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The personality structure consists of. The concept of personality and its structure. General and special abilities

Personality structure is a set of unchanging and stable properties that are manifested by individuals in a wide variety of situations. In psychology, it is customary to divide properties into three classes: character traits, abilities, and motives. In each structure, shortcomings of temperament appear, which are compensated by the main advantages of the character of each personality. Personality is a person who has acquired a certain set of social qualities. Psychological qualities that characterize the character of a person, as well as his attitude towards people, cannot be included in the number of personal qualities.

Modern psychology characterizes personality as a socio-psychological entity formed as a result of life in society. Accordingly, before birth, each individual lacks personal qualities. Each person is individual, because he has a number of personal properties that are present only in him.

The formation of personality is a direct process of human socialization, aimed at mastering the social essence by him, manifested only in certain circumstances of the life of each person. Two stand out in particular various structures personality - social and psychological. Let's consider each of them in more detail.

Psychological personality structure.

Psychological personality structure includes temperament, volitional qualities, abilities, character, emotions, social attitudes, motivation. Psychology characterizes personality as follows:

· Intellectuality is limited.

· Discretion, steadfastness, restraint - susceptibility to influence, vanity.

Softness - callousness, cynicism.

· Friendliness, flexibility, complaisance - rigidity, vindictiveness, tyranny.

· Realism - autism.

· Conscientiousness, decency - dishonesty, dishonesty.

· Confidence - uncertainty.

· Tactlessness - tactlessness.

· Cheerfulness - sadness.

· Sociability - lack of sociability.

· Independence - conformity.

Variety of interests - narrowness of interests.

Seriousness - windiness.

· Aggressiveness - kindness.

· Optimism - pessimism.

· Generosity - stinginess.

· Self-confidence - lack of confidence.

· Maturity of mind - inconsistency, illogicality.

Calmness (self-control) - neuroticism (nervousness).

· Kindness, unobtrusiveness, tolerance - self-will, selfishness.

· Kind-heartedness, gentleness - viciousness, callousness.

Willpower - lack of will.

· Consistency, discipline of the mind - inconsistency, dispersion.

· Adulthood - infantilism.

· Openness (contact) - isolation (solitude).

· Fascination - disappointment.

· Activity - passivity.

· Expressiveness - restraint.

· Sensitivity - coldness.

· Honesty - deceit.

· Cheerfulness - cheerfulness.

Courage is cowardice.

· Independence - dependence.

A self-actualizing personality is characterized by the ability to perfectly orient itself in reality and actively perceive it; immediacy and spontaneity in actions and expression of one's own feelings and thoughts; acceptance of oneself and others in their true face; development of abilities, etc.

Social personality structure.

Conducting research on social personality structure, had to face a number of theoretical obstacles that prevented the construction of the concept of personality. The main element here is the personality, considered as a social quality. sociological personality structure consists of subjective and objective
properties of the individual, which are manifested and function in the process of his life. It can be both interaction with others, and independent activity. In sociology, it is extremely important to determine the moment of transition and transformation taking place in the structure of personality.

11.Psychoanalysis

One of the main areas of study of this section of psychology was the unconscious, as well as its connection and influence on conscious processes. Psychoanalysis preceded behaviorism at the end of the 19th century, and although the concept of the unconscious existed long before that, the first psychoanalytic essays come from the pen of Sigmund Freud, who is considered to be the founder of this method. Other major psychoanalysts worth mentioning are Alfred Adler, Carl Gustav Jung, and Dmitri Uznadze, who developed the theory of set.

Freud

So, Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis. In his writings, he talks about defense mechanisms that allow a person to resist unconscious manifestations, interprets dreams. Freud comes to the conclusion that the unconscious is the stimulus of consciousness, therefore, in order to explain human behavior, one should look for its causes in the unconscious.

According to Freud, the psyche is divided into three elements - consciousness, preconscious and unconscious. At the same time, he likens it to an iceberg, in which consciousness is only its visible part. The deeper this or that element of the unconscious, the more difficult it is to analyze. Freud also introduces the concept of preconscious processes that are not permanently conscious, but can be evoked by it if desired.

During the period when the first works on psychoanalysis appeared, the use of hypnosis in therapy was widespread. However, Freud decides to abandon this practice, because he believes that the patient or client must independently, with a little help from the psychoanalyst, bring the structures of his unconscious into consciousness. When a patient is introduced into a hypnotic state and then taken out of it, he does not remember what happened to him, so the rise of unconscious experience into consciousness becomes impossible, which means that this therapy cannot work. Therefore, Freud works through the method of free association and the interpretation of dreams.

He re-describes the personality structure, which now includes the id, ego and superego.

It- the original unconscious, inhabited by desires. Freud divides them into manifestations of Eros and Thanatos, libido and the destructive forces of the desire for death.

superego- is also an unconscious substance, but it consists of norms of behavior acquired in the course of development, taboos, prohibitions and rules. Many of them are before the formation of speech.

In turn, the ego is the resultant of two opposing energies of the unconscious - the id and the superego. According to Freud, a harmonious personality must skillfully combine these two principles. Accordingly, a bias in one of the sides leads to deviations and even pathologies.

Freud also describes several stages of development that a child goes through before becoming an adult.

oral stage- associated with obtaining pleasure through the oral cavity. In fact, deviations at this stage, which are obtained during the corresponding sensation of deficiency in childhood, are fraught with manifestations of alcoholism, smoking, and gluttony in adulthood.

anal stage- associated with the development of control over bowel movements. At this stage, there may be a desire to abuse this skill, manifested in excessive retention of feces in the body, the removal of which subsequently brings pleasure tantamount to orgasm. In adulthood, this can tell on the character in the form of manifestations of greed and on the physiological level in the form of frequent constipation.

genital stage- associated with the emergence of personal gender identity. At the same time, the model of the relationship between father and mother becomes for the child an image of how to behave with his future sexual partner. Here Freud notes such phenomena as the Oedipus complex and the Electra complex.

For example, the Oedipus complex is associated with the fact that a child, beginning to realize himself as a man, sees his mother as a representative of the opposite sex. Accordingly, in this situation, the father becomes his sexual competitor. Similarly with the Electra complex for girls who begin to perceive their mothers as sexual competitors.

The genital stage has several phases, which differ in initiatory manifestations. For example, in women it is a girl, girl, woman, mother, grandmother. All of them have different functions, values and features of perception of the surrounding world. Actually, the absence of an initiatory process also leads to deviations.

Adler

Adler was a student of Freud and his successor. He formulated his ideas in the book "Individual Psychology", thus opening a new direction in psychoanalysis of the same name. Unlike Freud and Jung, Adler does not try to isolate personality into structural elements and speaks of its holistic character. The central point in his theory is the initial feeling of imperfection, which then develops into an inferiority complex and, as a consequence, the process of compensation.

Adler emphasizes that an inferiority complex occurs in absolutely any person, regardless of objective reasons or his individual weaknesses. For example, in childhood it may occur due to wet diapers or insufficient manifestation of maternal feelings. The child is dependent and realizes his needs as a dependent, which creates a feeling of imperfection.

Compensation according to Adler can be constructive and destructive. What it will be is determined by the family climate. The style of relationships in the family forms a model for the development of the compensation process.

Structural Compensation- is associated with the development of social interest and the desire to take its harmonious place in it in a natural way. This model is associated with a sense of belonging common cause, which corresponds to a favorable family climate.

Destructive compensation- associated with the humiliation and destruction of other people, due to which social growth occurs.

Adler notes the two most common causes of destructive compensation:

1) Rigid hierarchy in the family, existing "according to the law of the jungle", when the younger ones are subordinate to the elders. A cult of strength and power arises, to which a person aspires in order to occupy a dominant position in the family, and then in society.

2) Spoiled and excessive respect for the needs of the child. He, in turn, gets used to such an attitude towards himself and begins to demand the same from others already outside the family. When he does not meet this, then he has an internal protest, which he expresses in pressure on the weak.

In addition to compensation, Adler introduces the concept of overcompensation. If compensation is overcoming the feeling of inferiority, then overcompensation is such compensation that leads to the complete subordination of life to this process, it becomes central. As an example, Adler cites Napoleon, who compensated for his small stature with his conquests, and Suvorov, who struggled with his frail body. Contemporaries noted that Adler often voiced these ideas, since he himself was constantly in a painful state, which led him to such overcompensation.

Carl Gustav Jung, like Adler, also makes significant changes in psychoanalysis, which leads to the emergence of the so-called "analytical psychology", on which the author writes a book of the same name. Jung's most important contribution should be considered the introduction of the term "collective unconscious", the content of which are archetypes. Archetypes are the accumulated human experience, which settles in the psyche in the form of behavior patterns, worldview thinking, and functions in a way similar to instincts.

If Freud was an atheist, then his student Jung was a deeply religious person and in his theories he rehabilitates the concept of "soul".

Jung also conducts a thorough analysis of cultures and myths, in which he finds similar motives and the corresponding specifics of behavior, the identity of which is often found, despite racial and gender differences.

At the same time, Jung also speaks of the personal unconscious, the content of which is complexes, repressed experiences and personal meanings.

One of the fundamental archetypes Jung considers the archetype of the self, God in itself. In his opinion, the soul is what God gave to man, therefore the task of each person is to find this particle in himself, without falling into the heresy of narcissism. The actual realization of this selfhood Jung calls individuation. He notes that the personality has a lot of components and each realized archetype becomes a part of the self. At the same time, it is extremely important to maintain harmony between them without distortions in one direction to the detriment of others. How the archetypes manifest can be seen in the work of dreams. It is worth noting that in Freud, the elements of sleep are images of desires.

Jung's personality structure consists of several parts:

A person- is a social mask, that is, how a person behaves in society and how he wants to be represented. It is worth noting that the person is not always who the person really is.

Shadow- combines the base manifestations of man, what Freud called "It". Often a person tries to hide the presence and content of this component both from others and from himself.

Anima and animus- male and female manifestations of the soul. In this regard, Jung singles out feminine and masculine properties. Feminine - tenderness, aestheticism, caring, masculine - strength, logic, aggressiveness.

Jung brought sociological features to psychoanalysis, made it sociotropic. Many explored traditions, myths and fairy tales are guided by his writings.

12. Humanistic psychology was created as an alternative to psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Roots in existential philosophy - Jaspers, Kierkegaard, Sartre, Heidegger. Representatives: Fromm, Allport, Maslow, Rogers, Frankl.

The concept of becoming (dynamics). Maslow.

Man as a whole. Focus on individuality. The principle of irreducibility of the sum to the whole (motivation affects the person as a whole). The inappropriateness of animal experiments. The destructive force in people is the result of frustration (non-hereditary) - the opposite of Freud (human nature is good). Creativity is an integral property of human nature (it is present from birth, but is lost as a result of cultivation - official education). Creativity leads to self-expression. Criticism of Freud: the one-sidedness of the theory (the study of diseases, not health). Disease can be understood through health. Man is a desiring being, rarely reaching a state of complete satisfaction. All needs are innate (instinctoid). hierarchy of needs: physiological, security and protection, belonging and love, self-respect, self-actualization (the need for personal improvement). Decreased humanity - neurosis - reduced actualization of human capabilities. Neurosis is the extinction of internal signals.

The ion complex is the lack of desire for self-actualization. It is necessary to achieve - happiness. Controlling everything is a loss of values, as they make us feel our little value. What is needed is not hostility, but reverence. Complex - fear, we need the truth, it needs to be accepted - admiration.

The creative person is healthy. The general situation (social background) is important. Psychotherapy affects everything (dance). Most of the time is occupied by the routine (it is needed), but there is also insight, bright ideas (happiness cannot last all the time). Creative people are hard workers (one should not live with peak experiences). Deficient motives (determinants of behavior that satisfy 5 criteria: their absence - disease, presence - prevention of disease, recovery - cure of the disease, under certain conditions - preference for their satisfaction, not active, functionally absent in a healthy person) and growth motives (meta-needs - b-motives , have distant goals associated with the desire to update the potential). Metaneeds: integrity, perfection, completion, law (order), activity, wealth, simplicity, kindness, beauty, uniqueness, non-tension, play, truth, arrogance (no hierarchy, instinctive). Growth motivation is an increase in stress, and deficit motivation is a decrease. Dissatisfaction of metaneeds - metapathology (apathy, cynicism, alienation).

Rogers:

Phenomenological approach. All motives are included in the achievement of mastery (actualization trend). Moving in the direction of greater difficulty. The organic evaluative process shows whether the present experience corresponds to the trend of actualization. The only reality is the subjective world of human experience; the central place is the self-concept (includes the self-ideal). Elements that determine the development of the self-concept: the need for positive attention, conditions of value and unconditional positive attention (always love). The threat arises if there is a contradiction between the self-concept and organismic experiences. Defense mechanisms: distortions or denials of perception (rationalization). Personal characteristics of fully functioning people: openness to experiences, existential lifestyle (each experience is new), organismic trust, empirical freedom, creativity. The opposite of behaviorism (freedom of choice). changeability (constant growth), subjectivity (the world is subjective).

Allport:

dispositional direction.

Allport is the author of trait/dispositional personality theory. He talks about cardinal, central, secondary dispositions. Dispositions are synonymous with "features", it can be different levels of generalization / generalization. The cardinal ones are the most generalized (the main directions in life, the carriers are outstanding personalities, he is an example of Jeanne Dark), the central ones are our ordinary personalities. Har-ki (usually included in the recommendation of the letter, in the har-ki), secondary - situational qualities, the cat manifested itself in life situations.

