of the text, whether the next point of the plan is connected with the previous one.
- Check whether it is possible, guided by this plan, to reveal the main idea of the text.
How to make a simple plan.
- Read the text.
- Divide the text into parts and highlight the main idea in each of them.
- Title the parts.
- Read the text a second time and check if all the main ideas are reflected in the plan.
- Write down the plan.
How to make a complex plan.
- Read the study material carefully.
- Divide it into main semantic parts and title them.
- Divide the content of each paragraph into semantic parts and title (subparagraphs of the plan).
- Check whether they fully reflect the main content of the material being studied.
How to phrase
definition of a new concept
A concept is a form of thinking that reflects objects in their common essential features. The definition reveals the content of the concept.
- Read about the subject or phenomenon whose definition you need to formulate. Select a new concept.
- Determine its essential features.
- Try to formulate the definition orally, clearly setting out these signs.
- Write down the definition, check whether it reveals the content of the concept.
Example.
In the text of the textbook we read:
After the reforms of the 60-70s. productive forces began to develop faster and capitalist relations began to take shape.
Infrastructure began to be created, which included a complex of auxiliary sectors of the economy (roads, canals, ports, communications). The development of industry depends on the state of these branches.
We formulate the definition:
Infrastructure - this is a complex of auxiliary sectors of the economy (roads, canals, ports, means of communication), on the state of which the development of industry depends.
How to make a chronological table
- Read the entire topic on which the chronological table is to be compiled.
- Reading a second time, highlight the main events that will be included in the chronological table.
- Prepare a table in your notebook. Usually, it looks like this:
the date | Event |
There can be as many rows in the table as there are dates and events you write down.
- Read the text again and complete the table.
- Write out in the chronological table only those events that are directly related to this topic.
- As a rule, a chronological table is compiled for some wars, so the first date in the table is the beginning of the war, and the last is the signing of a truce or a peace treaty (the date the war ends).
- After the table, it is necessary to draw a conclusion about which side won and which was defeated, and indicate the terms of the peace treaty.
Russian history.
9th century- Formation of the Old Russian state.
862- "The Calling of the Varangians" to Russia.
862–879- The reign of Rurik in Novgorod.
879–912- The reign of Oleg in Kyiv.
882- The unification of Novgorod and Kyiv into a single state under Prince Oleg.
907, 911- Oleg's campaigns against Tsargrad. Treaties with the Greeks.
912–945- The reign of Igor in Kyiv.
945- Rebellion of the Drevlyans.
945–962- The reign of Princess Olga in the early childhood of her son Prince Svyatoslav.
957- Baptism of Princess Olga in Constantinople.
962–972- The reign of Svyatoslav Igorevich.
964–972- Military campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav.
980–1015- The reign of Vladimir I Svyatoslavich the Holy.
988- Adoption of Christianity in Russia.
1019–1054- The reign of Yaroslav the Wise.
1037- Start of construction of the church of St. Sophia in Kyiv.
1045- Beginning of construction of the church of St. Sophia in Novgorod the Great.
OK. 1072- The final design of "Russian Pravda" ("The Truth of the Yaroslavichs").
1097- Congress of princes in Lyubech. Consolidation of the fragmentation of the Old Russian state.
1113–1125- The great reign of Vladimir Monomakh.
1125–1157- The reign of Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky in Vladimir.
1136- Establishment of a republic in Novgorod.
1147- The first mention of Moscow in the annals.
1157–1174- The reign of Andrei Yurievich Bogolyubsky.
1165- Construction of the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl.
1185- The campaign of Prince Igor Novgorod Seversky against the Polovtsians. "The Tale of Igor's Campaign".
1199- Unification of the Volyn and Galician principalities.
1202- Formation of the Order of the Sword.
1237–1240- Invasion of the Mongol Tatars led by Batu Khan to Russia.
1237- Unification of the Teutonic Order with the Order of the Sword. Formation of the Livonian Order.
1240, 15 July.- Battle of the Neva. The defeat of the Swedish knights by Prince Alexander Yaroslavich on the Neva River. Nicknamed Nevsky.
1240- The defeat of the Mongol-Tatars of Kyiv.
1242, 5 April.- Battle on the Ice. The defeat of the Crusaders by Prince Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky on Lake Peipsi.
1243- Formation of the state of the Golden Horde.
1252–1263- The reign of Alexander Nevsky on the grand princely Vladimir throne.
1264- The collapse of the Galicia-Volyn principality under the blows of the Horde.
1276- Formation of an independent Moscow principality.
