Culture of the USSR in the prewar years. Science and culture in the interwar period. Description of the presentation of the culture and art of the USSR in the pre-war decade on slides
A. control over the artistic process. Party membership (that is, in the first place - the ideas of Marxism and the ideological guidelines of the CPSU (b).)
B. filling realistic traditions with socialist content: propaganda of the ideals of socialism, the achievements of the party, industrialization and collectivization, criticism of the bourgeois way of life.
V. August 1934 - I All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers. Creation of a single organization of writers - the Writers' Union of the USSR.
Literature has become a powerful tool for propagating the ideas of the ruling party. M. Gorky, M.A. Sholokhov (“Virgin Soil Upturned”), N.A. Ostrovsky (“how the steel was tempered”), V.V. Mayakovsky.
Works not published: M.A. Bulgakov, A.A. Akhmatova etc.
In architecture - the condemnation of constructivism. Do you remember what style it is?
- The upbringing of the new man
A. club activities (theatre, opera, etc.). That is the development of self-activity. Ch. The goal is political education.
B. Red corners. They were created at enterprises, hostels, residential buildings. Meetings were held at which the internal and foreign policy parties, entertainment events were held.
V. Radio. (since 1924 - regular broadcasting).
D. Children's pioneer camps were created (Artek on the Black Sea coast in the Crimea).
D. parks of culture and recreation, parades of athletes.
E. banners called for vigorous labor activity.
- Architecture and construction.
Theater of the Red Army in Moscow (in the form of a five-pointed star).
Sculptural group "worker and collective farmer". According to the idea of arch. B.M. Iofana.
1939 - All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (VSHV, since 1959 - VDNKh).
- Movie. Major films With. 175 - write out. P. 176 - theater, ballet. We read, independently write out the main names.
Additional material.
Comprehensive control over the spiritual life of society. The formation of a type of consciousness in people that makes them act in the same way in important situations and in a way that is beneficial to the ruling circles.
- In 1931 - a return to the old teaching methods: lessons, subjects, a fixed schedule, grades, strict discipline. Textbooks have been revised, teaching of civil history and geography has been restored. 1937 - compulsory 7-year education.
- The priority of the interests of the team. Exposure of family members, friends.
- All sciences, including natural and mathematical sciences, are now in the service of politics. Psychology, sociology, genetics have become useless sciences.
Particular attention was paid to history. Control over history is control over the memory of the people. Stalin focused on the idea of forming patriotism, which was deeply rooted in the character of the Russian people. From history, Stalin took examples for the education of the qualities needed in people: loyalty to the state, autocrat, military courage. The hero was pulled out of history and ascended to the pedestal at the right moment. Ivan the Terrible: inevitable retribution with the enemies of the state. Peter I: the greatness of the plans of the leader. Al. Nevsky - during the period of aggravation of Soviet-German relations, etc.
- Creation of creative unions of artists, architects, composers, etc. in order to establish party control over them. 1934 - the first All-Union Congress of Writers. The main trend in art is socialist realism: the reflection of Soviet life is not what it was in reality, but what it should be in the public mind. That is, the illusion was created that the happy time had already come.
- In Soviet cinema, documentary chronicles and fine cinema are becoming widespread. Historical and revolutionary themes (“Chapaev” - the Vasiliev brothers, “we are from Kronstadt” - Dzigan). 1931 - the first Soviet sound film. "A ticket to life" - about education Soviet man. Soviet children's and youth cinema: Kataev "the lonely sail turns white", Gaidar "Timur and his team", Tolstoy "the golden key". Historical theme - "Minin and Pozharsky" - Pudovkin.
- Music life associated with the names of Prokofiev, Shostakovich, Khachaturian, Dunayevsky and others. major, cheerful music to verses glorifying the Motherland, labor, Stalin.
- The development of monumental art. Construction of the underground, clubs, theaters, sanatoriums. Very often buildings of historical value, especially churches, were destroyed. 1931 - the explosion of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow).
Lesson topic In: Science and culture in the interwar period.(§ 33.)
Goals:
A) educational:
To study the process of development of science and culture in the interwar period;
To acquaint students with the main areas of philosophy, literature and art in the interwar period;
Describe the main achievements of science and culture in the interwar period.
B) developing:
Develop skill independent work with a textbook to find answers to the questions posed, to assess the phenomena of culture.
B) educational
To contribute to the development and formation of a sense of beauty and aesthetic taste in students.
Lesson plan:
1. Organizational moment.
2. Summing up the results of independent work on the topic: “ International relationships in 1924-1939".
3. Learning new material.
4. Consolidation of new material.
5. The result of the lesson (d / s and marking).
Equipment:
The World History XIX - XX centuries: Proc. For the 11th Cl. general education school from Russian learning; Ed. V. S. Koshelev. - Mn.: Nar. asveta, 2002.;
Lecture notes "Recent Literature";
Illustrations.