Personality is the dynamic organization of the psychophysical systems of the individual, which determine his characteristic behavior and thinking. This definition captures the essential characteristics of L, emphasizing the role of psychophysiological systems, i.e. personality is considered in a holistic connection with the body. I also emphasize the integrity and dynamic character of the Personality - the Personality as a constant (organization, structure), on the other hand, it is a changing system, i.e. raises the question of volatility. It also talks about the role of the Personality in the regulation of behavior.

Everything that is observed is an expression of personality. Damn theory. A trait is a predisposition to behave in a similar way in a wide range of situations. People actively seek out social situations that promote the manifestation of traits. Personality traits are more general than habits. They are the driving force behind behavior. Personality trait - moral or social assessment. If actions are not consistent with a given personality trait, this does not mean that this trait is absent. Features - dispositions: cardinal (all actions highlight this feature), central (bright characteristics), secondary. Proprium: the principle of organizing all individual axes, the most important quality, the formation of selfhood, the uniqueness of a human being. 7 aspects of self and stage: bodily, self-identity (continued self), self-esteem, self-expansion (self covers aspects of the social and physical environment), self-image, rational self-management (abstraction and logic are applied to solve everyday problems), propritive striving (a holistic sense of self, planning for long-term goals - adolescence) is the most important thing. At the last stage of its development, the proprium realizes itself as a unique human ability for self-awareness and self-knowledge. original idea – functional autonomy(2 types - stable F.A. associated with NS; own F.A. characterizes acquired values, attitudes of a person). The main idea of F-oh.Aut. - the past is the past. What matters is not what was, but what has become. A miser who continues to live miserly after becoming rich. The original cause is gone, but the behavior persists. F.A. mechanism explains the formation of personality. Mature personality: wide boundaries of the Self (the ability to look at oneself from the outside), warm, cordial social relations; emotional non-concern, realistic perception and claim, sense of humor, whole philosophy of life.

13. Personality is most often defined as a person in the context of his social, acquired qualities. Personal characteristics do not include such features of a person that are genotypically or physiologically determined. The concept of “personality” is closely related to such properties that are more or less stable and testify to the individuality of a person, determining his actions that are significant for people. Personality is a social face, a “mask” of a person. Personality is a person taken in the system of such psychological characteristics that are socially conditioned, manifested in social connections and relationships by nature, are stable, determine the moral actions of a person that are essential for himself and those around him. The personality structure usually includes abilities, temperament, character, volitional qualities, emotions, motivation, social attitudes.

Personality is the highest integral concept, a system of human relations to the surrounding reality (V.N. Myasishchev).

Personality - totality public relations, realized in diverse activities (A.N. Leontiev).

Personality is a set of internal conditions through which all external influences are refracted (Rubinstein).

Personality is a social individual, an object and subject of social relations and the historical process, manifesting itself in communication, in activity, in behavior (Hanzen).

I.S. Kon: the concept of personality denotes a human individual as a member of society, generalizes the socially significant features integrated in it.

B.G. Ananiev: personality is the subject of social behavior and communication.

A.V. Petrovsky: a person is a person as a social individual, a subject of knowledge and objective transformation of the world, an intelligent creature that has speech and is capable of labor activity.

K.K. Platonov: personality - a person as a carrier of consciousness.

B.D. Parygin: personality is an integral concept that characterizes a person as an object and subject of biosocial relations and combines in him the universal, socially specific and individually unique.

In psychology, personality is studied by various branches of psychological science. This is due to the diversity of personality manifestations, the inconsistency, and sometimes the mystery of human behavior. The diversity of behavior requires, in turn, a multi-level psychological analysis.

As K.K. Platonov, for the period from 1917 to the 70s in Soviet psychology, at least four dominant theories of personality can be distinguished:

· 1917-1936 - personality as a profile of psychological traits;

· 1936-1950 - personality as a person's experience;

· 1950-1962 - personality as temperament and age;

· 1962-1970 - personality as a set of relations manifested in the direction

Another famous Soviet psychologist A.V. Petrovsky also spoke about the existence in Russian psychology of different approaches to understanding the personality in different historical periods of time.

The period of the 50-60s. characterized by the so-called "collector's" approach, in which "personality acts as a set of qualities, properties, traits, characteristics, features of the human psyche."

By the end of the 70s orientation towards a structural approach to the problem of personality is replaced by a tendency to apply a systemic (or structural-systemic) approach, which requires the identification of system-forming personality traits.

Today, in Russian psychology, there is a widespread view of a person as an individual, personality and subject of activity, but there is no more or less generally accepted concept of personality.

Analyzing the views of V. N. Myasishchev on personality, at least two provisions should be emphasized that are significant for theoretical understanding of the problem of personality.

The first of these is that he was the first to openly raise the question of the structure of personality. “A structural characteristic illuminates a person from the side of his integrity or splitting, consistency or inconsistency, stability or variability, depth or surface, predominance or relative insufficiency of certain mental functions.” This fundamental position, apparently, determined the specifics of his views on the structure of the personality, where there are no separate components, but there is a psychological given - an attitude that closes on itself all other psychological characteristics of the personality. It is the attitude, according to V. N. Myasishchev, that is the integrator of these properties, which ensures the integrity, stability, depth and consistency of the behavior of the individual. In this regard, one cannot agree with K. K. Platonov, who reproaches V. N. Myasishchev for taking orientation, temperament and emotionality beyond the limits of the personality structure. As for the orientation, according to V. N. Myasishchev, it “expresses the dominant attitude, or its intergral”. Emotionality is also represented by one of the components in the structure of the relationship itself. As for temperament, the introduction of this structural, by its nature, element into a functional formation, which is a personality and with which K. K. Platonov does not argue, becomes simply illogical.

The second provision is the development and deepening of the tradition coming from A.F. Lazursky. Developing his ideas about the relationship of personality, VN Myasishchev builds his own concept of personality, the central element of which is the concept of relationship.

Relations - consciously - selective, built on experience, psychological connection with various aspects of objective reality, which is expressed in actions and experiences. According to V. N. Myasishchev, attitude is a system-forming element of personality, which appears as a system of relations. At the same time, an important point is the idea of a person as a system of relations structured according to the degree of generalization - from the subject's connections with individual aspects or phenomena of the external environment to connections with all reality as a whole. The relations of the individual themselves are formed under the influence of social relations by which the individual is connected with the surrounding world in general and society in particular.

Indeed, from the moment of birth, a person is forced to enter into social relations (first with his mother - directly emotional relations, then with those around him, peers, educators, teachers, colleagues, etc. in the form of playing, educational, social and labor activities ), which, refracting through “internal conditions”, contribute to the formation, development and consolidation of personal, subjective relations person. These relationships express the personality as a whole and constitute the inner potential of a person. It is they who manifest, i.e. discover hidden, invisible possibilities for the person himself and contribute to the emergence of new ones. The author emphasizes the regulatory role of attitude in human behavior.

The concept of the dynamic structure of personality K.K. Platonov

This concept is the most striking example of the implementation of the ideas of a structural approach to understanding a person's personality. K. K. Platonov considers personality as a dynamic system, i.e. a system that develops over time, changing the composition of its constituent elements and the relationships between them, while maintaining the function.

There is a statistical and dynamic structure of personality. The first is understood as an abstract model separate from the person functioning in real life. This model characterizes the main components of the human psyche. The fundamental point in determining the parameters of personality in its statistical model is the dissimilarity of the components of the psyche. There are such components:

General properties of the psyche for all people (emotions, perception, sensations);

characteristic only for certain social groups features of the psyche due to various value orientations and social attitudes;

individual properties of the psyche, they are unique, inherent only to a particular person (character, abilities, temperament).

In contrast to the statistical model of personality structure, the dynamic structure model captures the main components in the individual's psyche no longer abstracted from the everyday existence of a person, but, on the contrary, only in the immediate context of human life. At each specific moment of his life, a person appears not as a set of certain formations, but as a person who is in a certain mental state, which is somehow reflected in the momentary behavior of the individual. If we begin to consider the main components of the statistical structure of the personality in their movement, change, interaction and living circulation, then we thereby make the transition from the statistical to the dynamic structure of the personality.

The most common is the one proposed by K.K. Platonov's concept of the dynamic functional structure of the personality, which highlights the determinants that determine certain properties and characteristics of the human psyche, due to social, biological and individual life experience.

K. K. Platonov proposed his concept of the dynamic structure of personality. He distinguishes the following substructures in the dynamic structure of personality:

1. socially determined features (orientation, moral qualities);

2. experience (volume and quality of existing knowledge, skills, abilities and habits);

3. individual characteristics of various mental processes (sensations, perception, memory);

4. biologically determined features (temperament, inclinations, instincts, simple needs).

14. One of the newest complex scientific disciplines that took shape in the 20th century was general systems theory. In accordance with the principles of this theory, one of the key general scientific concepts was the concept systems, and one of the methods of scientific methodology was systematic approach to reality, and the types of systems are extremely diverse. They can be static or dynamic, open or closed. An example of an open system. those. system that is closely related to the environment is Human. This means that a person cannot exist without a close relationship with the external environment surrounding him, natural and social.

This circumstance causes the presence in a person of various needs, one or another composition of which is the most important characteristic of the personality.

The satisfaction of these needs is a fundamental condition of human existence. This process expresses the close connection of a person with the environment, his belonging to the type of systems that is characterized as open system.

In psychological science need is defined as the internal state of the individual, caused by the need he experiences for the objects necessary for his existence and development and acting as the deep source of all forms of his activity.

The concept of motive is closely related to needs. A motive is an internal state of readiness associated with needs for active actions of a certain direction and form.

Needs as a mental process have some features:

§ they are associated with the subject to which a person aspires, or with any type of activity that should give a person satisfaction, for example, with a game or work;

§ more or less clear awareness of this need, accompanied by a certain emotional state of readiness for specific actions;

§ emotional-volitional state that accompanies the search for ways and means to satisfy the need and its implementation;

§ weakening of these states when needs are met.

Human needs are varied. They share intangible or natural(in food, clothing, shelter, genle) and cultural or social associated with the acquisition of knowledge, the study of science, familiarization with confessional and artistic values, as well as the need for work, communication, social recognition, etc.

Natural needs reflect the dependence of a person on the natural, material conditions necessary to maintain his life. Cultural needs reflect man's dependence on the products of human culture.

When a need is recognized, it becomes "objectified", concretized, it takes the form of a motive. A motive is a conscious need enriched with ideas about the ways to satisfy it and the goals of behavior that ensures its satisfaction.

The difficulty of identifying the motives of activity is connected with the fact. that all activity is motivated not by one, but by several motives. The totality of all motives for this activity is called motivation for the activity of this subject.

Motivation- this is a process that links together the personal and situational conditions of activity aimed at transforming the environment in accordance with human needs.

General motivation characteristic of this person, is the most important component of the characteristics of his personality.

The most well-known and developed theory of motivation is the concept of the hierarchy of motives American psychologist Abraham Maslow.

A representative of humanistic psychology, one of the leading psychologists in the field of motivation research in the USA, A. Maslow developed a “hierarchy of needs” and correlated with them the hierarchical structure of behavioral motives. His model of needs, which was widely used in management psychology, psychotherapy, business communication, was later refined and refined, but the principle of considering the needs and motives of behavior remained the same. A. Maslow identifies the following fundamental needs:

§ physiological (organic) - needs for food, sleep. sex, etc.;

§ safe - manifested in the fact that a person needs to feel protected, get rid of fear. To do this, he strives for material security, takes care of his health, takes care of his provision in old age, etc.;

§ in love and belonging - it is natural for a person to belong to a community, to be close to people, to be accepted by them. Realizing this need, a person creates his own social circle, starts a family, friends;

§ in respect - a person needs the approval and recognition of others, to achieve success. The realization of the need for respect is connected with the labor activity of a person, his creativity, participation in public life;

§ in self-actualization - in the hierarchy of needs, the highest level associated with the realization of both one's abilities and the personality as a whole.

Needs form a hierarchy, as they are divided into lower and higher. A. Maslow revealed the following features of human motivation:

§ motives have a hierarchical structure;

§ the higher the level of motive, the less vital the corresponding needs are;

§ with the increase in needs, the readiness for greater activity increases.

The basic level of needs are physiological, because without their satisfaction a person cannot live. The need for security is also basic. Higher, social needs, which include the need for belonging, have different degrees of severity in different people, but outside human communication no man (as man) can exist. Prestige needs, or the need for respect, are associated with the social success of the individual. In fact, a full-fledged person becomes only when he satisfies his needs for self-actualization.

The process of raising needs looks like a replacement of primary (lower) by secondary (higher). According to the principle of hierarchy, the needs of each new level become relevant for the individual only after the previous requests are satisfied, therefore the principle of hierarchy is called the principle of dominance (the need prevailing at the moment).

Higher needs have the following characteristics:

§ they are later;

§ the higher the level of need, the less important it is for survival, the further its satisfaction can be pushed back and the easier it is to get rid of it for a while;

§ living at a higher level of needs means higher biological efficiency, longer duration, better sleep, better appetite, less tendency to disease, etc.;

§ Satisfaction often results in personal development, often brings joy, happiness, enriches the inner world.