1325–1340- The reign of Prince Ivan Kalita in Moscow.
1326- Transferring the residence of the head of the Russian Orthodox Church - the Metropolitan - from Vladimir to Moscow, turning Moscow into an all-Russian religious center.
1327- The uprising in Tver against the Golden Horde.
1359–1389- The reign of Prince (from 1362 - the Grand Duke) Dmitry Ivanovich (after
1380 - Don) in Moscow.
OK. 1360–1430- The life and work of Andrei Rublev.
1378- Battle on the Vozha River.
1382- The defeat of Moscow by Tokhtamysh.
1389–1425- The reign of Vasily I Dmitrievich.
1425–1453- Dynastic war between the sons and grandchildren of Dmitry Donskoy.
1439- The Florentine Church Union on the unification of the Catholic and Orthodox churches under the leadership of the Pope. The act of union was signed by the Russian Metropolitan Isidore, for which he was deposed.
1448– Election of Bishop Jonah of Ryazan as Metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church and All Russia. Establishment of autocephaly (independence) of the Russian Orthodox Church from Byzantium.
1453- Fall of the Byzantine Empire.
1462–1505- The reign of Ivan III.
1463- Joining Yaroslavl to Moscow.
1469–1472- Travel of Athanasius Nikitin to India.
1471- The battle on the Shelon River of Moscow and Novgorod troops.
1478- Accession of Novgorod the Great to Moscow.
1480- "Standing on the Ugra River." Liquidation of the Horde yoke.
1484–1508- Construction of the current Moscow Kremlin. The construction of cathedrals and the Faceted Chamber, brick walls.
1485- Accession of Tver to Moscow.
1497- Compilation of the "Sudebnik" of Ivan III. Establishment of uniform norms criminal liability and judicial procedural norms for the whole country, limiting the right of a peasant to move from one feudal lord to another - a week before and a week after November 26 (St. George's day in autumn).
Late 15th - early 16th century– Completion of the process of folding the Russian centralized state.
1503- The controversy between Nil Sorsky (the leader of the non-possessors, who preached the rejection of the church from all property) and Abbot Joseph Volotsky (the leader of the possessors, a supporter of the preservation of church land ownership). Condemnation of the views of non-possessors at the Church Council.
1503- Accession to Moscow of the South-Western Russian lands.
1505–1533- The reign of Basil III.
1510- Accession of Pskov to Moscow.
1514- Accession of Smolensk to Moscow.
1521- Accession of Ryazan to Moscow.
1533–1584- The reign of Grand Duke Ivan IV the Terrible.
1547- The wedding of Ivan IV the Terrible to the kingdom.
1549- The beginning of the convocation of Zemsky Sobors.
1550- Adoption of the "Sudebnik" of Ivan IV the Terrible.
1551- "Stoglavy Cathedral" of the Russian Orthodox Church.
1552- Accession of Kazan to Moscow.
1555–1560- Construction of the Intercession Cathedral in Moscow (St. Basil's Cathedral).
1556- Accession of Astrakhan to Moscow.
1556- Adoption of the Code of Service.
1558–1583- Livonian war.
1561- The defeat of the Livonian Order.
1564- The beginning of book printing in Russia. The publication by Ivan Fedorov of The Apostle, the first printed book with a fixed date.
1565–1572- Oprichnina of Ivan IV the Terrible.
1569- The conclusion of the Union of Lublin on the unification of Poland with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into one state - the Commonwealth.
1581- The first mention of "reserved years".
1581- Yermak's campaign in Siberia.
1582- The signing of Yam Zapolsky truce between Russia and the Commonwealth.
1583– Conclusion of the Plyussky truce with Sweden.
1584–1598- The reign of Fedor Ioannovich.
1589- The establishment of the patriarchate in Russia. Patriarch Job.
1597- Decree on "lesson years" (a five-year term for the investigation of fugitive peasants).
1598–1605- Board of Boris Godunov.
1603- The uprising of peasants and serfs led by Cotton.
1605–1606- The reign of False Dmitry I.
1606–1607- The uprising of the peasants led by Ivan Bolotnikov.
1606–1610- The reign of Tsar Vasily Shuisky.
1607–1610- An attempt by False Dmitry II to seize power in Russia. The existence of the "Tushino camp".
1609–1611- Defense of Smolensk.
1610–1613- "Seven Boyars".
1611, March–June.- The first militia against the Polish troops led by P. Lyapunov.
1612- The second militia under the leadership of D. Pozharsky and K. Minin.
1613- Election by the Zemsky Sobor of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom. Beginning of the Romanov dynasty.