During the classes:
1. Organizational moment.
Greeting;
Checking for absentees.
2. Summing up the results of independent work on the topic: "International Relations in 1924 - 1939."
3. Learning new material.
1. Science and technology. The achievements of science and technology had a huge impact on the development of Western civilization in the interwar period. Science has achieved new successes, enriched by new branches of knowledge. The natural sciences have taken important steps in their development. Among them, the leading position was taken by atomic physics, which arose in the early 1930s. She significantly deepened knowledge about the structure and state of the atom, about the structure and properties of its nucleus, discovered new elementary particles, artificial radioactivity and in the late 30s. came close to the implementation of a nuclear chain reaction.
These successes were shared by outstanding scientists from many countries. Among them are Nobel Prize winners Albert Einstein, Enrico Fermi, spouses Frederic and Irene Joliot-Curie, James Chadwick, Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac and others.
Achievements of atomic physics had a universal character. Its methods of penetration and ideas have found wide application in chemistry, astronomy, biology, medicine and other areas of natural science. They accelerated the development the emergence of new interdisciplinary sciences: biophysics and biochemistry, bioenergetics and genetics, geophysics and geochemistry, physical chemistry and chemical physics.
The trend of turning science into a direct productive force continued to grow. Many of her discoveries of the previous and present time have received wide practical application. The electrification of the national economy was of great importance. She became the basis technical progress. Flow-conveyor production crossed the borders of America and spread to Europe. It ensured the mass production of trucks and cars, motorcycles, tractors, combines and other equipment of new brands. Thanks to the advances in chemistry, the production of artificial materials was mastered. New medicines entered medical practice: vitamins, hormones, antibiotics.
The social significance of the achievements of science and technology has noticeably grown. IN everyday life people included cars, motorcycles, bicycles, telephone, telegraph, radio, as well as technical innovations: refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, elevators, washing machines, gas stoves. Cars began to serve both intracity and intercity routes, and civil aviation - both domestic and international routes of communication. All this has made people's lives much easier.
In the early 20s. broadcasting stations were put into operation in the USA, the USSR, France, England, Germany, Italy and other countries, and in the 30s. radio broadcasting has become ubiquitous. Since the mid 20s. television entered the life of people, from the end of the 20s. instead of silent cinema, sound cinema appeared, and in the 30s. - color film.
Militaristic tendencies were clearly traced in the development of science and technology. They increased markedly in the 1930s. and especially after the Nazis came to power in Germany. Based scientific achievements a new arms race unfolded. Military equipment capable of hitting people on land, at sea, and in the air was rapidly improving: different types planes, tanks, armored vehicles, surface and submarine fleets, artillery, etc. The bloody experience of the First World War did not bring humanity to its senses. It again began to improve and accumulate weapons of its own destruction.
2. Public consciousness and public thought. At the beginning of the XX century. belief in the infinite progress and the bright future of mankind absolutely prevailed in the public consciousness. However, the first World War shook her greatly. The barbaric destruction of people, material and spiritual values during the war years led to a crisis of traditional ideas about humanism, goodness and justice. It aroused pessimistic moods and expectations of new social disasters and catastrophes among a part of society, an irrational attitude towards the surrounding world.
The book of the German philosopher had a great influence on public consciousness. Oswald Spengler "The Decline of Europe" published in 1918 - 1922. In it, the author departed from the traditional presentation of the history of mankind as a progressive movement from savagery to civilization. He presented it in the form of closed, unrelated cultures that go through a certain life cycle: birth, flourishing and death. Europe, in his opinion, flourished in the 18th century. and has been heading towards its decline and destruction ever since. It allegedly repeats the fate of ancient Egypt, India, China, Greece and Rome, the cultures of which are only memories. Spengler very accurately conveyed the moods and feelings of the decline of European civilization that are growing in the public mind.
Social thought at that time was characterized by the coexistence and sharp struggle of different points of view, concepts and trends. The problems of the rapidly changing world and the place of man in it again turned out to be in the center of her attention. The war shook the faith in the omnipotence of the mind as the main means of understanding the world around. In its place, philosophers began to put forward the will, intuition, vital impulse.
Three trends dominated philosophy itself: existentialism, neopositivism and neo-Thomism.. They were all varieties of idealism.