L. Maslow considered personalities only those people whose goal is to develop their abilities, self-actualization. He called everyone else subhuman. Self-actualization is personal growth in the course of productive activity, it is growth "up". He considered personal, psychological growth as a consistent satisfaction of ever higher needs. Growth is theoretically possible only because the taste of the "higher" is better than the taste of the "lower", and therefore sooner or later the satisfaction of the "lower" becomes boring. As long as lower needs dominate. the movement towards self-actualization cannot begin. Higher needs are perceived as less urgent. A person whose all efforts are aimed at earning a livelihood is not up to high matters.

When needs are not met, people complain. What people complain about, as well as the level of their complaints, is an indicator of the development of the individual and the enlightenment of society. A. Maslow believed that there would be no end to complaints and one could only hope for an increase in their level.

The main functions of motives are the functions of motivation to action and the function of meaning formation.

In psychological terms, there is a difference between the goals that a person sets in order to achieve the satisfaction of a particular need, and the motives of his activity: the goals are always conscious, and the motives, as a rule, are not actually realized. Acting under the influence of one or another impulse, a person is aware of the goals of his actions, but the situation is different with the awareness of motives, for the sake of which they are performed. Usually the motive does not coincide with the goal, lies behind it. Therefore, its detection constitutes a special task - awareness of the motive. Moreover, we are talking about the task of understanding the meaning of his actions at the personal level, i.e. about the personal meaning of activity.

Needs and motives are so closely intertwined in the structure of personality that these components can only be understood in relation.

The analysis begins with needs, since the presence of needs in a person is the same fundamental condition for his existence as metabolism. The human body, like any living system, is unable to maintain its internal dynamic balance or develop if it is not in interaction with the environment.

In its primary biological forms, a need is a state of an organism that expresses an objective need for something that lies outside of it. As the personality develops, needs change and develop. As individuals, people differ from each other in the variety of needs they have and their special combination.

Any manifestation of human activity is accompanied by feelings and emotions, which largely determine the nature of this activity.

15. Temperament(lat. temperamentum - the proper ratio of features from tempero - I mix in the proper ratio) - a characteristic of the individual from the side of the dynamic features of his mental activity, i.e., the pace, speed, rhythm, intensity that make up this activity of mental processes and states.

Story

The word "temperament" was introduced by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates. By temperament, he understood both the anatomical and physiological and individual psychological characteristics of a person. Hippocrates explained temperament, as a feature of behavior, by the predominance of one of the “vital juices” (four elements) in the body:

The predominance of yellow bile (Greek chole, "bile, poison") makes a person impulsive, "hot" - choleric,

the predominance of lymph (Greek phlegm, "sputum") makes a person calm and slow - phlegmatic,

the predominance of blood (lat. sangvis, “blood”) makes a person mobile and cheerful - sanguine,

The predominance of black bile (Greek melana chole, "black bile") makes a person sad and fearful - melancholic.

This concept still has a profound influence on literature, art and science. It is important, however, to note that the selection of precisely four temperaments is connected not so much with the real existence of clearly distinct groups (most people have mixed temperaments), but with the magic of numbers, characteristic of the Mediterranean civilization, in which the number four played an important role. At the same time, a five-component "world system" was developing in the East.

At present, the teaching of temperaments continues to develop in the same numerological key. For example, within the framework of socionics, 16 (4 × 4) psychotypes are distinguished. However, these studies are not taken seriously by academic psychology.

In psychological science, the categories man, individual, personality, individuality belong to the basic categories. They are not purely psychological and are studied by all social sciences. Therefore, the question arises about the specifics of the study of these categories by psychology: all mental phenomena are formed and developed in activity and communication, but they do not belong to these processes, but to their subject - public individual, personalities.

The problem of personality also appears as an independent one. The most important theoretical task is to discover the objective foundations of those psychological properties that characterize a person as an individual, as an individuality and as a personality. Man is born into the world as a man.

concept Human is the widest. This is the accepted classical scientifically generalized name for a special kind of living being - “reasonable man”, or homo sapiens. Everything is united in this concept: natural, biochemical, social, medical, etc.

Individual- a category indicating belonging to the human race. This concept expresses the generic affiliation of a person, i.e. every person is an individual. This is an emphasis on singularity (as opposed to a person) and indivisibility (as opposed to a person).

The individual emphasizes the biological in man, but does not exclude the social components inherent in the human race. A person is born as a concrete individual, but, having become a personality, does not cease to be an individual at the same time.

Personality- a person who develops in society and interacts and communicates with other people using language.

This is a person as a member of society, the result of formation, development and socialization. But what has been said does not mean that a person is only a social being, devoid of biological characteristics. In personality psychology, the social and biological exist in unity. To understand what a person is, it is possible only through the study of real social ties and relationships in which a person enters. It was not for nothing that S. L. Rubinshtein said that all psychology is the psychology of personality. At the same time, the category “man” and “personality” are not synonymous. The latter determines the social orientation of a person who becomes a personality, provided that he develops in society (for example, in contrast to “wild children”), interacts with other people (in contrast to those who are deeply ill from birth). Every normal person has several personality manifestations, depending on which part of society he is projected at the moment: family, work, study, friendship. At the same time, the personality is integral and unified, systemic and organized.

In psychology, there are other, narrower interpretations of the understanding of personality, when certain qualities are singled out, supposedly acting as integral attributes for it. Here it is proposed to consider as a person only someone, for example, who is independent, responsible, highly developed. Such criteria are, as a rule, subjective and difficult to prove.

The specificity of the social conditions of life and the way of human activity determines the features of its individual features and properties. All people have certain mental traits, attitudes, customs and feelings, each of us has differences in the cognitive sphere of personality, which will determine our individuality.

- this is a holistic model, a system of qualities and properties that fully characterizes the psychological characteristics of a person (person, individual).

All mental processes are carried out in some personality, but not all act as its distinctive properties. Each of us is in some ways similar to all people, in some ways only to some, in some ways not like anyone else.

In psychology, there are a huge number of models of the psychological structure of the personality, which stem from various theories about the psyche and personality, from different parameters and tasks. In our manual, we use a model of the psychological structure of the personality, based on a combination of two schemes, developed first by S. L. Rubinshtein, and then by K. K. Platonov.

Man is a creature with a very complex mental organization. He is born and develops according to the laws of biology and genetics, in parallel with this, the formation of his personality and self-consciousness under the influence of society takes place. In addition, a person is a subject of activity in almost all spheres of life - social, spiritual, economic and political.

The concept of personality and its structure

It is impossible within the framework of one science to embrace all the diversity of facets of human essence, because of this, there are many theories about what constitutes a person. This term is used in modern psychology, along with such as "individual" and "individuality", the difference between them is that the last two definitions are more specific and cover only one or another side of the personality. In a broad sense, a personality is a set of qualities of an individual acquired by him in the process of development and manifested in relations with other individuals or in various fields conscious activity. As can be seen from the definition, the concept of personality characterizes a person mainly in social terms. The structure of personality in psychology is represented by many different classifications, the most common of them will be presented below.

The theory of personality in psychology according to Freud

In the 1920s, the great German psychologist developed his concept

anatomy of the human soul. The structure of personality in Freud's psychology consists of three components: "Id" - It (unconscious), "Ego" - I (conscious) and "Super-Ego" - Super-I (conscience, ideal attitudes). Id - occupies a central place in the structure of personality throughout the life of an individual, its main principle is to get pleasure from the immediate satisfaction of one's irrational desires. The ego is a kind of regulator, trying to satisfy the needs of the id, while at the same time not violating the laws and traditions of society. The super-ego plays the role of a propagandist of high moral ideals and is formed in the process of education.

The structure of personality in psychology according to Rubinstein

Soviet psychologist and philosopher S.L. Rubinstein proposed his own concept of the development of a person's personality. He also distinguished three components:

2. Knowledge, skills and abilities (KAS) acquired as a result of cognitive

activities.

3. Individual characteristics, expressed in character traits, temperament, abilities.

The structure of personality in psychology according to Platonov

K.K. Platonov considered personality as a set of biosocial properties, among which he singled out four substructures:

1. Socially oriented qualities (moral qualities, social ties).

2. Experience (habits and ZUN).

3. Individual biologically determined traits (character, temperament, inclinations, needs).

4. Forms of reflection of mental processes (thinking, will, feelings, sensations, memory).

As you can see, Platonov's classification largely coincides with Rubinstein's classification, but it is more detailed. This model significantly influenced the development of Soviet psychology.

The structure of personality is a set of unchanging and stable properties that are manifested by individuals in a wide variety of situations. In psychology, it is customary to divide properties into three classes: character traits, abilities, and motives. In each structure, shortcomings of temperament appear, which are compensated by the main advantages of the character of each personality. Personality is a person who has acquired a certain set of social qualities. Psychological qualities that characterize the character of a person, as well as his attitude towards people, cannot be included in the number of personal qualities.

The formation of personality is a direct process of human socialization, aimed at mastering the social essence by him, manifested only in certain circumstances of the life of each person. Two different personality structures are especially clearly distinguished - social and psychological. Let's consider each of them in more detail.

Psychological structure of personality

The psychological structure of a personality includes temperament, volitional qualities, abilities, character, emotions, social attitudes, and motivation.

Psychology characterizes personality as follows:

Intelligence is limited.
Discretion, steadfastness, restraint - susceptibility to influence, vanity.
Softness - callousness, cynicism.
Friendliness, flexibility, complaisance - rigidity, vindictiveness, tyranny.
Realism is autism.
Honesty, decency - dishonesty, dishonesty.
Confidence is insecurity.
Tact is tactlessness.
Happiness is sadness.
Sociability - unsociability.
Independence - conformity.
Variety of interests - narrowness of interests.
Seriousness - windiness.
Aggressiveness is kindness.
Optimism - pessimism.
Generosity is stinginess.
Self-confidence is insecurity.
The maturity of the mind is inconsistency, illogicality.
Calmness (self-control) - neuroticism (nervousness).
Kindness, unobtrusiveness, tolerance - self-will, selfishness.
Kindness, gentleness - malice, callousness.
Willpower is willlessness.
Consistency, discipline of the mind - inconsistency, dispersion.
Adulthood is infantilism.
Openness (contact) - isolation (solitude).
Fascination is disappointment.
Activity - passivity.
Expressiveness - restraint.
Sensitivity - coldness.
Honesty is deceit.
Cheerfulness is cheerfulness.
Courage is cowardice.
Independence is dependence.

social structure personalities

Conducting a study of the social structure of the personality, I had to face a number of theoretical obstacles that hinder the construction of the concept of personality. The main element here is the personality, considered as a social quality. The sociological structure of the personality consists of the subjective and objective properties of the individual, which manifest themselves and function in the process of his life. It can be both interaction with others, and independent activity. In sociology, it is extremely important to determine the moment of transition and transformation taking place in the structure of personality.

Psychological structure of personality

The elements of the psychological structure of a personality are its psychological properties and characteristics, usually called "personality traits". There are a lot of them. But psychologists are trying to conditionally fit all this elusive number of personality traits into a number of substructures. The lowest level of personality is a biologically conditioned substructure, which includes age, sexual properties of the psyche, innate properties such as the nervous system and temperament.

The next substructure includes the individual characteristics of human mental processes, i.e. individual manifestations of memory, perception, sensations, thinking, abilities, depending both on innate factors and on training, development, and improvement of these qualities. Further, the level of personality is also its individual social experience, which includes the knowledge, skills, abilities and habits acquired by a person. This substructure is formed mainly in the learning process and has a social character.

The highest level of personality is its orientation, including inclinations, desires, interests, inclinations, ideals, views, beliefs of a person, his worldview, character traits, self-esteem. The substructure of the orientation of the personality is most socially conditioned, formed under the influence of upbringing in society, and most fully reflects the ideology of the community in which the person is included.

The difference between people is multifaceted: on each of the substructures there are differences in beliefs and interests, experience and knowledge, abilities and skills, temperament and character. That is why it is not easy to understand another person, it is not easy to avoid inconsistencies, contradictions, even conflicts with other people. In order to understand oneself and others more deeply, certain psychological knowledge is needed, combined with observation.

In psychology, there are two main directions in the study of personality: the first is based on the identification of certain traits in the personality, and the second is the definition of personality types. Personality traits combine groups of closely related psychological traits.

Social structure of personality

Before an individual becomes a person in the proper sense of the word, he has to go through a long process of socialization. Despite the widespread use of the term "socialization", it has not received an unambiguous interpretation. Moreover, sometimes synonymous concepts are also used. It is necessary to distinguish from socialization adaptation (a time-limited process of getting used to new conditions), learning (acquisition of new knowledge), upbringing (purposeful influence of socialization agents on the spiritual sphere and human behavior), maturation (socio-psychological development of a person in the age range from 10 to 20 years), maturation (physical and physiological process of strengthening the human body in adolescence and youth).

The processes of socialization are studied both within the framework of social psychology and sociology, which, of course, determines its specificity in the interpretation of this process in these sciences.

Understanding the process of socialization is associated with the idea of personality development, while the latter is seen as becoming an active social subject. “Socialization is a two-way process, which includes, on the one hand, the assimilation of social experience by the individual by entering the social environment, the system of social ties; on the other hand, the process of active reproduction of the system of social ties by the individual due to his vigorous activity, active inclusion in the social environment. Socialization covers all the processes of introducing an individual to culture, social experience, with the help of which he acquires the ability to participate in the life of society.