1613–1645- The reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov.
1617– The conclusion of the Stolbovsky "eternal peace" with Sweden.
1618 Deulino truce with Poland.
1632–1634- Smolensk war between Russia and the Commonwealth.
1645–1676- The reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.
1648- Expedition of Semyon Dezhnev along the Kolyma River and the Arctic Ocean.
1648- The beginning of the uprising of Bogdan Khmelnitsky in Ukraine.
1648- "Salt Riot" in Moscow.
1648–1650- Uprisings in various cities of Russia.
1649- Adoption by the Zemsky Sobor of a new code of laws - the "Council Code" of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The final enslavement of the peasants.
OK. 1653–1656- Reform of Patriarch Nikon. The beginning of the church schism.
1654–1667- The war between Russia and the Commonwealth for Ukraine.
1662- "Copper Riot" in Moscow.
1667- The conclusion of the Andrusovo truce between Russia and the Commonwealth.
1667- Introduction of the New Trade Charter.
1667–1671- Peasant war led by Stepan Razin.
1676–1682- Board of Fedor Alekseevich.
1682- Cancellation of locality.
1682, 1698- Streltsy uprisings in Moscow.
1682–1725- The reign of Peter I (1682-1689 - under the regency of Sophia, until 1696 - together with Ivan V).
1686- "Eternal peace" with Poland.
1687– Opening of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.
1695, 1696- Campaigns of Peter I to Azov.
1697–1698- Great Embassy.
1700–1721- North War.
1707–1708- Peasant uprising led by K. Bulavin.
1710–1711- Prut campaign.
1711- Establishment of the Senate.
1711–1765– Life and work of M. V. Lomonosov.
1714- Decree on single inheritance (cancelled in 1731).
1718–1721- Establishment of boards.
1720- Battle of Grengam Island.
1721- Peace of Nystadt with Sweden.
1721- Proclamation of Peter I as emperor. Russia has become an empire.
1722- Adoption of the "Table of Ranks".
1722- Signing of the decree on the succession to the throne.
1722–1723- Caspian campaign.
1725– Opening of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg.
1725–1727- The reign of Catherine I.
1727–1730- The reign of Peter II.
1730–1740- The reign of Anna Ioannovna. "Bironovshchina".
1741–1761- The reign of Elizabeth Petrovna.
1756–1763- The Seven Years' War.
1757– Foundation of the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg.
1761–1762- The reign of Peter III.
1762- "Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility."
1762–1796- The reign of Catherine II.
1768–1774- Russo-Turkish war.
1770- The victory of the Russian fleet over the Turkish in the battle of Chesme and the Russian ground forces over the Turkish army in the battles near the Larga and Cahul rivers.
1774– Conclusion of the Kyuchuk of the Kainardzhi peace following the results of the Russian Turkish war. The Crimean Khanate passed under the protectorate of Russia. Russia received the territory of the Black Sea region between the Dnieper and the Southern Bug, the fortresses of Azov, Kerch, Kinburn, the right of free passage of Russian merchant ships through the Black Sea straits.
1772, 1793,
1795- Partitions of Poland between Prussia, Austria and Russia. The territories of the Right-bank Ukraine, Belarus, part of the Baltic states and Poland were ceded to Russia.
1772–1839– Life and work of M. M. Speransky.
1773–1775- Peasant war led by Emelyan Pugachev.
1775- Carrying out provincial reform in the Russian Empire.
1782- Opening of the monument to Peter I "The Bronze Horseman" (E. Falcone).
1783- The entry of Crimea into the Russian Empire. Georgievsky treatise. The transition of Eastern Georgia under the protectorate of Russia.
1785– Publication of letters of commendation to the nobility and cities.
1787–1791- Russo-Turkish war.
1789- Victory of the Russian troops under the command of A. V. Suvorov at Focsani and Rymnik.
1790- The victory of the Russian fleet over the Turkish in the battle of Cape Kaliakria.
1790– Publication of the book by A. N. Radishchev “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow”.
1790- The capture of the Turkish fortress of Izmail on the Danube by Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov.
1791– Conclusion of the Iasi peace following the results of the Russo-Turkish war. The accession to Russia of the Crimea and Kuban, the territory of the Black Sea region between the Southern Bug and the Dniester was confirmed.
1794- Uprising in Poland led by Tadeusz Kosciuszko.
1796–1801- The reign of Paul I.
1797- Cancellation of the order of succession to the throne established by Peter I. Restoration of the order of succession to the throne by birthright in the male line.
1797- Publication by Paul I of the manifesto on the three-day corvee.