Existentialism(from lat. exsistentia - existence) received the greatest development in Germany. His supporters are Martin Heidegger, Karl Jaspers- expressed an irrational attitude to the world around them, considered it absurd. They argued that life in such a world is absurd, absurd and tragically unpromising. A person in it is not free, he depends on other people and on the whole from society, which imposes a standardized way of life alien to him. However, a person in borderline situations - in a sharp struggle, bitter suffering, on the verge of life and death - can realize his existence and find the meaning of his life and freedom.
Neopositivism(positive) opposed science to philosophy. Its supporters believed that only special sciences based on facts that can be easily verified and used in life provide true knowledge to a person. Philosophy, with its "abstract conclusions" that cannot be verified, in their opinion, is an untrue science, and there is no need for it.
Neo-Thomism- on behalf of the medieval philosopher Thomas(lat. Thoma) Aquinas is the official philosophy of the Catholic Church. In contrast to materialism, neo-Thomism interpreted the world on the basis of Christian dogmas and became widespread in Catholic countries.
The ideas of many philosophical currents were applied in other sciences, literature and art. In Germany in the 1930s Philosophy gained extraordinary popularity Friedrich Nietzsche. Fascist ideologists extracted certain provisions from it and, on their basis, created the concept of the “coming superman”, who is called upon to rule the whole world. But unlike Nietzsche himself in the rank "superman" they raised only the Germans. The Nazis distorted the meaning of many of Nietzsche's provisions and used them to ideologically prepare the population for a new war.
3. Literature and art. The diverse and contradictory life of Western society in the interwar period was widely reflected in artistic culture. There were also various currents in it, which sought in their own way to express the complex phenomena of modernity, to penetrate deeper into their essence. At the same time, a number of new trends appeared that declared themselves avant-garde, newest, or modernist. They, having broken with the traditions of realism, introduced new pictorial means and forms. In literature and art, they were embodied in such movements as
expressionism(from lat. Expression - expression),
Dadaism(French dadaisme, from dada - horse, wooden horse; figuratively - incoherent baby talk),
surrealism(French surrealisme, lit. - super-realism), etc.
Avant-gardism - a very complex phenomenon in nature in artistic culture. It intertwined various ideological views and ideas - from pessimism and irrationalism to a violent protest against the vices of the existing social order and condemnation of war. In literature, prominent representatives of this trend were the French Marcel Proust, Austrian Franz Kafka, Irish James Joyce; in fine arts - Spanish artist Salvador Dali, German - Otto Dix, Belgian - France Maserel. In music, the search for new means of expression was carried out by the Russian composer I. F. Stravinsky, French Arthur Honeger, German Carl Orff, Pole Krzysztof Penderecki, Austrian Arnold Schoenberg, Hungarian Bela Bartok and etc.
In the first post-war period, avant-garde became a very influential trend in artistic culture. However, the main trend of its historical development remained realism.
At the same time in literature luminaries of realism writers created their immortal works Theodore Dreiser, Upton Bill Sinclair, Ernest Hemingway, Bernard Shaw, John Galsworthy, Romain Rolland;
in fine arts And architecture - Albert Marquet, Rockwell Kent, Charles Edouard Le Corbusier;
in sculpture - Aristide Maillol ;
to the cinema - Charles Chaplin, Walt Disney, Greta Garbo, Marlene Dietrich and others .
Great influence on the spiritual life of society in the 30s. increased the threat of fascism and war. Many works of outstanding masters of culture of that time began to be filled with disturbing forebodings and sensations of an impending new catastrophe. They revealed the merciless truth about nationalism, chauvinism and fascism, pictures of the last war - a giant and soulless meat grinder, warned people about a new danger, calls for unity in the fight against fascism. This leitmotif permeated the work of Theodore Dreiser, Romain Rolland, Bertolt Brecht, Erich Maria Remarque, Ernest Hemingway, Louis Aragon, Garcia Lorca, Pablo Picasso, Frans Maserel, Otto Dix and others and saturated the life of society with the pathos of the anti-fascist struggle.
Mass culture. Mass culture became an important phenomenon in the spiritual life of the interwar period. Its birth is associated with a noticeable increase in the general educational level and material well-being of the population and its needs for cultural products. With the help of radio, cinema, periodicals, and then television, mass culture became widespread and gradually turned into an industrial-commercial form of production. In contrast to the elite avant-garde and modernist movements, designed for the educated top of society, mass culture was intended for the broad masses, with their underdeveloped, and even vulgar tastes. It was characterized by entertainment, sentimentality, propaganda of the cult of success, consumerism, the imposition of a certain way of life, the desire for sensationalism, etc.
The role of newspapers, magazines, and especially radio and cinema has grown significantly in the life of society. Along with the radio, news, reports on the topic of the day, pop music, and weather forecasts entered almost every home. Pop songs that sound on the radio became “national property”, their performers often became “stars”.