However, a person not only assimilates social experience, but also transforms it into his own attitudes, beliefs, and value orientations. In other words, the reproduction of social experience is impossible without the active participation of the person himself, which implies the further development of this experience. Therefore, a person in socialization is both an object and a subject of social relations. When assimilating social experience, a person appears as an object of influence; however, this influence takes place with the personal participation of the person himself, where he already reveals himself as a subject.

So, in its content, socialization is a process of becoming a person, which begins from the moment a person is born. As noted, three spheres are usually distinguished in which the formation of a personality is carried out: activity, communication and self-consciousness. The entry of a person into these spheres is characterized by a constant expansion and complication of the social ties into which he enters. So, in socialization, there is a development of more and more new types of activity, orientation in the system of connections present in each type of activity and between its various types, centering around the main chosen type, i.e., there is a process of expanding the capabilities of the individual as a subject of activity. Communication in the context of socialization is also considered in terms of its expansion and deepening. As for self-consciousness, its development means the formation in a person of the image of his "I", understood as the definition of his own identity, some integrity.

The socialization of the individual proceeds under the influence of many conditions and factors, both socially controlled, directed-organized, and spontaneous, spontaneous. In general terms, it is an attribute of a person's lifestyle and can be considered as its condition and result.

There are also certain stages of the process of socialization. Since this topic was studied in detail in Freudianism, it is in this direction that the tradition of determining the stages of socialization has developed. At present, it is quite generally accepted in sociology and social psychology to distinguish such stages of socialization as childhood, adolescence and adolescence. As for the definition of further stages, the issue is still debatable. To resolve the difficulties that have arisen in sociology, an approach has been applied in which the stages of socialization are distinguished depending on the attitude of a person to work activity. Hence, socialization includes pre-labor, labor and post-labor stages. The pre-labor stage covers the period in a person's life before the start of his labor activity. In turn, this stage breaks down into early socialization (from the birth of a child to entering school) and the learning stage (learning at school and other educational institutions).

The labor stage of socialization extends to the period of maturity. At this stage, the person not only assimilates experience, but also actively reproduces it. Post-labor socialization is associated with the continuation of this process after the termination of the active participation of a person in labor activity.

In connection with the stages of the process of socialization in sociology, agents and institutions of socialization are singled out. Socialization agents are specific people responsible for teaching cultural norms and mastering social roles. The formations in which the transmission of social experience takes place are called institutions of socialization. Socialization institutions are institutions and organizations that influence and guide the process of socialization. This is a family, preschool children's institutions, a school, other educational and educational institutions, a labor collective, reference groups that do not have an asocial orientation, etc. Socialization is understood as the self-development of a person in the process of its interaction with various social groups, as a result of which a certain life position of the individual is developed. .

In the sociological literature, much attention is paid to the issues of political and legal socialization. In domestic sociology, political socialization is understood as the political development of an individual as a process of actively assimilation of ideological, political values and norms of society and their formation into a conscious system of socio-political attitudes that determines the position and behavior of an individual in the political system of society.

As for legal socialization, it is considered as a process of acquiring legal knowledge and experience of legal communication by a person. In the process of legal socialization, there is a mastery of ways of behavior that correspond to the norms of law. "The legal socialization of the individual is the inclusion in the value-normative system of the individual of those values that are protected by law."

So, socialization is the development by the individual of social requirements and functions as an indispensable inclusion in the social community.

Among other processes where a person acts as an object of social relations, social and role identification are distinguished. In the processes of social identification, an individual is identified with a particular social group, he realizes his belonging to a given community, the norms, ideals, values shared by a particular social group are acquired and assimilated. In role identification, the individual accepts socially assigned functions and group requirements as meeting the interests and needs of the subject.

One of the main goals of socialization and identification is adaptation, adaptation of a person to social reality. But at the same time, there are negative consequences such an adaptation, and one of them is conformism. It means the passive acceptance of the existing order of things, opinions, etc. In sociology, conformism is distinguished as a social phenomenon, when they talk about a certain uniformity in society, about the leveling of the individual, and as a certain (conformal) behavior of a person, which is due to fear of sanctions or unwillingness to stay in isolation and accepting the positions and opinions of the group under its pressure. Conformity takes place where the existence of a conflict between the opinion of the individual and the opinion of the group is fixed and the overcoming of this conflict in favor of the group. At the same time, external comfort is distinguished (the opinion of the group is accepted by the individual purely externally) and internal (when the individual really assimilates the opinion of the majority).

The natural adaptation of a personality to life circumstances cannot be confused with opportunism, which is the basis of its conformal behavior.

In the study of the processes of socialization of the individual, the identification of reference groups is important. Reference groups are groups with the values, norms and attitudes of which the individual correlates his behavior in order to accept these norms and values or compare with them. This topic is of great importance in the sociology of law, since it is necessary to identify and study reference groups that have an asocial orientation and actively influence the process of forming negative features of emerging personalities.

Socialization goes through stages that coincide with life cycles. Life cycles are associated with a change in social roles, the acquisition of a new status, a change in the usual way of life, etc. Entering a new cycle, a person falls under the influence of two processes: desocialization and resocialization. Weaning from the old rules of behavior, roles, shared values and norms is called desocialization, and the next stage of learning new norms, roles, rules of behavior is resocialization. Desocialization and resocialization are two sides of the process of adult, or continued, socialization. Desocialization can be so deep that it leads to the destruction of the basis of the personality, and then the process of resocialization is impossible. However, not only desocialization can be deep, but also resocialization.

It should be noted that the agents and institutions of socialization perform not only the function associated with teaching the individual cultural norms and patterns of behavior, but also the function of control, that is, how firmly, deeply and correctly the norms and roles are learned. At the same time, reward and punishment are effective methods and social control and socialization in general.

Great importance in sociology is given to the problems of studying the personality as a subject of social relations. Fixing the position of the individual as the subject of these relations is carried out in such concepts as "normative consciousness", "value orientations", "motivation", "social attitudes", "social behavior", etc. Already at the stage of assimilation of social experience, activity, individual features of the individual. “The propositions that a person’s behavior is socially determined and that he himself is an object of social relations, that is, actions coming from society and its institutions, are only part of the problem of interaction between a person and society.”

Accordingly, another part of the problem concerns the impact of a person on society, which involves considering him as a subject of social relations.

The subjectivity of a person is connected with his ability to turn his own life activity into an object of practical transformation. The formation of the subject of activity is the process of assimilation by the individual of its structural constituents: meaning, purpose, tasks, ways of transforming the world by man.

The reality and necessity of communication are determined by the joint life of people. It is in the process of communication and only through communication that the essence of a person can manifest itself. The direct emotional communication of a child with his mother is the first experience of his communication, where he acts as a subject. In the future, a person expands the circle of his communication, actively influencing other people in this process.

Along with social adaptability, a developed personality has personal autonomy, its own individuality. In crisis situations, such a person retains his own life strategy, remains committed to his positions and value orientations, which indicates his integrity and stability.

The structure of personality in psychology

Personality is a social formation with a set of individual properties acquired in society. According to this statement, a person is not a person from birth, but becomes one gradually, or does not become at all. There are three personality structures in psychology. These are traits of character, ability and motivation. Personal qualities should not be added here, since these properties can only compensate for some character flaws in the personality structure.

Motivation

The motivational structure of a person is a determinant, a driving element in the life of a person. The motivational structure is determined by a combination of several groups of qualities, which we will now list.

There are qualities that speak of the orientation of the individual towards himself. This is self-interest, conformity, self-affirmation.

There are properties of motivation that will tell about orientation to others or a higher leader - orientation to a referent, to a group, to relatives. From this will depend on who will be guided by the individual.

And also there is a group of properties of personal motivation that explain the measure of human humanity. This is an orientation towards the distant, towards society, and a measure of conscientiousness.

There are also two separate properties - desire and ideal. Much in motivation depends on the magnitude of the desire and on the height of the ideal. Based on this, the favorable motivation is calculated. For example, high humanism, a low ideal, and referent orientation are unlikely to motivate a person to lead.

Needs

Philosophers noted thousands of years ago, and modern psychologists do not surprise with anything else, stating that humanity is not yet aware of the full range of the structure of the needs of the individual. One of the most acceptable classifications writes about the needs of physiological, security, involvement in society, self-realization and recognition. But in fact, each person manifests these basic qualities to a different extent.

self-awareness

Self-consciousness is a person's ability to transform himself and the world around him, as well as evaluate himself in the world. The structure of self-consciousness of a person means the influence of I - ego, I - image and I - concept on a person's life.

Some psychologists interpret it in the following terms:

Self-knowledge;
self-attitude;
self-regulation.

Others, by this term, mean sensual self-awareness (a sense of internal processes in the body), personal (the ability to assess their pluses and minuses), analytical or introspection, as well as active, that is, motivated behavior.

In any case, a person's self-consciousness allows him to separate himself from the surrounding world and concentrate on his actions, states, experiences.

Structure of personality status

Legal status is a complex, integration category that reflects the relationship between the individual and society, the citizen and the state, the individual and the collective, and other social ties.

Therefore, it is important that a person correctly imagines his position, his rights and obligations, his place in a particular structure, because, as rightly noted in the literature, in life there are often examples of a falsely understood or assigned status. If this status is misunderstood, then the person is guided by alien patterns of behavior.

Even more harmful and unacceptable is the empowerment of officials with powers not provided for by law, arbitrary expansion of functions, which violates their official status, testifies to legal nihilism. In addition, the status can be legally vague, amorphous, blurred, which leads to confusion, violations of the law, and individual rights.

There are the following types of legal status:

A) general, or constitutional, status of a citizen;
b) special, or generic, status of certain categories of citizens;
c) individual status;
d) the status of individuals and legal entities;
e) the status of foreigners, stateless persons, persons with dual citizenship, refugees;
f) the status of Russian citizens who are abroad;
g) sectoral statuses: civil law, administrative law, etc.;
h) professional and official statuses (status of a deputy, minister, judge, prosecutor);
i) the status of persons working in various extreme conditions or special regions of the country (the Far North, the Far East, defense facilities, secret industries).

The set of legal statuses is large, but in theoretical terms, the first three types are of the most significant importance.

General legal status is the status of a person as a citizen of the state, a member of society. It is determined, first of all, by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and does not depend on various current circumstances (movements in the service, marital status, positions, functions performed), is single and the same for everyone, is characterized by relative static, generalization. The content of this status is mainly those rights and obligations that are granted and guaranteed by the Constitution. Changing this content depends on the will of the legislator, and not on each individual.

The general legal status is not able to take into account the whole variety of subjects of law, their features, differences, specifics. Therefore, it does not include numerous subjective rights and obligations that constantly arise and cease for subjects depending on their work activity, the nature of the legal relationship they enter into, and other situations. If these rights and obligations were included in the concept of the general status of a citizen, then a different, extremely unstable and indefinite status would result. He would no longer be alone. The general legal status is the basic one, the starting point for all others.

Special, or generic, status reflects the peculiarities of the situation of certain categories of citizens (for example, pensioners, students, military personnel, university workers, teachers, workers, peasants, disabled people, war veterans, etc.). These layers, groups, based on the general constitutional status of a citizen, may have their own specifics, additional rights, obligations, benefits provided for by current legislation. Improving these statuses is one of the tasks of legal science.

Individual status captures the specifics of an individual (sex, age, marital status, work performed, other characteristics). It is a set of personified rights and duties of a citizen.

Solid knowledge by each of his personal status, his rights, duties, responsibilities, opportunities is a sign of legal culture, legal literacy. The individual legal status is mobile, dynamic, it changes along with the changes that occur in a person's life.

The three types of status considered are related to each other as general, special and singular. They are closely interconnected and interdependent, overlap each other, and in practice are inseparable.

Each individual acts simultaneously in all the indicated qualities - a citizen of his state (general status), belongs to a certain stratum (group) and, therefore, has a generic status, and he also represents a separate, unique personality, i.e. has an individual status. Everyone has one general legal status, there are many special statuses, and there are exactly as many individual statuses as there are citizens.

It goes without saying that special, individual and all other statuses cannot contradict the general (constitutional) status. On the contrary, they must correspond to it as a basic, primary, initial one.

Legal status is a complex, collective category that reflects the whole complex of human relations with society, the state, the team, and the surrounding people.

The structure of this concept includes the following elements:

A) basic rights and obligations;
b) legitimate interests;
c) legal personality;
d) citizenship;
e) legal liability;
e) legal principles;
g) legal norms establishing this status;
h) legal relations of a general (status) type.

At the same time, as already noted, rights and obligations, especially constitutional ones, their guarantees form the basis (core) of the legal status. This provision is enshrined in Art. 64 of the Constitution of Russia.

Only in the subsequent period, with the development of legal thought, in the 70s - 80s, the category of legal status received a fairly wide development, formed as a problem and as one of the key concepts of jurisprudence, fixed in the legislation.

The structure of the legal personality

The legal status essentially fixes the actual (social) status of a person, his real position in society. Legal status is a set of rights and obligations of subjects recognized by the constitution and legislation, as well as the powers of state bodies and officials, with the help of which they perform their social roles. It is the rights and obligations that form the core of the legal status.

In the structure of the legal status of an individual, such elements are distinguished as:

Rights and obligations;
- legitimate interests;
- legal personality;
- citizenship;
- legal liability;
- legal principles, etc.