1799- Italian and Swiss campaigns of A. V. Suvorov.
1799–1837- Life and work of A. S. Pushkin.
1801–1825- The reign of Alexander I.
1802– Establishment of ministries instead of collegiums.
1803- Decree on "free cultivators".
1803– Adoption of a charter that introduced the autonomy of universities.
1803–1804- The first Russian round-the-world expedition led by I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisyansky.
1804–1813- Russian-Iranian war. It ended with the Peace of Gulistan.
1805–1807– Participation of Russia in III and IV anti-Napoleonic coalitions.
1806–1812- Russo-Turkish war.
1807- The defeat of the Russian army near Friedland.
1807– Conclusion of the Peace of Tilsit between Alexander I and Napoleon Bonaparte (Russia's accession to the continental blockade of England, Russia's consent to the creation of the vassal France of the Duchy of Warsaw).
1808–1809– Russian swedish war. Accession of Finland to the Russian Empire.
1810– Creation of the State Council on the initiative of M. M. Speransky.
1812– Conclusion of the Bucharest peace following the results of the Russo-Turkish war.
1813–1814- Foreign campaigns of the Russian army.
1813- "Battle of the Nations" at Leipzig.
1813– The conclusion of the Gulistan peace following the results of the Russian Iranian war.
1814–1815- Vienna Congress of European States. Solving the problems of the structure of Europe after the Napoleonic wars. Accession to Russia of the Duchy of Warsaw (Kingdom of Poland).
1815- Creation of the "Holy Alliance".
1815- Granting of the Constitution by Alexander I to the Kingdom of Poland.
1816- The beginning of the mass creation of military settlements on the initiative of A. A. Arakcheev.
1816–1817- Activities of the Union of Salvation.
1817–1864- Caucasian war.
1818–1821- Activities of the Union of Welfare.
1820– Discovery of Antarctica by Russian navigators under the command of F. F. Bellingshausen and M. P. Lazarev.
1821–1822- Formation of the Northern and Southern societies of the Decembrists.
1821–1881- The life and work of F. M. Dostoevsky.
1825–1855- The reign of Nicholas I.
1826–1828- Russian-Iranian war.
1828– Conclusion of the Turkmanchay peace following the results of the Russian-Iranian war. The death of A. S. Griboyedov.
1828–1829- Russo-Turkish war.
1829– The conclusion of the Adrianople peace following the results of the Russian-Turkish war.
1831–1839- The activities of the circle of N. V. Stankevich.
1837- Opening of the first railway St. Petersburg - Tsarskoye Selo.
1837–1841- Carrying out by P.D. Kiselev of the reform of the management of state peasants.
1840s–1850s— Disputes between Slavophiles and Westernizers.
1839–1843- Monetary reform of E. F. Kankrin.
1840–1893– Life and work of P. I. Tchaikovsky.
1844–1849- The activities of the circle of M. V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky.
1851- Opening of the railway Moscow - St. Petersburg.
1853–1856- Crimean War.
1855–1881- The reign of Alexander II.
1856- Paris Congress.
1856- Founding by P. M. Tretyakov of the collection of Russian art in Moscow.
1858, 1860– Aigun and Beijing treaties with China.
1861–1864- The activities of the organization "Earth and Freedom".
1862- Formation of the "Mighty Handful" - an association of composers (M. A. Balakirev, Ts. A. Cui, M. P. Mussorgsky, N. A. Rimsky Korsakov, A. P. Borodin).
1864 Zemstvo, judicial and school reforms.
1864–1885- Accession of Central Asia to the Russian Empire.
1867– Sale of Alaska to the USA.
1869– Discovery by D. I. Mendeleev of the Periodic Law of Chemical Elements.
1870- City government reform.
1870–1923– Activities of the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions.
1873- Creation of the "Union of the Three Emperors".
1874– Carrying out military reform- the introduction of universal military duty.
1874, 1876- Implementation of populists "going to the people."
1876–1879– Activities of the new organization “Land and Freedom”.
1877–1878- Russo-Turkish war.
1878– San Stefano peace treaty.
1878- Congress of Berlin.
1879- The split of the organization "Land and Freedom". The emergence of the organizations "Narodnaya Volya" and "Black Redistribution".
1879–1881- The activities of the organization "Narodnaya Volya".
1879–1882- Establishment of the Triple Alliance.
1881–1894- The reign of Alexander III.
1882– Cancellation of the temporarily obligated position of the peasants. Transfer of peasants to compulsory redemption.
1883–1903- Activities of the Emancipation of Labor group.