Cinema has become a mass art form. In the United States, it has become a very profitable industry, and the Los Angeles area is Hollywood was its center. Screens of all countries of the world filled with comedies Charles Chaplin and Bester Keaton, adventure films featuring Olivia de Havilland, sentimental - with Mary Pickford, cowboy - with Thomas Ince .
Gained unprecedented popularity in the literature detective with its entertaining intrigue and simplicity of narration. Millions of people read the detective novels of the British Arthur Conan Doyle, Gilbert Keith Chesterton, Agatha Christie, the Frenchman Georges Simenon, the American Rex Stout and others. The heroes Sherlock Holmes, Father Brown, Hercule Poirot, Commissioner Maigret, Nero Wolfe, created by their imagination, have gained extraordinary popularity among readers .
Mass culture is diverse, democratic and generally accessible. It fills the leisure of the population, contributes to familiarization with culture in general. True, mass culture can be used to manipulate the spiritual world of people. In the interwar period, in the fascist states, for example, very tight control was established over it. It itself was turned into a tool for shaping a certain worldview among the population and strengthening totalitarian regimes.
Thus, the main trends in the development of science and culture reflected the state of Western civilization in the interwar period. .
5. Consolidation of new material.
1) What are the main achievements of science and technology in the interwar period?
2) What are the main trends in philosophy?
3) Describe the main trends in the art of the interwar period?
4) What contributed to the appearance in Western Europe mass culture?
6. D/z and marking .
Description of the presentation CULTURE AND ART OF THE USSR IN THE PRE-WAR DECADE on slides
Social structure (according to the 1939 census): collective farmers (46.2%) workers (32.1%) 2.2% individual peasants 2.2% cooperative handicraftsmen non-cooperative handicraftsmen - 0.6% employees and intelligentsia 14, 1% leaders of party, state and other organizations - 2.5%
Social sphere During the years of the first five-year plans, a stream of people from the countryside poured into the cities. Young people predominated in the urban population. The number of industrial workers increased (4 million in 1928, 10 million by 1932). From December 1932, general civil passports were introduced in the USSR (a barrier to the uncontrolled influx of people into the city, tightening control over the urban population).
Distribution system In the late 1920s. the distribution system was reintroduced: Those who worked were attached to certain stores that issued goods according to "fence books". Goods in unlimited quantities could be bought in commercial stores that appeared in 1929, but the prices here were several times higher than the state ones. A special category was the Torgsin chain of stores, which at first supplied foreigners for foreign currency. These stores opened their doors to Soviet citizens, here you could buy goods that were not available in ordinary stores by handing over gold to the state, jewelry and antiques or by exchanging paper rubles for gold coins at a special rate. Social sphere
The sale of art treasures abroad was organized. government loans. Social sphere Replenishment of the budget: Fashion: dark colors and cheap light linen fabrics prevailed. executives copied the paramilitary clothing style of the top party leadership. A paramilitary jacket (the so-called "Stalinka") and boots came into fashion. Young people wore striped T-shirts, flared trousers, canvas shoes. Crepe de chine (crepe de chine - a type of silk fabric) dresses were the most desirable item of women's wardrobe, for men, a Boston (Boston - thick woolen fabric) suit became a sign of social status
Fashion: Dark colors and cheap light-coloured linens prevailed. senior officials copied the paramilitary clothing style of the top party leadership, a paramilitary jacket (the so-called "stalinka") and boots came into fashion. young people wore striped T-shirts, flared trousers, canvas shoes, crepe de chine (crepe de chine - a type of silk fabric) dresses were the most desirable item of women's wardrobe, for men, a Boston (Boston - thick woolen fabric) suit became a sign of social status
Life New words appeared: "hearth" ( kindergarten), gopnik (hooligan), disenfranchised (disenfranchised), Stakhanovite, shamat (there is), endorsement (receipt for payment of an apartment), house manager, blat, fence book. Life retained pre-revolutionary patriarchal features: junk workers, grinders, milk peddlers walked around the yards. in the families of managers and employees there was an invitation to a nanny to look after small children. often all family members lived in the same room. The omniscient janitor was a significant figure in urban life. Yards remained a place of everyday communication
Heroes of the socialist front: In 1932, the novel by N. A. Ostrovsky "How the Steel Was Tempered" appeared. Pavel Korchagin -new person born and raised by the revolution. A man selflessly devoted to the ideals of the party, ready for a sacrificial feat in the name of a brighter future, has become a symbol of the era. Literature fulfilled the social order to glorify everyday work.