Legal status can be general, special and individual. These types reflect the correlation of such philosophical categories as "general", "special" and "separate".

General - this is the status of a person as a citizen of the state, enshrined in the constitution. The special status fixes the peculiarities of the position of certain categories of citizens (students, participants in the war, businessmen, lawyers, etc.), provides the opportunity to perform their special functions.

Individual status reflects the specifics of an individual (gender, age, marital status, position, work experience, etc.) and is a set of personified rights and obligations of an individual.

The concept of "legal status", firstly, is of a collective nature, because it includes the legal statuses of citizens, foreigners, persons with dual citizenship, stateless persons, refugees, internally displaced persons; secondly, it reflects the individual characteristics of the individual and his real position in the system of various social relations; thirdly, it allows you to see the rights and obligations of the individual in a certain integrity, in a systemic and mutually supported form; fourthly, it makes it possible to compare statuses, opens up ways for their further improvement

Legal status is a complex category that reflects the relationship between the individual and society, the citizen and the state, the individual and the collective, and other social ties. Therefore, it is important that a person correctly represents his position, his rights and obligations, his place in a particular structure.

The legal status of the individual in modern Russia is highly controversial. On the one hand, it is fundamentally human-oriented (although so far more declarative) and has a fairly progressive base that generally corresponds to international legal standards. On the other hand, the legal status of an individual in a crisis in the economic and political systems is not stable, secured. Its nature and character are influenced by such negative processes in our reality as the growth of crime and unemployment, bureaucracy and bureaucratic arbitrariness, the decline in production and non-payment of wages, the problem of refugees and internally displaced persons, etc. and so on.

Human and civil rights are a very complex and diverse phenomenon.

They can be classified based on the following criteria:

1) Taking into account the stages of the declaration of fundamental rights and freedoms - for three generations:

A) the first generation includes the proclaimed bourgeois revolutions(XVII-XVIII centuries) civil and political rights, which were called "negative", i.e. expressing the independence of the individual in certain actions from the power of the state; denoting the limits of his non-interference in the field of freedom and self-expression of the individual (for example, the right to life, liberty and security of the person, the inviolability of the home, the right to equality before the law, the right to vote, the right to freedom of thought and conscience, freedom of speech and the press, etc. );
b) the second generation is associated with social, economic and cultural rights, which were established as such by the middle of the 20th century under the influence of the struggle of peoples to improve their socio-economic situation, to raise their cultural status, under the influence of socialist ideas. These rights are sometimes called "positive", because their implementation, in contrast to the implementation of the rights of the first generation, requires certain targeted actions on the part of the state, i.e. his "positive intervention" in their implementation, the adoption of ensuring measures (for example, the right to work and free choice of work, to rest and leisure, to protect motherhood and childhood, to education, to health care, to social security, to participate in the cultural life of society and so on.);
c) the third generation - collective and solidary rights, generated global issues humanity and belonging not only to entire nations, peoples (for example, the rights to peace, favorable environment, self-determination, information, social and economic development etc.). These rights began to arise after the Second World War in the process of liberation of many countries from colonial dependence, aggravation of environmental and humanitarian problems, and are in many respects still in their infancy as legally binding norms.

2) Depending on the content:

Civil or personal (the right to life; to the protection of dignity; secrecy of correspondence, telephone conversations, etc.);
- political (the right to elect and be elected to power structures; to equal access to public service; to association; peaceful meetings, rallies, demonstrations, etc.);
- economic (the right to private property, to entrepreneurial activity, to work, to rest, etc.);
- social (the right to protection of the family, motherhood and childhood, health; to social security; a favorable environment, etc.);
- cultural (the right to education, to participate in cultural life, to use the results of scientific and cultural progress; freedom of literary, artistic, scientific, technical and other types of creativity, etc.).

3) Depending on the subordination - into basic (the right to participate in the management of society and the state) and additional (suffrage).

4) Depending on the person's belonging to a particular state - to the rights of Russian citizens, foreign citizens, persons with dual citizenship and stateless persons.

5) Depending on the degree of distribution - into general (inherent in all citizens) and special (depending on the social, official position, dad, age of the person, as well as other factors: for example, the rights of consumers, employees, minors, women, pensioners, veterans, refugees, etc.).

6) Depending on the nature of the subjects - individual (the right to life, work, etc.) and collective (the right to strike, rallies, etc.).

7) Depending on the role of the state in their implementation - negative (the state must refrain from specific actions in relation to the individual) and positive (the state must provide the person with certain benefits, assist in exercising his rights).

8) Depending on the characteristics of the individual, manifested in various areas and individual situations of her life:

Rights in the field of personal security and privacy;
- for rights in the field of state and socio-political life;
- rights in the field of economic, social and cultural activities.

The main legal duties of a person and a citizen in the Russian Federation include the following duties:

Comply with the Constitution and laws of the Russian Federation, do not violate the rights and freedoms, legitimate interests of other persons;
- pay the established taxes and fees;
- military duty (defense of the Fatherland);
- obligation to respect nature;
- upbringing and care of children;
- taking care of disabled parents;
- obtaining basic general education;
- prevention of activities aimed at monopolization and unfair competition in the economy;
- non-propaganda and agitation that incite social, national, religious enmity or hatred;
- concern for the preservation and conservation of historical and cultural monuments.

The structure of personality development

There are various theories of personality development. Some scholars prefer environment as a source of personality development and deny the role of congenital, biological factors. Others, on the contrary, believe that the biological nature of man is an ideal source of development. You just need to trust her and not interfere with the natural process.

Modern psychology refuses to oppose the biological and sociocultural factors of personality development in favor of understanding the importance of both. At the same time, all factors under the influence of which a person develops are divided into external and internal.

Internal factors are, first of all, the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the individual, the characteristics of his nervous system and inclinations. For example, poor eyesight and hearing naturally affect the actions and deeds of the individual. And the inclinations, as you know, facilitate the development of personality abilities.

External factors personal development are in the environment. Usually, a natural-geographical and social environment is distinguished here. It is known, for example, that people who grew up in the Far North are more self-possessed, organized, know how to value time, and are attentive to what they are taught. The social environment, in turn, is subdivided into the macroenvironment (society as a whole) and the microenvironment (family, study group, work collective, etc.). It is in the microenvironment that the most important moral and psychological characteristics of the individual are laid. And a personality that has been formed in the conditions of, for example, a totalitarian state, in most cases will not be the same as one that has received free development in a democratic society.

In the process of personality development, internal and external factors are closely interconnected. At the same time, the decisive role in the integration of these factors belongs to the personality itself, its own activity in the process of self-actualization and self-improvement.

An example of the refusal to oppose the biological and sociocultural factors of personality development is the theory of the American psychologist E. Erickson. It is based on the genetic predetermination of the stages that each person must pass in his personal development.

These eight stages correspond to their own life crises, that is, sharp, abrupt changes, severe transitional states:

Crisis of trust or distrust in people (up to 1 year).
- Independence, self-confidence or doubt, exaggerated sense of shame (from 1 to 3 years).
- Curiosity and activity or passivity and indifference to people (from 3 to 5 years).
- Diligence or inferiority complex (from 5 to 11 years).
- Personal self-determination or individual dullness (from 11 to 20 years).
- Intimacy and sociability or personal psychological isolation (from 20 to 30 years).
- Caring for the upbringing of children or immersion in oneself (from 30 to 60 years).
- Satisfaction with the life lived or despair (over 60 years).

In addition to crisis periods in personality development, psychologists also distinguish sensitive periods, that is, the most sensitive and favorable for the development of one or another human ability. For example, the sensitive period for the development of speech is the age from 9 months to 2 years.

In the course of personality development, its stable structure gradually develops.

The psychological structure of the personality is made up of:

Individual features of mental processes;
- characteristic mental states;
- mental properties (orientation, abilities, temperament, character);
- life experience.

In psychology, there are other approaches to considering the structure of personality (K.K. Platonov, A.N. Leontiev, A.G. Kovalev, Z. Freud, E. Fromm, E. Bern, A. Maslow, K. Rogers and others ).

Freud's personality structure

It is safe to say that the views of the outstanding Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud are at the origins of modern psychology. He is rightly called the "father" of modern psychology. Central to the early description of personality in the views of Z. Freud was the concept of unconscious mental processes. However, in the early 1920s, Freud revised his conceptual model of mental life and introduced three structures into the anatomy of personality: the id, the ego, and the superego.

The word "id" comes from the Latin "it" and, according to Freud, means exclusively primitive, instinctive and innate aspects of the personality. The id functions entirely in the unconscious and is closely related to the primary needs (food, sleep, defecation) that energize our behavior. According to Freud, the id is something dark, biological, chaotic, not knowing the laws, not obeying the rules. The id retains its central meaning for the individual throughout his life. Being the oldest initial structure of the psyche, the id expresses the primary principle of all human life - an immediate outburst of psychic energy produced by biologically determined impulses (especially sexual and aggressive ones). The immediate release of tension is called the pleasure principle. The id follows from this principle, expressing itself in an impulsive, selfish manner, with no regard for the consequences for others and in defiance of self-preservation. In other words, the id can be compared to a blind king, whose brutal power and authority make people obey, but in order to exercise power, he is forced to rely on his subjects.

Freud described two mechanisms by which the id relieves tension in the personality: reflex actions and primary processes. In the first case, the id responds automatically to excitation signals and thus immediately relieves the tension caused by the stimulus. Examples of such innate reflex mechanisms are coughing in response to irritation of the upper respiratory tract and tears when a mote enters the eye. However, it must be recognized that reflex actions do not always reduce the level of irritation or tension. So, not a single reflex movement will allow a hungry child to get food. When the reflex action fails to reduce the tension, another function of the id, called the primary representational process, comes into play. The id forms the mental image of an object originally associated with the satisfaction of a basic need. In the example of the hungry child, this process may evoke the image of a mother's breast or a bottle of milk. Other examples of the primary representational process are found in dreams, hallucinations, or psychoses.

Primary processes are an illogical, irrational and fantasy form of human representations, characterized by an inability to suppress impulses and distinguish between real and unreal, “self” and “non-self”. The complexity of behavior in accordance with the primary process lies in the fact that the individual cannot distinguish between the actual object that can satisfy the need, and its image. For example, between water and a mirage of water for a person wandering through the desert. Therefore, Freud argued, it is an impossible task for an infant to learn to delay the satisfaction of its primary needs. The capacity for delayed gratification first occurs when young children realize that there is an outside world in addition to their own needs and desires. With the advent of this knowledge, the second structure of the personality, the ego, arises.

Ego (from the Latin “ego” - “I”) is a component of the mental apparatus responsible for making decisions. The ego seeks to express and satisfy the desires of the id in accordance with the restrictions imposed by the external world. The ego receives its structure and function from the id, evolves from it, and borrows some of the energy of the id for its own needs in order to meet the demands of social reality. Thus, the ego helps to ensure the safety and self-preservation of the organism. For example, a hungry person in search of food must distinguish between the image of food that appears in the representation and the image of food in reality. That is, a person must learn to get and consume food before the tension decreases. This goal makes a person learn, think, reason, perceive, decide, remember, etc. Accordingly, the ego uses cognitive and perceptual processes in its quest to satisfy the desires and needs of the id. Unlike the id, whose nature is expressed in the search for pleasure, the ego is subject to the reality principle, the purpose of which is to preserve the integrity of the organism by delaying the satisfaction of instincts until the moment when the opportunity to achieve discharge in a suitable way is found or the appropriate conditions are found in the external environment.

SUPEREGO

In order for a person to function effectively in society, he must have a system of values, norms and ethics that are reasonably compatible with those accepted in his environment. All this is acquired in the process of “socialization”; in the language of the structural model of psychoanalysis - through the formation of a superego (from the Latin "super" - "over" and "ego" - "I").

The superego is the last component of the developing personality. From Freud's point of view, an organism is not born with a superego. Rather, children should acquire it through interaction with parents, teachers, and other "shaping" figures. Being a moral and ethical force, the superego is the result of a child's long-term dependence on their parents. It begins to appear when the child begins to distinguish between “right” and “wrong” (around the age of 3 to 5 years).

Freud divided the superego into two subsystems: the conscience and the ego-ideal. Conscience is acquired through parental discipline. It has to do with what parents call "naughty behavior" and for which the child is reprimanded. Conscience includes the ability for critical self-assessment, the presence of moral prohibitions and the emergence of guilt. The rewarding aspect of the superego is the ego-ideal. It is formed from what significant people approve or highly value. And, if the goal is achieved, it causes a feeling of self-respect and pride.

The superego is said to be fully formed when parental control is replaced by self-control. The superego, trying to completely inhibit any socially condemned impulses from the id, tries to direct a person to absolute perfection in thoughts, words and deeds. That is, it tries to convince the ego of the superiority of idealistic goals over realistic ones.

PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT

Psychoanalytic developmental theory rests on two premises. The first, or genetic premise, emphasizes that early childhood experiences play a critical role in shaping the adult personality. Freud was convinced that the basic foundation of an individual's personality is laid at a very early age, before the age of five. The second premise is that a person is born with a certain amount of sexual energy (libido), which then passes in its development through several psychosexual stages rooted in the instinctive processes of the body.