1885- A strike at the Nikolskaya manufactory of T. S. Morozov in Orekhovo Zuev (Morozov strike).
1887- Adoption of the circular "on cook's children".
1889- Adoption of the "Regulations on zemstvo chiefs".
1891–1893- Registration of the Franco-Russian Union.
1891–1905- Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
1892– Transfer by P. M. Tretyakov of his collection of Russian art as a gift to the city of Moscow.
1894–1917- The reign of Nicholas II.
1895- The invention of A. S. Popov radio communication.
1895- Creation of the "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class".
1897- The first general census of the population of Russia.
1897- Monetary reform S. Yu. Witte.
1898- I Congress of the RSDLP.
1899- The Hague Peace Conference of 26 powers on disarmament, convened on the initiative of Russia.
1901–1902- The creation of the party of socialist revolutionaries (SRs) as a result of the unification of neo-populist circles.
1903- II Congress of the RSDLP. Creation of a party.
1903- Creation of the Union of Zemstvo Constitutionalists.
1904–1905- Russo-Japanese War.
1905–1907- The first Russian revolution.
1905, August.– The conclusion of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty following the Russian Japanese war. Russia ceded to Japan the southern part of Sakhalin, lease rights to the Liaodong Peninsula and the South Manchurian Railway.
1905
November 9, 1906- Decree on the withdrawal of peasants from the community. The beginning of the Stolypin agrarian reform.
June 3, 1907- Dissolution of the II State Duma. Adoption of a new electoral law (June 3 coup).
1907–1912- Activities of the III State Duma.
1907 August– Russian-English agreement on the delimitation of zones of influence in Iran, Afghanistan and Tibet. The final formalization of the Entente alliance.
1912- Lena execution.
1912–1917- Activities of the IV State Duma.
March 2, 1917- Abdication of Nicholas II from the throne. Formation of the Provisional Government.
1917, June.- Activities of the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.
1917 October 24–26- Armed uprising in Petrograd. The overthrow of the Provisional Government. II All-Russian Congress of Soviets (Proclamation of Russia as a Republic of Soviets.). The adoption of decrees on peace and land.
March 3, 1918- The conclusion of the Brest peace between Soviet Russia and Germany. Russia lost Poland, Lithuania, part of Latvia, Finland, Ukraine, part of Belarus, Kars, Ardagan and Batum. The agreement was canceled in November 1918 after the revolution in Germany.
1918–1920- Civil war in Russia.
1918- Adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR.
1918–1921 March- The Soviet government's policy of "war communism".
1920–1921- Anti-Bolshevik uprisings of peasants in the Tambov and Voronezh regions ("Antonovshchina"), Ukraine, the Volga region, Western Siberia.
March 1921- The conclusion of the Riga Peace Treaty of the RSFSR with Poland. Territories ceded to Poland Western Ukraine and Western Belarus.
1921 February–March- The uprising of sailors and soldiers in Kronstadt against the policy of "war communism".
1922- Genoese conference.
1924- Adoption of the Constitution of the USSR.
1925 December- XIV Congress of the CPSU (b). Proclamation of a course for the industrialization of the country. Defeat of the "Trotskyist-Zinoviev Opposition".
1927 December- XV Congress of the CPSU (b). Proclamation of a course towards collectivization Agriculture.
1928–1932- The first five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR.
1929- The beginning of continuous collectivization.
1930– Completion of the construction of Turksib.
1933–1937- The second five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR.
1934- Admission of the USSR to the League of Nations.
1936– Adoption of the Constitution of the USSR (“victorious socialism”).
November 19, 1942 - February 2, 1943.- The counteroffensive of the Red Army near Stalingrad. The beginning of a radical change during the Great Patriotic War.
1943, September - December.- The battle for the Dnieper. Liberation of Kyiv. Completion of a radical change during the Great Patriotic War.
1943, November 28 - December 1.- Tehran Conference of the Heads of Government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain.
1945 February 4–11- Crimean (Yalta) Conference of the Heads of Government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain.
April 25, 1945- Meeting on the river. Elbe near Torgau advanced Soviet and American troops.
1945 July 17 - August 2- Berlin (Potsdam) Conference of the Heads of Government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain.
1945, August - September- Defeat of Japan. The signing of the act of unconditional surrender of the Japanese armed forces. End of World War II.
1946- Beginning of the Cold War.
1948– Breaking diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia.
1949- The beginning of the campaign against "cosmopolitanism".
1949– Establishment of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA).
1949- Creation of nuclear weapons in the USSR.