Cinema turned out to be the most adequate tool for creating an optimistic image of a great country and its "noble people". In 1934, two strikingly dissimilar films were released on the Soviet screen, which won the love and recognition of Soviet viewers of different generations. Heroes of the socialist front: The film "Chapaev" created a gallery of folk heroes civil war, and the image of the red commander embodied by B. A. Babochkin became a textbook. The comedy "Merry Fellows" (directed by G. V. Aleksandrov) told the story of the transformation of a simple housekeeper into a singer, and a simple shepherd into a jazz orchestra conductor.
Movies are also released: “Girlfriends”, “Circus”, “Bright Path”, “Tractor Drivers”, “Pig and Shepherd”. These films create the image of a country of victorious socialism as the embodiment of a social ideal, a stronghold of friendship between peoples, a society where any person devoted to the ideas of socialism becomes (or can become) a hero. Heroes of the socialist front:
An example of heroism and a demonstration of the capabilities of the socialist system was the development of the Arctic (the Chelyuskin steamer, 1934, headed by Schmidt). The epic of saving the Chelyuskinites riveted the attention of the whole country. The pilots who participated in the operation to evacuate polar explorers were the first to receive the title of Heroes Soviet Union, the Gold Star medal No. 1 was awarded to A.V. Lyapidevsky, who was the first to remove 12 women and children from the ice floe. Transarctic non-stop flights of Soviet crews from Moscow to the USA on ANT-25 RD aircraft (range record) became a triumph for Soviet people and a victory for Soviet science and technology. Flight through Siberia of the female crew of V.S. Heroes of the socialist front:
The most important thing was to convince people that they were as happy as they could be and expect the best, to convince people that others everywhere were less happy than they were. This can be achieved only by reliably blocking any connection with the outside world. Relatively free travel of cultural figures abroad by the mid-1930s. stopped.
To the beginning 1930s: the need to guide the artistic process VV New principles in culture were substantiated in party documents: 1. party spirit in literature and other forms of creativity 2. true artistic method - socialist realism (the term itself since 1932) party spirit in literature Socialist realism (the term itself since 1932) Mandatory guidance in creative searches with the guidelines of the CPSU (b) and the ideas of Marxism The need to fill realistic traditions with new socialist content
M. Gorky speaks at the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers (August 1934) First Congress of Soviet Writers Decision: creation of the Writers' Union Consequence: creation of similar organizations of artists, architects, composers, cinematographers, theater workers
The classics of the new method were recognized ... "The best, most talented poet of the era" "The great proletarian writer"
They were not allowed to publish… Children's writers and illustrators were accused of "sabotage" and "formalism"… Daniil Kharms, V. Vvedensky - writers, V. Konashevich, V. Lebedev - children's artists Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov. Anna Akhmatova
“Art had to take over the propaganda support of state building and the education of a new person ...” Beginning of work on the novel - 1929. The last book of the novel was written during the war years (Tolstoy began work on it in 1943). The theme of "Grozny" was proposed to Eisenstein in January 1941 from the Kremlin.
Opera and ballet art The Bolshoi Theater in Moscow, photo 1910s Theater Square, photo 1930s Mariinsky Theatre. Leningrad. Until 1930.
Opera art of A. V. Nezhdanov in the role of Volkhova. Obukhova N. "Russian Romance" Ivan Kozlovsky Sergey Lemeshev
Ballet Art Galina Sergeevna Ulanova as Masha, 1934 Abderakhman as Alexei Ermolaev Ballet "Raymonda" Natalya Mikhailovna Dudinskaya as Giselle Vakhtang Chabukiani as Frondoso ("Laurencia" by A. A. Krein)
Club activities - a mass form of propaganda of the official ideology Photos of Armavir - Club of Soviet Trade Employees. Profintern. 1930s Newspaper Pravda, 1930s
In a pioneer camp, 1930s 1922, 19.05 - the birth of pioneers 1923 - the formation of October groups with pioneer detachments. 1925, 6. 03 - the first issue of the newspaper "Pionerskaya Pravda". 1925, 16. 06 - the All-Union Pioneer Camp "Artek" was created Moscow City Palace of Pioneers, 1937 1918, October - the creation of the Komsomol 1930s, Artek 1938 - reconstruction of "Artek"
"Collective Farm Woman on a Bicycle", 1935 "At the Women's Meeting", 1937 Painting. Alexander Deineka
Painting. Yuri Pimenov "New Moscow", 1937
Sign of OSOAVIAKhIM. Voroshilovsky shooter Osoaviakhim - a society for the promotion of defense, aviation and chemical construction, a mass voluntary public organization of citizens of the Soviet Union that existed in 1927-48. The main tasks were to help strengthen the country's defense capability, disseminate military knowledge among the population, educate it in the spirit of Soviet patriotism. Mass mobilization in the ranks of physical culture and military sports movements TRP badge 2nd stage Competitions for the TRP badge