Freud came up with the hypothesis of four successive stages of personality development: oral, anal, phallic and genital. In the general scheme of development, Freud also included a latent period, which falls on the interval between approximately 6-7 years of a child's life and the onset of puberty. But, strictly speaking, the latent period is not a stage. The first three stages of development cover the age from birth to five years and are called pregenital stages, since the genital area has not yet acquired a dominant role in the development of personality. The fourth stage coincides with the onset of puberty. The names of the stages are based on the names of the areas of the body, the stimulation of which leads to the discharge of libido energy. The table gives a description of the stages of psychosexual development according to Freud.

Freud's stages of psychosexual development:

	Age period	libido focus area	Tasks and experience appropriate for this level of development
oral	0 -18 months	Mouth (sucking, chewing, biting)	Weaning (from breast). Separation of self from mother's body
anal		Anus (holding or expelling feces)	Toilet training (self-control)
phallic		Sex organs (masturbation)	Identification with adults of the same sex acting as role models
Latent		Absent (sexual inactivity)	Expansion of social contacts with peers
Genital	Puberty (puberty)	Genital organs (ability to have heterosexual relationships)	Establishing intimate relationships or falling in love; making a contribution to society

Since Freud's main emphasis was on biological factors, all stages are closely related to erogenous zones, that is, sensitive areas of the body that function as loci for the expression of libido impulses. Erogenous zones include the ears, eyes, mouth (lips), mammary glands, anus, and genitals.

The term “psychosexual” emphasizes that the main factor determining the development of the personality is the sexual instinct, which progresses from one erogenous zone to another during a person’s life. According to Freud's theory, at each stage of development, a certain area of the body tends to a certain object or action in order to cause pleasant tension. The social experience of the individual, as a rule, brings to each stage a certain long-term contribution in the form of acquired attitudes, traits and values. The logic of Freud's theoretical constructions is based on two factors: frustration and over-care. In cases of frustration, the child's psychosexual needs (eg, sucking, biting, and chewing) are suppressed by the parents or caregivers and therefore do not find optimal satisfaction. With overprotectiveness on the part of the parents, the child is given few opportunities (or none at all) to control his own internal functions (for example, to exercise control over excretory functions). For this reason, the child develops a sense of dependence and incompetence. In any case, as Freud believed, the result is an excessive accumulation of libido, which later, in adulthood, can be expressed in the form of “residual” behavior (character traits, values, attitudes) associated with the psychosexual stage at which frustration or over-care occurred. .

BASIC INSTINCTS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Psychoanalytic theory is based on the notion that people are complex energy systems. In accordance with the achievements of physics and physiology of the 19th century, Freud believed that human behavior is activated by a single energy, according to the law of conservation of energy (that is, it can go from one state to another, but its quality remains the same). Freud took this general principle nature, translated it into the language of psychological terms and concluded that the source of psychic energy is the neurophysiological state of excitation. He further postulated: each person has a certain limited amount of energy that feeds mental activity. According to Freud, mental images of bodily needs, expressed in the form of desires, are called instincts. Freud argued that any human activity (thinking, perception, memory and imagination) is determined by instincts.

Although the number of instincts can be unlimited, Freud recognized the existence of two main groups: life and death instincts. The first group (under the general name of Eros) includes all the forces that serve the purpose of maintaining vital processes and ensuring the reproduction of the human race. Recognizing the great importance of the life instincts, Freud considered the sexual instincts to be the most essential for the development of the personality. The energy of sexual instincts is called libido (from Latin “want” or “desire”).

Libido is a certain amount of psychic energy that finds discharge exclusively in sexual behavior.

The second group - the death instincts, called Thanatos - underlies all manifestations of cruelty, aggression, suicide and murder. In contrast to the energy of the libido, as the energy of the life instincts, the energy of the death instincts has not received a special name. He believed that the death instincts obey the principle of entropy (that is, the law of thermodynamics, according to which any energy system seeks to maintain dynamic equilibrium). Referring to Schopenhauer, Freud stated: "The purpose of life is death."

Human personality structure

There are about 10 components in the personality structure. These components can be divided into bodily, psychological, social and directly personal.

Cognitive and affective sphere - two opposites

The cognitive area of the personality is engaged in cognition and includes such mental processes: memory, attention, perception, understanding, thinking, decision making. Knowledge with the help of them is called rational, that is, reasonable. This is a logical and consistent processing of information.

The affective sphere includes all mental processes not connected with the mind. This includes motives, needs, emotional attitude to the world and oneself, impulses and urges. The affective sphere encourages actions that in simple terms are called unreasonable.

Perception and consciousness

The next component of the structure of a person's personality is his worldview. World perception can be defined as a vision of the world as a whole and attitude towards it. The self-concept is, in turn, a component of world perception. It reflects a person's vision of himself in this world. Each person's picture of the world has its own characteristics. The world can be perceived as safe or dangerous, simple or complex.

Consciousness as a component of personality structure is an area in which a person can pay attention to their mental processes. These processes are clear and reasonable, they can be controlled. The unconscious contains elements that a person cannot “see” and control. This includes processes that occur without conscious control. It is possible to learn about the contents of the unconscious through careful introspection.

Personal orientation and experience

The next component is personality orientation. This is what is really important for a person. In other words, it is his driving force, his personal ideology. The orientation of the personality may differ in breadth or narrowness, vary in stability. Usually the orientation of the personality is determined by the person himself, and not by society.

Experience as a component of personality structure is knowledge and skills acquired during life. They affect a person in the present tense, no matter how long ago they were learned. Personal experience is formed from what the person experienced directly. Also, people accept someone else's experience, public, which is not subject to doubt and personal verification. Some moral and ethical aspects can also be attributed to social experience.

Ability and temperament

Personal abilities are also included in its structure. It can be mental, strong-willed, mental, bodily abilities. Included in the structure and character - a set of relatively stable ways of behavior and reactions. Despite the existing backbone in the form of character, many other extraneous factors also influence the implemented behavior. The main ones are habits, willpower and dynamism of actions.

The last component of personality structure is temperament. In general terms, we can say that this is the energy and dynamics of behavior, the strength of his emotional reactions. People by temperament are divided into sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic and melancholic.

Components of the personality structure

The first component (block) of the structure characterizes the orientation of the personality, or the attitude of a person to reality. Orientation includes various properties, a system of interacting needs and interests, ideological and practical attitudes. At the same time, some of the orientation components dominate and have a leading role, while others play a supporting role. The dominant direction determines the entire mental activity personality. For example, dominance cognitive need leads to an appropriate volitional and emotional mood, which in turn activates intellectual activity. At the same time, natural needs are somewhat slowed down, everyday worries are relegated to the background. A person begins to justify the expediency of his hobby, to give it a special social and personal significance.

The second block defines the capabilities of the individual and includes the system of abilities that ensures the success of the activity. Abilities are interconnected and interact with each other. As a rule, one of the abilities dominates, others obey them. So, for example, A. S. Pushkin was dominated by poetic talent, although he showed himself both as a historian and as a talented draftsman. The same can be said about M. Yu. Lermontov. F. I. Chaliapin's main ability is stage. She subjugated her visual abilities and forced them to serve the stage. According to the law of dominance, the subordinate ability enhances the main, leading ability.

Obviously, the structure of orientation affects the nature of the correlation of abilities. In turn, the differentiation of abilities affects the selectivity of the individual's attitude to reality.

The third block in the structure of personality is the character, or style of human behavior in social environment. Character is a complex synthetic formation, where the content and form of a person's spiritual life are manifested in unity. Although the character does not express the personality as a whole, however, it represents a complex system of its properties, orientation and will, intellectual and emotional qualities, typological features, manifested in temperament.

In the character system, the leading properties can also be distinguished. These include, first of all, moral (sensitivity or callousness in relation to people, responsibility in relation to public duties, modesty), and secondly, volitional qualities (decisiveness, perseverance, courage and self-control), which provide a certain style of behavior and a way of solving practical tasks. That is why it can be said that moral-volitional properties constitute the real basis of character.

The fourth block in the personality structure is a person's temperament as a dynamic characteristic of the course of his mental processes. Therefore, the properties of temperament are often called psychodynamic properties. In everyday psychology, the idea of four human temperaments has long been rooted. However, modern psychology characterizes temperament in a more multifaceted way and distinguishes not so much types of temperament as its properties (activity, reactivity, sensitivity, emotionality, anxiety, and others).

The last block, built on top of all the others, will be the control system, which is usually denoted by the word "I". "I" carries out self-regulation: strengthening or weakening of activity, self-control and correction of actions and deeds, anticipation and planning of life and activity.

Basic personality structures

Individuality - a person as a unique, original Personality, realizing himself in creative activity. If Personality is the highest level of a person, then individuality is his deepest dimension.

The structure of personality activity

Activity is a practical expression, the result of the thinking process of the individual. Any activity is based on the use of two mechanisms: motivational and dispositional.

The motivational mechanism is a way of developing a motive for an activity and includes a sequence of the following operations:

1) feeling of need (for food, clothing, housing);
2) awareness of interest in meeting this need (I need to eat, get dressed, build a house);
3) the development of a motive - a motive, a reason for activity (there is no food, clothes are worn out, the house has collapsed).

The dispositional mechanism determines the predisposition of the individual to a particular behavior in specific conditions, the ability to make a choice of activities. It includes the motive of activity, incentives - external stimuli for activity (favorable or unfavorable situation, the presence or absence of funds, opportunities, skills, abilities) and attitudes - the general orientation, orientation of the consciousness of the individual to a particular type of activity (for example, you can buy food, cook it yourself or steal it).

There are three levels of personality dispositions: the highest is the formation of a person's concept of life and its embodiment in value orientations (get an education, work hard, give birth and raise children); medium - a generalized attitude of the individual to social objects and institutions (the university where I study is the best in the city, my family is my fortress); the lower one is self-regulation of a person's actions in a particular situation (I have free time - I go to the cinema).

In a broad sense, activity is a purposeful influence of a subject on an object. Outside the relationship between subject and object, activity does not exist. It is always associated with the activity of the subject. The subject of activity in all cases is a person or a social community personified by him, and its object can be both a person and material or spiritual conditions of life. A personality can act as a socio-historical value, the structural elements of which, being in constant interaction and development, form a system. The result of the interaction of these elements are beliefs.

The motivational mechanism includes the interaction of needs, value orientations and interests, the end result of which is their transformation into the goal of the individual. Needs act (in relation to the personality) as the initial stimuli of its activity, reflecting the objective conditions of human existence, being one of the most important forms of communication between the personality and the outside world. This connection can manifest itself in the form of natural (the need for food, clothing, housing, etc.) and social (the need for various forms of activity, communication). At the same time, there is no sharp line between them, since the need for clothing, housing, and even food acquires a social "shell". This is especially characteristic of the period of crisis development of society.

Being conscious, the needs turn into the interests of the individual. They reflect the attitude of a person to the conditions of life and activity, which determines the direction of his actions. In fact, it is the interests that largely determine the motives of the individual's behavior. They turn out to be the main reasons for action. "A closer examination of history," Hegel wrote, "convinces us that the actions of people follow from their needs, their passions, their interests ... and only they play the main role." The disposition of a personality is its predisposition to certain behavior in specific conditions, the ability to make a choice of activities. In a certain sense, dispositions are personality orientations that precede behavior. The mechanism itself includes the interaction of motives and incentives, leading to the emergence of personality attitudes. The result of this interaction is the emergence of dispositions.

What do these elements of personality structure mean? Under motives it is customary to understand, as already noted a little higher, internal direct stimuli for activity, which reflect the desire of a person to satisfy his needs and interests. In contrast to motives, incentives act as external stimuli to activity. They are usually understood as numerous factors of an economic, social, political and other nature, acting in the structure of the environment of the individual. Attitudes are a general orientation, the orientation of consciousness towards a particular phenomenon (process) of reality. Social attitudes are one of the most important regulators of a person's social behavior, expressing his predisposition, readiness to act in a certain way in relation to a given object. Attitudes characterize the attitude of a person to the environment, to other people. Therefore, attitudes at times precede activity, they reflect "a focus on one or another vector" of behavior. In Western sociology, attitudes are usually called "attitudes" (since the time of W. Thomas and F. Znanetsky, who introduced this term into wide scientific circulation and did a lot to study it: In accordance with the dispositional theory of self-regulation of the social behavior of the individual developed by V.A. Yadov There are three levels of dispositions.The highest level is the level of formation of the concept of life in the individual and its embodiment in value orientations.In other words, at this level, the dispositions regulate the general orientation of the behavior of the interests of the individual.At the middle level, self-regulation is carried out in the form of the formation of a generalized attitude of the individual to social objects. As for the lower level, there is also the formation of attitudes, but a more specific, situational plan associated with the self-regulation of behavior in very specific, directly given conditions.Externally observable actions of people leave the second aspect of activity - behavioral, in which they find directly th concrete reflection of value orientations, attitudes, dispositions of the individual. Naturally, the question arises about the structure of such externally observable activity. Note that sometimes the structure of activity is identified with the structure of the observed activity. This approach is, to say the least, imprecise. But its authors can be understood, because in this case they contrast the structures of consciousness and behavior of the individual, not referring the former to the structure of activity.

The structure of activity is determined by the objective need to perform certain actions for the reproduction, functioning and development of the individual. It is determined (at the level of a particular individual) by its demographic, social, professional position, the place it occupies in the system of social relations and relations. Bearing in mind the structure in its "external" expression, we note that it can also act as a kind of typology of personality activity.