1953, September - 1964, October.- The election of N. S. Khrushchev as the first secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Removed from office in October 1964
1954– The Obninsk NPP was put into operation.
1955– Formation of the Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO).
February 1956- XX Congress of the CPSU. Report by N. S. Khrushchev "On the cult of personality and its consequences."
1961, October.- XXII Congress of the CPSU. Adoption of a new Party Program - a program for building communism.
1962- Caribbean crisis.
June 1962– Strike at the Novocherkassk Electric Locomotive Plant; shooting demonstration of workers.
1963, August.- The signing in Moscow of an agreement between the USSR, the USA and England on the prohibition of nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, under water and outer space.
1965- The beginning of the economic reform of A.N. Kosygin.
1968- Entering the troops of the countries participating in the Warsaw Pact in Czechoslovakia.
May 1972– Signing of the Treaty on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (SALT 1) between the USSR and the USA.
1975– Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki).
1979– Signing of the Treaty on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (SALT 2) between the USSR and the USA.
1979–1989– “Undeclared war” in Afghanistan.
1987- The conclusion between the USSR and the USA of an agreement on the elimination of intermediate and shorter range missiles.
1988- XIX Party Conference. Proclamation of a course for the reform of the political system.
March 1990- Election at the Third Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR MS Gorbachev President of the USSR. Exception from the Constitution of the 6th article.
July 1991– Signing of the treaty between the USSR and the USA on the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms (START 1).
1992- The beginning of the radical economic reform of E. T. Gaidar.
1993, January.– Signing of the treaty between Russia and the United States on the reduction of strategic offensive arms (START 2).
1993 October 3–4- Armed clashes between supporters of the Supreme Council and government troops in Moscow.
December 12, 1993- Elections to the Federal Assembly - the State Duma and the Federation Council and a referendum on the draft Constitution of the Russian Federation.
1994- Accession of the Russian Federation to the NATO program "Partnership for Peace".
1996- Russia's accession to the Council of Europe.
1997– Creation, on the initiative of D.S. Likhachev, of the state TV channel “Culture”.
2000– Awarding the Nobel Prize in Physics to Zh. I. Alferov for fundamental research in the field of information and telecommunication technologies.
2002- Treaty between Russia and the United States on the mutual reduction of nuclear warheads.
2003– Awarding the Nobel Prize in Physics to A. A. Abrikosov and V. L. Ginzburg for their work in the field of quantum physics, in particular for research on superconductivity and superfluidity.
2005– Creation of the Public Chamber.
2006- Launch of a program of national projects in agriculture, housing, health and education.
August 2008- The invasion of Georgian troops from South Ossetia. Holding Russian army operations to force Georgia to peace. Russia's recognition of the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
November 2008– Adoption of a law to increase the term of office of the State Duma and the President of the Russian Federation (5 and 6 years, respectively).
CHRONOLOGICAL CHART
9th century - Formation of the Old Russian state.
862 - Mention in the annals of the calling of the Varangian king Rurik to reign in Novgorod.
882 - Unification of Novgorod and Kyiv under the rule of Prince Oleg.
907, 911 - Prince Oleg's campaigns against Tsargrad (Constantinople).
The signing of the treaty between Russia and the Greeks.
912-945 - The reign of Igor.
945 - Rebellion in the land of the Drevlyans. Introduction by Princess Olga of charters, lessons and churchyards.
945-972 - The reign of Svyatoslav Igorevich.
964-966 - Campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav against the Kama Bulgarians, Khazars, Yases and Kasogs.
967-971 - The war of Prince Svyatoslav with Byzantium.
980-1015 - The reign of Vladimir I Svyatoslavich.
988 - The adoption of Christianity by Russia as the state religion.
1019-1054 - The reign of Yaroslav the Wise.
Early 11th century . - Compilation of the first articles of "Russian Truth".
1037 - Start of construction of the church of St. Sophia in Kyiv.
1045 - Start of construction of the church of St. Sophia in Novgorod.
1068-1072 - Popular uprisings in Kyiv, Novgorod, Rostov-Suzdal and Chernigov lands. Supplement to "Russian Pravda" by "Pravda" of the Yaroslavichs.
1097 - Congress of Russian princes in Lyubech.
1113 - The uprising of the townspeople, smerds and purchases in Kyiv. Supplement "Russkaya Pravda" with the "Charter" of Prince Vladimir.
1113-1117 - Writing "The Tale of Bygone Years".
1113-1125 - The reign of Vladimir Monomakh in Kyiv.
1125-1157 - The reign of Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky.