Art and state building 1934 -1940 RED ARMY THEATER Central theater of the Red Army. The plan is the huge building of the Theater of the Soviet Army (now the Theater Russian army). The authors of the project, architects K. Alabyan and V. Simbirtsev, gave the monumental building the shape of a five-pointed star, which is the main symbol of the USSR Armed Forces. True, such a plan of architects is practically “not readable” from the ground. Modern building, Moscow
Art and state building V. I. Mukhina. Worker and collective farmer. 1937. Stainless steel. Height: about 25 m (the height of the pavilion-pedestal is 33 m). The total weight is 185 tons. USSR pavilion at the World Exhibition in Paris (1937). It was created for the Soviet pavilion at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1937. The ideological idea of the sculpture and the first model belonged to the architect B. M. Iofan, who won the competition for the construction of the pavilion. Even while working on the competition project, the architect “very soon had an image ... of a sculpture, a young man and a girl, personifying the owners of the Soviet land - the working class and the collective farm peasantry. They raise high the emblem of the Land of the Soviets - the hammer and sickle"
Cinematography Director IA Pyryev Stills from the film The Pig and the Shepherd, 1941. Seventy years ago, director Ivan Pyryev decided to make a film that, it would seem, was not destined to appear on the screens. When most of the picture was shot, the Great Patriotic War. Almost the entire group signed up for the militia, however, by Stalin's decree, the participants in the filming were returned to the site. It was decided: a bright, cheerful film about high feelings against the backdrop of labor achievements is what the people need now.
Cinematography Director I. A. Pyryev Stills from the film Tractor Drivers, 1939. 1938. Demobilized foreman Klim Bright returns from the Far East. In the dining car, he drinks beer with two tanker friends and praises his native Ukraine. Klim shows his friends the Pravda newspaper with a photograph of his compatriot Maryana Bazhan, the foreman of the women's tractor brigade, holder of the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. "I'll go to her!" - Klim says laughing. Tractor drivers accept a new foreman. Instead of the 240 cm wide plow laid according to the instructions, Klim hooks a 330 cm wide plow to the tractor. The powerful Stalinets copes!
Cinematography Director S. A. Garasimov Stills from the film "Seven Courageous", 1936. About seven friends - young polar explorers who went to work in the distant expanses of the Arctic, about their stamina and courage, shown in the harsh conditions of the Arctic. Six explorers arrive in the snowy Arctic for the winter. The steamer has already left, and when unpacking the cargo, the winterers discover the Arctic "hare" - Peter Molibogu (Peter Aleinikov). There are seven courageous winterers. The endurance and cheerful disposition of its participants helps to endure the difficulties of working in wintering conditions. And, in particular, the constantly comic behavior of Peter Moliboga.
Stills from the film "A ticket to life", 1931. Cinematography Director N. I. Ekk "A ticket to life" is a dramatic story about the re-education of teenagers in the Bolshevskaya labor commune near Moscow in the early years of Soviet power. In Moscow, one of the many gangs of homeless children, Zhigan's gang, is operating. The guys who gathered in it have been living on the street for a long time. In December 1923, the militia raided, caught about a thousand homeless children. Almost all of them were distributed to orphanages. But there are several dozen children who run away from all the orphanages they are sent to. Mustafa alone has 8 shoots and 15 drives. What to do with these? The decision suggests itself - to give them to a correctional home, that is, to a prison for juveniles. Sergeev proposes another way out: to create a labor commune for such people. The guys will work as carpenters, shoemakers, carpenters, remaining free citizens, they will feed themselves. But not by theft, but by work... Good intentions, as always, were good only in theory. In practice, former homeless children do not immediately become honest hard workers ...
One of the first Soviet sound films. The film premiered on June 1, 1931. In 1932, the film won an award at the 1st International Film Festival in Venice, after which it was screened in 107 countries and brought international fame to Soviet cinema. Purchased by 26 countries. Stills from the film "Start in Life", 1931
The wave of repressions of the 1930s claimed the lives of many representatives of the creative intelligentsia... Among them... Vse Volod Emie Levich Meyerkhoe ice - Russian Soviet theater director, actor and teacher. Theorist and practitioner of theatrical grotesque, author of the Theater October program and creator of the famous acting system, called "biomechanics". People's Artist of the RSFSR (1923). June 20, 1939 was arrested in Leningrad. Sentenced to be shot. On February 2, 1940, the sentence was carried out. He was buried at the Donskoy Cemetery in Moscow in one of the three common graves of the victims. In 1955, the Supreme Court of the USSR posthumously rehabilitated Meyerhold.