In socio-philosophical terms and at the level of general sociological theory, depending on the nature of the relationship of the individual to the world around him, activity is divided into material and spiritual, theoretical and practical. It is in these forms that the personality masters the surrounding world. Another classification of activity can be considered in connection with the attitude of the individual to the objective course of the historical process, while progressive and reactionary, revolutionary and counter-revolutionary activity are distinguished. The criterion for obtaining a new result is the basis for highlighting creative or reproducing (reproductive) activities. The activity of a person can also be innovative and routine.

Of course, these forms and types of personality activity can be studied not only within the framework of general sociological theory, but also translated into the language of empirical sociological research. However, due to its rather general nature, this is not easy to do.

On the other hand, there are structures of activity that are studied primarily at the level of special sociological theories and empirical studies. Here, first of all, it is necessary to note the structure, the basis of which is the differentiation of activities in certain areas. It can be economic, political, social, as well as industrial, labor, household, educational activities.

It is clear that there are many options for structuring the activity of an individual. It is determined by the wealth of human life. All these forms and activities, determined by the system of social relations, the inner world of the individual and the way of behavior, characterize her way of life. It seems that in the process of a sociological study of personality, the way of life turns out to be a central concept, a kind of dominant and, at the same time, a link between its inner world, state of consciousness and the method and nature of behavior in which the external side of activity is revealed.

Types of personality structures

From the position of legal deontology, the starting point in comprehending the structure of the human psyche is understanding general characteristics personality.

Personality - the socio-psychological image of a person, manifested in a stable combination of his individual mental properties and a system of socially significant qualities, the extent to which he masters social values and the ability to realize these values.

The natural nature of man is such that he lives in society. But the fact that a person lives in a given society, and not in some other, does not depend on his natural nature. The difference of societies is a product of culture. The social character of man is unequivocal everywhere. Societies, states, their cultures are different everywhere. The properties of human nature are universal.

Often there are terms "personality", "individual", "individuality", "man". It would seem that this is the same thing, but only at first glance. The term "individual" emphasizes that the human individual as a whole, possessing only her inherent natural mental and physical qualities, differs from other similar individuals. An individual is a separate representative of the biological genus Homo sapiens. In the biological organization of man, in his nature, the possibilities of his future mental development are laid. But a human individual becomes a human only due to social heredity - mastering the experience of previous generations: the system of social relations, material and spiritual culture, knowledge, traditions, etc. The formation of the human individual as a person occurs only in specific social conditions. The requirements of society determine the models of its behavior, the criteria for evaluating this behavior, etc.

When using the term "personality", the emphasis is on the individual as part of society, society, a participant in social activity, whose natural data are realized and acquire a certain expression in the process of communication with other people. Personality is a social quality of a person, it is an individual included in social relations.

There are such types of personality:

Socialized - adapted to the conditions of their social existence;
- desocialized - deviating from basic social requirements;
- mentally abnormal (psychopaths, neurotics, persons with mental retardation).

A socialized person has personal individuality (autonomy).

The term "individuality" is used to emphasize the presence in a person of a system of qualities of innate (natural) and acquired (social) properties that characterize him as a formed unique, peculiar personality. The individuality of a person is a unique combination of mental characteristics. The concept of personality is connected with the concept of individuality - with the creative refraction of social qualities in an individual, with a unique system of human relations to objective reality and with individual abilities social interaction. The person is in a state of continuous development, self-improvement and self-realization, has a highly developed sense of justice, conscience, honor, dignity. She is resolute and persistent in achieving objectively significant goals, is able to correct her behavior. She considers herself the source of her successes and failures, and not external circumstances. In difficult conditions, she is able to take responsibility and take justified risks. With a developed sense of self-respect, a person is able to look at himself from the outside. The core of such a personality is in close connection with its highest mental quality - spirituality, inner commitment to moral duty, devotion to human values.

Only a person can be a person, but not every person (a newborn cannot be a person). The term "person" is invested with a broader content than the concept of "personality". A person is a category of a general property, which includes both the concept of an individual and the concept of personality.

In the structure of personality, the following elements can be distinguished:

Biological (characterize the internal - neuropsychic mechanism of the human organization);
- social (characterize the acquired social experience of the individual, the degree of its inclusion in various types of social relations).

In the legal sense, a person as a subject of law is identified with the concept of "personality". Personality is a person as a member of society and as a carrier of an individual principle. The main thing in the legal concept of personality is the social value of a person, thanks to which he is recognized as the subject of various rights, freedoms and duties.

The formation of the personality of a professional lawyer is a complex process of transforming the requirements of modern legislation, certain departmental regulations into beliefs, habits, personal qualities, skills and abilities in accordance with his specialization.

The structure of personality according to Platonov

As a model of the hierarchical structure of the personality, one can take the concept of the Soviet psychologist K. K. Platonov, who singled out four substructures in the personality. This psychologist represented the structure of personality in the form of a kind of pyramid, the foundation of which was genetic, physiological and biochemical characteristics. human body, and the highest level was determined by the social and spiritual characteristics of the individual.

The first substructure is the biological foundation of the personality, which is determined by gender, age, and the characteristics of the flow of biochemical and nervous processes.

The second structure - forms of reflection, which depend on the characteristics of human cognitive processes - his attention, memory, thinking, perception and sensations.

The third substructure is life experience, which is based on knowledge, skills, habits and habits.

The fourth level of personality is its orientation, which is determined by a person's beliefs, his values, worldview, desires, inclinations, aspirations and ideals.

Each next level in progress individual development build on the previous one. At the same time, the higher levels, on the one hand, depended on the lower ones, and on the other hand, actively influenced them.

For example, the social orientation of an entrepreneur depends on his gender: for male businessmen, it focuses more on external signs of prestige and wealth, while for women involved in business, family values and the harmony of their relationships with loved ones play an important role. On the other hand, the formed interests in the field of business can influence the biological programs of the individual, so all successful entrepreneurs, regardless of gender and age, have such personal qualities as diligence, perseverance, activity, etc., which allow them to compensate for the shortcomings of the biological substructures of their personality.

The concept of "scripts" and their impact on a person's life path

Crypt (from the English script - script) - an element of memory. An event diagram that includes a number of individual episodes. It is assumed that it is in the form of scripts that knowledge is organized in memory.

Representatives of the theory of "scripts" in cognitive psychology (J.F. Leins, B. Darden, S. Fiske) consider the script as an automated scheme that largely determines the characteristics of human life. In this direction, there is an understanding of scenarios as event schemes (“scripts”), including ideas about organized successive events, goals of behavior, possible role prescriptions, as well as focal variability in the sequence or content of events. Scripts serve to automate - "encode" sequences of events that are often repeated in everyday life.

Domestic psychology, which considers the problem of planning a person's life path and self-realization in the context of subjective, semantic and existential approaches, allows us to present a life scenario as a semantic system that depends not only on socializing influence, but also built by the personality itself. In the concept of life creation L.V. Sokhan is based on the idea of human life as a creative process.

By developing, correcting and implementing his life scenario, a person masters the art of living - a special skill based on a deep knowledge of life, developed self-awareness and possession of a system of means, methods and technologies of life creation. Life-creation acts as a way to solve current, medium-term and long-term life tasks. This is the process of ordering the personal event picture of life, the process of its self-improvement.

Along with the concept of "life scenario" in psychological research in psychotherapy, other meaningfully similar categories are used, such as "life path", "life strategy", "life options", "life style", "life task", "time perspective" , “life perspective”, “life role”, “life position”, etc. (K.A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, A. Adler, B.G. Ananiev, T.N. Berezina, E. Bern, S. Buhler , E. I. Golovakha, N. V. Grishina, V. N. Druzhinin, P. Janet, P. B. Kodess, L. N. Kogan, E. Yu. Korzhova, Zh. A. Lesnyanskaya, N. A. Loginova, J. Nutten, L.A. Regush, S.L. Rubinshtein, A.E. Sozontov, L.V. Sokhan, J. Stewart, K. Steiner, etc.). These terms differ in the objects of the future, the level of generalization and, as a result, different applied potential, but behind each of these phenomena related to the future of a person, there are completely specific mental phenomena: experiences, life plans, goals, values, levels of aspiration, the meaning of life and etc.

Elements of personality structure

A person is the most general concept, the totality of all human qualities inherent in people (it doesn’t matter if a given person has it or not).

Individual - Man as an individual is a material, natural, bodily being in its integrity and indivisibility. Individual characteristics - age-sex and individual-typical, neurodynamic properties of the brain; functional geometry of the brain (asymmetry). The knowledge of a person as an individual involves consideration of the natural foundations of human life, his psychology. The highest integration of the individual properties of a person is represented in temperament and psychological inclinations.

Personality is the main form of development. Personal properties of a person - the life path of a person, his social biography. A person as a representative of society, who freely and responsibly determines his position among others.

Individuality - a person as a unique, original Personality, realizing himself in creative activity. If Personality is the highest level of a person, then individuality is his deepest dimension.

Basic elements of personality structure

In the structure of personality, three components are distinguished, such as motivational, intellectual and activity.

The first component of the personality structure characterizes the orientation of the personality as a selective attitude towards reality. Orientation includes various properties, a system of interacting needs and interests, ideological and practical attitudes. The dominant components of orientation determine the entire mental activity of the individual. Thus, the dominance of the cognitive need leads to an appropriate volitional and emotional mood, which activates intellectual activity.

The second component determines the capabilities of the individual and includes the system of abilities that ensures the success of the activity. Abilities are interconnected and interact with each other. The nature of the correlation of abilities is affected by the structure of orientation.

The third component in the structure of personality is the character or style of human behavior in the social environment. Character, of course, does not express the personality as a whole, but it represents a complex system of its properties, orientation and will, intellectual and emotional qualities. In the character system, leading properties can be distinguished. These include primarily moral (sensitivity or callousness, responsibility in relation to their duties, modesty). Secondly, volitional qualities (decisiveness, perseverance, courage and self-control), which provide a certain style of behavior and ways of solving practical problems.

The fourth component, built on top of the rest, will be the control system, which is denoted by the concept of "I". "I" - the formation of self-consciousness of the individual, it carries out self-regulation: strengthening or weakening of activity, self-control and correction of actions and deeds, anticipation and planning of life and activity. Consider how K. K. Platonov defines personality and its structure.

The structure of personality orientation

In psychology, the orientation of a personality is usually understood as its focus on certain areas of life. All areas in which a person acts are of great value to him. If you remove at least one of them, the person will not be able to fully develop and move forward.

Determining the orientation of a person implies, at its core, a clear adherence of a person to his needs. What is directionality? This is a consciously carried out movement on the way to solving a specific problem.

Types of personality orientation

Psychologists talk about the presence of several directions that determine how a person behaves in different situations. Each of the types affects any one area of activity, so it cannot be called good or bad.

Personal focus

It is characterized by the desire for one's own self-realization, the embodiment of personal goals and aspirations. Such people are often called selfish, because they seem to care little about others, but think more about themselves, build constructive plans in their heads and meaningfully move towards their implementation. Character traits characteristic of such people: self-confidence, purposefulness, the ability to focus on an important problem, organization, responsibility for the actions performed. People of the presented orientation will never blame others for their own failures. They do not expect help from others, but prefer to take everything into their own hands. Sometimes they develop a so-called desire for loneliness and have difficulty entrusting their affairs to someone else. This difficulty is dictated by the way of life of the individual, her strong-willed character. These are inherently incredibly strong personalities who are able to move forward, relying only on their own support, relying on their own strengths.

Focus on other people

It is characterized by an increased need for communication, approval from other people. Such a person is too much guided by the opinions of others, therefore he is not able to build his own plans and realize individual aspirations and dreams. Before taking any action, a person will mentally or aloud coordinate his actions with the opinion of society. He is afraid to go beyond what is considered acceptable or normal in society, because he most often does not express his own opinion.

The focus on other people is also accompanied by a great desire to participate in public life, to fulfill requests at the request of relatives, friends and colleagues. Such people are very fond of in teams - they are trouble-free, easily get along with almost any person, and are ready to help at the right time. A healthy psychological climate in the team and at home is a fundamental component for them.

Business focus

It is characterized by high demands on one's own personality, the ability to organize affairs in such a way that both the individual himself and the society in which he lives are in a winning position. Such a person is distinguished by a business approach to everything that surrounds him. He does not necessarily seek to do business or develop his own business. The ability to find benefits in different situations (and not only for oneself, but also for people) puts a person in an advantageous position in front of colleagues and friends. As a rule, this is a sociable person who loves the company of other people very much, however, at the same time, he is quite freedom-loving and always plays by his own rules.

Emotional orientation of the personality

It is characterized by a tendency to worry about everything. Such a person, most often, is responsive and not indifferent to the sorrows of other people. His ability to empathize is developed to a fairly large extent, so those who are in dire need of it at the moment often turn to him for advice. People of this type are characterized by increased sensitivity, emotional instability, their mood often changes. Any insignificant incident can throw them out of a state of mental balance and give rise to a lot of disturbing experiences.

In addition to the above, they are well versed in art, in particular in music and literature, as they have a bright, unique ability to feel the feelings and moods of fictional characters.

Social orientation of the individual

It is characterized by increased attentiveness to the outside world, people. Such individuals always notice what is happening around them, delve into the essence of social and political changes. As a rule, people of this type cannot live outside of society. They can be both leaders and subordinates, the main thing is that their activity develops within the society.