1136 - Rebellion in Novgorod. Separation of Novgorod from Kyiv.
1147 - The first mention of Moscow in the annals.
1153-1187 - The reign of Yaroslav Osmomysl in Galicia.
1156 - Construction of a fortress in Moscow.
1157-1174 - The reign of Andrei Yurievich Bogolyubsky.
1170-1205 - The reign of Roman Mstislavich in the Volyn and Galician lands. 1176-1212 - Reign of Vsevolod Yurievich Big Nest.
1185 - The campaign of Prince Igor Novgorod-Seversky against the Polovtsians. "The Tale of Igor's Campaign".
1199 - Unification of the Volyn and Galician principalities.
1202 - Formation of the Order of the Sword.
1206-1227 - The reign of Genghis Khan.
1219-1221 - Mongols' conquest of Central Asia.
1221-1264 - The reign of Daniel Romanovich.
1227-1255 - The reign of Batu Khan.
1235 - Kurultai in Karakorum - making a decision to organize a general Mongol campaign to the West.
1236 - The defeat of the Volga Bulgaria by the Mongols.
1237 - Unification of the Teutonic Order with the Order of the Sword. Formation of the Livonian Order.
1237-1241 - The conquest of Russia by the Mongols.
1240 July 15 - The defeat of the Swedish knights by Prince Alexander Yaroslavich on the river. Neva (Neva battle).
1240 - The defeat of Kyiv by the Mongols.
1242 April 5 - The defeat of the Crusaders by Prince Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky on Lake Peipus (Battle on the Ice).
1243 - Formation of the state of the Golden Horde.
1252-1263 - The reign of the Grand Duke of Vladimir Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky.
1262 - Uprisings in Rostov, Vladimir, Suzdal and Yaroslavl
against the Golden Horde.
1276-1303 - Reign of Daniil Alexandrovich. Formation of the Moscow principality.
1299 - Transfer of the metropolitan see from Kyiv to Vladimir.
1312 - Acceptance of Islam by the Golden Horde as a state
vein religion.
1313-1342 - The reign of Khan Uzbek in the Golden Horde.
1325-1340 - The reign of Ivan Danilovich Kalita.
1326 - Burial of Metropolitan Peter in Moscow. Transfer mi-
Tropoli's Chair from Vladimir to Moscow.
1327 - The uprising in Tver against the Golden Horde.
1359-1389 - The reign of Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy.
1367 - Construction of the first stone Kremlin in Moscow.
1378. - The defeat by Prince Dmitry Ivanovich of the Horde on the river. Vozha.
1382 - Khan Tokhtamysh's campaign against Moscow. ,
1387 - Lithuania adopts Catholicism as the state religion.
1393 - Accession of Nizhny Novgorod to Moscow.
1395 - The ruin of the Golden Horde by Timur.
1410 July 15 - The defeat of the German knights by the Polish-Lithuanian-Russian troops (Battle of Grunwald).
1425-1453 - Feudal war in Russia. 1425-1462 - The reign of Vasily the second Dark.
1442 - Establishment of independence (autocephaly) of the Russian mi-
Tropoli from Byzantium.
1462-1505 - The reign of Ivan Sh Vasilyevich.
1463 - Joining Yaroslavl to Moscow.
1469-1472 - Travel of Afanasy Nikitin to India.
1471 - The victory of the Moscow army over the Novgorod army on the Shelon River.
1474 - Accession to Moscow of Rostov.
1475-1479 - Construction of the Assumption Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin.
1478 - Annexation of Novgorod the Great to Moscow.
1480 - "Standing" on the Ugra River - the liberation of Russian lands
from the Golden Horde yoke.
1484-1489 - Construction of the Cathedral of the Annunciation in the Moscow Kremlin.
1485 - Accession of Tver to Moscow.
1487-1491 - Construction of the Faceted Chamber in the Moscow Kremlin, le.
1497 - Adoption of the "Sudebnik" by Ivan Sh Vasilyevich.
1503 - Accession to Moscow of the southwestern Russian lands.
1505-1509 - Construction of the Archangel Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin.
1505-1533 - The reign of Vasily Sh Ivanovich.
1510 - Accession of Pskov to Moscow.
1514 - Accession to Moscow of Smolensk.
1521 - Accession of Ryazan to Moscow.
1533-1584 - The reign of Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible.
1547 - Uprising in Moscow.
1547 - The coronation of Ivan IV.
1549 - Convocation of the first Zemsky Sobor.
1550 - Drawing up a new "Sudebnik".
1551 - Conducting a church council and the adoption of "Stoglav".