“We live without smelling the country beneath us, Our speeches are not heard ten steps away. One can only hear the Kremlin mountaineer - the Murderer and the muzhik-fighter "... (Fr. Mandelstam, November 1933) One of the first" suicide poems "was read by the chief of the OGPU, G. Yagoda, and introduced them to Bukharin, an ardent admirer of Mandelstam's poetry. Perhaps Bukharin, who himself had a dislike for Stalin, gloated in his heart, but aloud, of course, he condemned the author. The poet was arrested for the first time six months later, in May 1934. Anna Akhmatova, who was visiting the Mandelstams that day, recalls: “The arrest warrant was signed by Yagoda himself. The search continued throughout the night. Looking for poetry. We all sat in the same room. It was very quiet… He was taken away at 7 o'clock in the morning, it was quite light. Nadia (the poet's wife - L. B.) went to her brother, I went to old friends ... Returning home together, they cleaned the apartment, sat down to have breakfast. Another knock, another search.” Oesip Emie Levich Mandelshtae - Russian poet, prose writer, essayist, translator and literary critic, one of the greatest Russian poets of the 20th century. In 1937, the term of exile ended. Secondary arrest - on the night of May 1-2, 1938 in the trade union health resort of Samatikha (Yegorevsky district of the Moscow region). After that, he was sent by stage to a camp in the Far East. Osip Mandelstam died on December 27, 1938 from typhus in the transit camp Vladperpunkt (Vladivostok). He was rehabilitated posthumously: in the case of 1938 - in 1956, in the case of 1934 - in 1987. The location of the poet's grave is still unknown. The wave of repressions of the 1930s claimed the lives of many members of the creative intelligentsia… Among them…
public education. At the end of 1919, the Council of People's Commissars adopted Decree "On the elimination of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR", according to which the entire population aged 8 to 50 years was obliged to learn to read and write in their native or Russian language. In order to implement the policy of eliminating illiteracy, schools, reading rooms were created, teachers were trained, textbooks were issued, etc. A new Soviet school began to be created. It consisted of two stages (first 5 and then 4 years of study). Later, decrees were adopted on the introduction of universal primary education (1925) and 7-year education in cities and workers' settlements (1930). Education was of great importance.
Orientation was taken towards the creation of a new, Soviet, or worker-peasant, intelligentsia. During these years, the term "rabfak", or the working faculty, became widespread, at which the children of peasants, workers, and Red Army soldiers were preparing for admission to higher educational institutions. The country has noticeably increased the number of universities and the number of students in them. Ideologization was carried out in the education system: the teaching staff and, first of all, teachers of social disciplines had to master the basics of Marxism-Leninism in a short time and conduct education exclusively according to Marxist programs.
In 1922, with the consent of V. I. Lenin, about 200 philosophers, writers, and public figures were taken abroad by ships from Soviet Russia. They did not agree with the Bolshevik Party's monopoly of thought, with the declaration that only that which served the interests of the class struggle was moral. This expulsion is known in history as the "philosophical steamboat".
The science. N. I. Vavilov laid the foundations genetics, but on a denunciation he was arrested, put on death row, from which he was not taken out for a walk for a year. The fate of Vavilov was repeated by V. I. Vernadsky, the founder of a new science - ecology.
A. L. Chizhevsky became the founder of heliobiology (the study of solar activity in the biosphere) and historiometry (the study of the activity public life depending on solar activity). He can be considered the founder of scientific astrology. But Stalin's exile suspended Chizhevsky's research for 15 years.
The space problem, but on the other hand, was dealt with by A. A. Fridman.
In the social sciences, the main textbook was the “Short Course in the History of the VKShchb.
Art culture. After the victory in October 1917, the Soviet government set the task of creating a new proletarian culture. First, the Association of Proletarian Writers was formed, later renamed the Union of Soviet Writers. The themes of revolution and socialist construction and the corresponding "method of socialist realism" became the leading themes in literature and art. Examples of its implementation are some works by M. Gorky, M. Shaginyan, I. Ehrenburg, V. Mayakovsky and others.
Many wonderful literary works written in those years have reached the reader only in our time. For example, M. Bulgakov's novel "The Master and Margarita", poems by M. Tsvitaeva and O. Mandelstam Only modern listeners and viewers could hear the music of D. Shostakovich, see the paintings of M. Chagall, get acquainted with the activities of V. Meyerhold.
During the years of transformations in the field of culture, historical monuments were destroyed. In 1931, the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow was blown up. The Soviet state did not recognize religion, so church property was expropriated, and its representatives were subjected to persecution and repression.
As a result of the cultural revolution in the USSR, a new worker-peasant intelligentsia was formed.
There was a deterioration in the supply of citizens with everyday goods
demand, a large-scale increase in the money supply in the hands of individual
socio-professional groups of workers, the introduction of a "closed"
trade for some population groups.
members of the Stakhanovite movement. Instilled hope for the future
availability of free
education, centers
culture, transformation into
largest cities: metro in
Moscow, trolleybuses on
streets of a number of regional
cities, building
new factories and factories. According to the ideologists of the Stalinist
time, art had to take over
self-propaganda
state
construction and education of a new
person. For children's summer holidays
organized pioneer
camps. The largest among them was
Artek, where the children rested and
received knowledge. In agriculture:
- support for personal subsidiary farms;
- increased purchase prices for products
collective farms and state farms;
- a firm plan of state
procurement;
- increased area under wheat
and rye;
- the task was to introduce into production
achievements of scientific and technological progress. The main component of the period
1917–1929 became a "cultural
revolution". G. Efimovsky
In 1930, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR issued a resolution “On universal mandatory
primary education” - universal compulsory primary education was introduced
children aged 8–10 years, and in cities, factory districts and workers
settlements - universal compulsory 7-year education. At the end of the 30s. being rebuilt
higher education system,
academic degrees are introduced
major universities are establishing
graduate school.
During the first two years of Soviet power in
country created 33 large research institutes, by the end
30s There were about 1800 of them
who were occupied
98 thousand scientific workers. Physics and
electronics
Mathematics
Physiology
Biology
space theories
research and
rocket technology
Vladimir Fedorenko
N.N. Semyonov M.V. Keldysh
1896–1986 1911–1978
I.P. Pavlov
1849–1936
N.I. Vavilov K.E. Tsiolkovsky
1887–1943
1857–1935 Tank development
Aircraft development
Development of a small
weapons
Development of guns
J.Ya. Kotin
1908–1979
S.V. Ilyushin
1894–1977
V.A. Degtyarev
1879–1949
I.T. Kleymenov
1899–1938 In April 1932, writers' organizations were liquidated
RAPP (Russian Association of Proletarian Writers) and others
creative groups. April 1934 - opened
1st All-Union Congress of Soviet
writers, whose chairman was
elected A.M. Bitter.
A.M. Bitter
1868–1936 S.A. Yesenin
1895–1925
A.A. Akhmatova
1889–1966
M.A. Bulgakov
1891–1940
Works that did not meet the requirements of the authorities were not published.
Among the banned writers and poets were S. Yesenin, A. Akhmatova,
M. Bulgakov. Topics become mainstream
revolution and socialist
construction. L. Ignatieva
V.V.
A.P.
Mayakovsky
Gaidar
1893–1930
1904–1941
S.Ya.
Yu.K.Marshak
Olesha
1887–1964
1899–1960
K.I.
A.L.
Chukovsky
Barto
1906–1981
1882–1969
gg.
V. Mayakovsky, S. Marshak worked on children's literature,
K. Chukovsky, A. Gaidar, Y. Olesha, A. Barto. Bolshoi Drama Theater
Theatre. Vakhtangov
New theatres.
Theatre. Moscow City Council In the 30s. was in the process of becoming
new performing style
Soviet ballet. RIANbot
In the bravura dance of A.N. Ermolaeva and V.M. Chabukiani
a new effective perception of life appeared. Galina Ulanova, Olga
Lepeshinskaya - the greatest
actress dancers.
Umnov
G.S. Ulanova
1909–1998
O.V. Lepeshinskaya
1916–2008 In 1938 the Committee for
cinematography under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.
Stalin personally oversaw the Soviet
cinematography, own
approved scripts, suggested
movie themes. First sound film - picture
"A ticket to life" (1931).
Director - Nikolay Ekk. "Funny boys"
"Volga,
Volga
"We
from Kronstadt"
"Chapaev"
Director - E. Dzigan
Directors - S. and G. Vasiliev
Director - G. Alexandrov
Themes
appeared
happy
paintings
life on
Soviet
historical revolutionary
people sounded in comedies.
theme. The goals of patriotic education
served as the release of the film "Peter
First "(director - V. Petrov, 1937),
in which the Russian emperor
unexpectedly turned out to be the greatest
statesman. 1930s - intense time
housing construction.
In 1935, the General
plan for the reconstruction of Moscow.
At the international exhibition in
Paris architect B. Iofan and
sculptor V. Mukhina created
Monument "Worker and Collective Farm Woman".
Oleg Frolov
AlexanderKonov In 1939, to promote achievements Agriculture and science in
Moscow began to work the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition
(VSHV, and since 1959 - VDNKh). Nearly 4/5 of all
rural temples. In cities
churches were demolished
monasteries were abolished.
The totalitarian state took over
monopoly not only
material, but also spiritual
the values of his people.