1552 - Accession of the Kazan Khanate to Russia.
1555-1560 - Construction of the Intercession Cathedral in Moscow (St. Basil's Cathedral).
1556 - Accession of the Astrakhan Khanate to Russia.
1556 - Adoption of the Code of Service.
1558-1583 - Livonian war.
1561 - The defeat of the Livonian Order.
1564 - Publication by Ivan Fedorov of "The Apostle" - the first printed book with a fixed date.
1565-1572 - Oprichnina.
1581 - The first mention of the "reserved" years. Beginning of writing books.
1581 - Beginning of Yermak's campaign in Siberia.
1582 - The signing of Yam-Zapolsky truce between Russia and Poland.
1583 - The signing of the Treaty of Plus between Russia and Sweden.
1584-1598 - The reign of Fyodor Ivanovich.
1589 - Establishment of the patriarchate in Russia.
1592 - Compilation of scribe books.
1597 - Publication of a decree on a five-year investigation of fugitive peasants.
1598-1605 - The reign of Boris Godunov.
1603 - Rebellion led by Cotton.
1604 - The appearance of detachments of False Dmitry I in the southwestern Russian lands.
1605-1606 - Board of False Dmitry I.
1606-1607 - The uprising led by I.I. Bolotnikov.
1606-1610 - The reign of Vasily Shuisky.
1607 - Issuance of a decree on a fifteen-year investigation of fugitive peasants.
1607-1610 - An attempt by False Dmitry II to seize power in Russia.
1610-1613 - "Seven Boyars".
1611 September - October - Formation of the second militia in Nizhny Novgorod under the leadership of Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky.
1613 - Election by the Zemsky Sobor of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom. 1613-1645 - The reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov.
1617 - The signing of the Stolbovsky world with Sweden.
1618 - The signing of the Deulinsky truce with Poland.
1632-1634 - The war between Russia and Poland for the return of Smolensk.
1645-1646 - Expedition VD. Poyarkov on the Amur.
1645-1676 - The reign of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov.
1648 - Expedition of S. Dezhnev along the Kolyma River and the Arctic Ocean.
1648 - The beginning of the uprising of Bohdan Khmelnitsky in Ukraine.
1648-1650 - Uprisings in Moscow and other Russian cities.
1649 - Adoption of the "Council Code".
1649 - Signing of the Treaty of Zboriv with Poland.
1649-1653 - Expedition of E.P. Khabarov on the Amur.
1651 - Signing of the Treaty of Bila Tserkva with Poland.
1653 - Beginning of church reform by Patriarch Nikon.
1653 - Zemsky Sobor on the question of the accession of Ukraine to Russia.
1654-1667 - The war between Russia and Poland for Ukraine.
1654 - Pereyaslav Rada.
1662 - Uprising in Moscow - "copper riot".
1667 - Signing of the Andrusovo truce between Russia and Poland.
1667-1669 - Campaign of the Cossack "holytba" "for zipuns".
1667 - Introduction of the New Trade Charter.
1670-1671 - The uprising led by S.T. Razin.
1672 - Opening of the first bookstore in Moscow.
1676-1682 - The reign of Fyodor Alekseevich Romanov.
1682 - Abolition of parochialism.
1682-1696 - The reign of Ivan V Alekseevich together with Peter Alekseevich under the regency of Princess Sofya Alekseevna.
1682-1725 - The reign of Peter I Alekseevich the Great (until 1689 - under the regency of Princess Sophia, until 1696 - together with Ivan V).
1686 - The signing of the "Eternal Peace" between Russia and Poland.
1687 - Opening of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy in Moscow.
1687, 1689 - Crimean campaigns V.V. Golitsyn.
1689 - Signing of the Nerchinsk treaty between Russia and China.
1695, 1696 - Azov campaigns of Peter I.
1697-1698 - "The Great Embassy" of Peter I to Europe.
1698 - The uprising of archers in Moscow.
1700-1721 - North War.
1700 - Defeat of Russia near Narva.
1701 - Foundation in Moscow of the School of Navigation and mathematical sciences.
1702 - The beginning of the publication of the newspaper "Vedomosti".
1703 - Foundation of St. Petersburg
1705 - Introduction of conscript service.
1705-1706 - Uprising in Astrakhan.
1705-1711 - Uprising in Bashkiria.
1707-1708 - Rebellion on the Don.
1707 - Establishment of a medical school in Moscow.
1708 September - - The defeat of the Swedes near the village of Lesnaya,
1708 - Division of Russia into provinces.
1708 - Introduction of a new Russian typographic font.