The structure of personality orientation

Whatever a person aspires to, one way or another, he goes through several steps to achieve what he wants.

Any activity occurs as a result of strong motivation, and it, in turn, is formed due to the following structural components, which determine the direction of the individual:

Attraction helps to "feel" the initial moment of building activities, to determine the motives and preferences of the individual. At this stage, there is no movement towards the goal, since the need itself is not yet so clearly recognized.
Desire is a perceived need. It occurs when the individual already clearly imagines what he wants to do, what goal to achieve. Ways to achieve the desired have not yet been built, but the need itself can be called mature.
Aspiration is formed by activating the volitional element. At this stage, the person not only realizes his need, but begins to make the first efforts so that the desire can be fulfilled.
Interests determine the needs of a person, help him build an orientation in such a way that it brings the expected results. Interests help to determine and understand what a person really wants, to adjust his activities.
Inclinations characterize the orientation of a person to a particular occupation.
Ideals are a significant characteristic of a person's worldview. In fact, it is the ideals that can lead forward, we are guided by their values when we make important decisions.
Worldview helps the individual to build a system of views on himself, society and the world around him.
Beliefs are a system of motives that guide any actions of an individual. They are designed to help a person in various situations to act in a certain way.

All forms of personality orientation are closely related to each other. Without passing one stage, it would be impossible to reach the next one. The perception and orientation of a person depend on the individual efforts of a person and the characteristics of his mental state. How strongly a person is motivated depends on his performance and faith in his own abilities.

Orientation and motives of personality activity

The degree of success in solving the set tasks largely depends on how well the person herself is well motivated in obtaining a favorable result. There are several factors that have a huge impact on any activity carried out by a person.

External is called motivation, aimed at external events and people around. For example, if you need to immediately prepare a history report just to get the approval of the leader and close the session, then there is an external motivation. In the case when it is necessary to perform research work because it represents the scientific or creative interest of the researcher himself, then they speak of intrinsic motivation.

I must say that internal motivation is much stronger than external, because it encourages a person to self-development, some new achievements, discoveries.

When there is a clear understanding of why this or that activity is performed, the effectiveness of its implementation increases several times. Monotonous work, devoid of special meaning and significance, only brings melancholy and despondency. It happens that a person cannot realize the true motives of his actions for a long time, and this leads him to delusion.

Acting from his own interests, a person always increases his labor efficiency. In other words, when what we do excites the imagination, causes pleasant feelings, and works much better. Satisfying the needs for recognition, approval from the team, self-realization, the individual grows, learns and expands his own capabilities. There are new prospects for further advancement and development. When the activity performed is in no way connected with the leading needs, the personal and spiritual components are not satisfied, the person gradually begins to doubt himself, his strength decreases over time.

Whatever we strive for, it is extremely important from the very beginning to correctly determine the direction, the ultimate goal, to understand what we want to achieve as a result. It is also necessary to set an appropriate rhythm for the movement and maintain it throughout the entire period - then any work will be effective. The ability to see the end result of the activity will help to predict possible difficulties in advance in order to cope with them in time. It would be nice to keep in mind the so-called ideal of achievement, that is, to track how the current reality corresponds to a given model.

No work can be done if a person is not confident in his own abilities. Even if a person has rare and exceptional talents, he will not be able to achieve success while he is engaged in self-flagellation, doubt that he will succeed. Self-confidence is a necessary tool for building strong and trusting relationships with the outside world. It is possible to cultivate self-confidence, but only when a person is ready to devote time to working with feelings, working out educational issues, gaining new knowledge - this cannot be avoided.

Professional orientation of the individual

Each of the professions known to people suggests that a person applying for a particular position must have the appropriate qualities of character. After all, when making decisions, acting in the workplace, we often need a high concentration of attention, greater stress resistance, etc. If these qualities remain undeveloped, the person will not cope with his duties. Professional orientation is a whole system of motives that drive a person.

Below is a classification of personality types with characteristics that show in which area it is more likely to succeed:

realistic type. These are people with a stable nervous system. They strive for maximum accuracy in everything and prefer to work with real objects. Most often, they are engaged in physical labor. Suitable Professions: technicians, mechanics, builders, sailors.
conventional type. This group includes people who are focused on accuracy and accuracy. They are wonderful performers, they like to do everything on time. Often engaged in activities that require great concentration and attention. Professions: librarian, economist, accountant, merchandiser.
Intelligent type. These are real thinkers. People of this type can sit in one place for a long time, immersed in thought. They make far-reaching plans for the future, carefully plan their activities. What attracts them the most research, allowing you to get closer to the disclosure of the truth, some kind of separate law. Professions: teacher, scientist, writer.
Enterprising type. Here you can meet excellent leaders who love to manage and strive to take a leading position in everything. The desire for superiority determines their personal success. Professions: head of enterprises, businessman, administrator.
social type. These people are distinguished by an open heart and a willingness to care for others. They build their professional activities in such a way as to help as many people as possible. They have a highly developed sense of responsibility, humanism, empathy. Professions: doctor, veterinarian, social worker, teacher, educator.
Artistic type. Here are, perhaps, the most unpredictable people who find it difficult to maintain a certain schedule in work. In their activities, they are guided rather by their own feelings, they do not like limits, they highly value freedom and independence. Professions: actor, artist, poet, designer.

Thus, the orientation of the personality entirely and completely determines its success. Diagnosis of personality orientation largely depends on how satisfied the person is with what he is doing.

Professional personality structure

Based on the understanding of the individual as a subject of social relations and vigorous activity, E.F. Zeer designed a four-component personality structure.

In the fundamental works of L.I. Bozhovich, V.S. Merlina, K.K. Platonov convincingly shows that the system-forming factor of personality is orientation. Orientation is characterized by a system of dominant needs and motives. Some authors also include attitudes, value orientations and attitudes in the composition of the orientation. Theoretical analysis made it possible to single out the components of a professional orientation: motives (intentions, interests, inclinations, ideals), value orientations (the meaning of work, wages, welfare, qualifications, career, social status, etc.), professional position (attitude towards the profession, attitudes, expectations and readiness for professional development), socio-professional status. At different stages of formation, these components have different psychological content, due to the nature of the leading activity and the level of professional development of the individual.

The second substructure of the subject of activity is professional competence. Professional competence is understood as a set of professional knowledge, skills, ways of performing professional activities and professionally important qualities.

Main Components professional competence are:

Socio-legal competence - knowledge and skills in the field of interaction with public institutions and people, as well as possession of techniques professional communication and behavior;
- special competence - preparedness for independent performance of specific activities, the ability to solve typical professional tasks and evaluate the results of one's work, the ability to independently acquire new knowledge and skills in the specialty;
- personal competence - the ability for continuous professional growth and advanced training, as well as self-realization in professional work;
- autocompetence - an adequate understanding of one's social and professional characteristics and possession of technologies for overcoming professional destruction.

A.K. Markova singles out another type of competence - extreme professional competence, i.e. the ability to act in suddenly complicated conditions, in case of accidents, violations of technological processes.

In applied psychology, competence is often identified with professionalism. But professionalism as the highest level of performance of activities is ensured, in addition to competence, also by professional orientation and professionalism. important abilities.

The main levels of professional competence of the subject of activity are training, professional readiness, professional experience and professionalism.

The most important components of the psychological activity of a person are his qualities. Their development and integration in the process of professional development lead to the formation of a system of professionally important qualities. This is a complex and dynamic process of formation of functional and operational actions based on the psychological properties of the individual. In the process of mastering and performing activities, psychological qualities are gradually professionalized, forming an independent substructure.

V.D. Shadrikov under professionally important qualities understands the individual qualities of the subject of activity, influencing the effectiveness of the activity and the success of its development. He also refers to professionally important qualities as abilities.

Thus, professionally important qualities are the psychological qualities of a person that determine the productivity (productivity, quality, effectiveness, etc.) of an activity. They are multifunctional and at the same time each profession has its own ensemble of these qualities.

In the very general case the following professionally important qualities can be distinguished: observation, figurative, motor and other types of memory, technical thinking, spatial imagination, attentiveness, emotional stability, determination, endurance, plasticity, perseverance, purposefulness, discipline, self-control, etc.

The fourth professionally conditioned personality substructure is professionally significant psychophysiological properties. The development of these properties occurs already in the course of mastering the activity. In the process of professionalization, some psychophysiological properties determine the development of professionally important qualities, while others, becoming professional, acquire independent significance. This substructure includes such qualities as visual-motor coordination, eye, neuroticism, extraversion, reactivity, energyism, etc.

In the studies of V.D. Shadrikov and his students it is shown that in the process of professionalization of personality integrative ensembles (sympto-complexes) of qualities are formed. The component composition of professionally conditioned ensembles is constantly changing, and correlations are intensifying. However, for each profession there are relatively stable ensembles of professional characteristics.

The structure of personality traits

Personal qualities combine hereditary (biological) and acquired during life (social) components.

According to their ratio in the structure of personality, four hierarchical levels-substructures are distinguished, bearing the following conditional names (according to K.K. Platonov):

1) The level of temperament includes qualities that are most determined by heredity; they are associated with the individual characteristics of the human nervous system (features of needs and instincts, gender, age, nationality and some other personality traits).
2) The level of features of mental processes form qualities that characterize the individual nature of sensations, perceptions, imagination, attention, memory, thinking, feelings, will. Mental logical operations (associations, comparisons, abstraction, induction, deduction, etc.), called methods of mental actions (COURTS), play a huge role in the learning process.
3) The level of experience of the individual. This includes qualities such as knowledge, skills, habits. They distinguish those that are formed in the process of studying school academic disciplines- ZUNs, and those that are acquired in labor, practical activities - SDP (effective-practical sphere).
4) The level of personality orientation combines social qualities in content that determine a person’s attitude to the world around him, serving as a guiding and regulating psychological basis of his behavior: interests, views, beliefs, social attitudes, value orientations, moral and ethical principles and worldview. Orientation (together with needs and self-concept) forms the basis of a self-governing mechanism of personality (conditionally - SUM).

Moral-ethical and aesthetic views and personality traits, together with the complex of the corresponding ZUN, represent the sphere of aesthetic and moral qualities (conditionally - SEN).

These levels can be represented as concentric layers, in the center of which is the core of biologically conditioned qualities, and the shell is formed by the "orientation" - the social essence of man.

However, in the structure of personality there are a number of qualities that can manifest themselves at all levels, as if "penetrating" them along the radii. These qualities, more precisely, groups of qualities: needs, character, abilities and self-concept of the personality, together with the levels, form a certain “framework” of the personality. All groups of personality traits are closely interconnected, determine and often compensate each other, representing the most complex integral system.

The structure of personality formation

Let us turn to a more detailed consideration of the process of personality formation.

Let us first imagine the most general picture of this process. According to the view of modern psychology, a personality is formed by assimilation or appropriation by an individual of socially developed experience.

Experience that is directly related to the individual is a system of ideas about the norms and values of a person's life: about his general orientation, behavior, attitudes towards other people, towards himself, towards society as a whole, etc. They are fixed in very different forms - in philosophical and ethical views, in works of literature and art, in codes of laws, in systems of public rewards, rewards and punishments, in traditions, public opinions.

Although the formation of personality is a process of mastering a special sphere of social experience, it is a completely special process. It differs from the assimilation of knowledge, skills, methods of action. After all, here we are talking about such development, which results in the formation of new motives and needs, their transformation, subordination, etc. And all this cannot be achieved by mere assimilation. An assimilated motive is at best a motive known, but not really acting, that is, the motive is untrue. To know what one should do, what one should strive for, does not mean wanting to do it, but really striving for it. New needs and motives, as well as their subordination, arise not in the process of assimilation, but in the process of experiencing, or living. This process always occurs only in the real life of a person. It is always emotionally rich, often subjectively creative.

Most psychologists now agree with the idea that a person is not born, but becomes a personality. However, their points of view on what laws the development of the personality is subject to differ significantly. These discrepancies relate to the understanding of the driving forces of development, in particular, the importance of society and various social groups for the development of the individual, the patterns and stages of development, the presence, specifics and role of personality development crises in this process, the possibilities of accelerating the development process and other issues.

If in relation to the development of cognitive processes it could be said that childhood is decisive in their formation, this is all the more true in connection with the development of personality. Almost all the basic properties and personal qualities of a person are formed in childhood, with the exception of those that are acquired with the accumulation of life experience and cannot appear before the time when a person reaches a certain age.

In childhood, the main motivational, instrumental and style personality traits are formed. The first relate to the interests of a person, to the goals and objectives that he sets for himself, to his basic needs and motives for behavior. Instrumental traits include the means preferred by a person to achieve the corresponding goals, meet current needs, and stylistic traits relate to temperament, character, ways of behavior, manners. By the end of school, the personality is basically formed, and those individual features of a personal nature that the child acquires during the school years usually remain to one degree or another throughout his subsequent life.

Personal development in childhood occurs under the influence of various social institutions: family, school, out-of-school institutions, as well as under the influence of the media (press, radio, television) and live, direct communication of the child with other people. in different age periods personal development, the number of social institutions involved in the formation of the child as a person, their educational value are different. In the process of development of the child's personality from birth to three years, the family dominates, and his main personality neoplasms are associated primarily with it. In preschool childhood, the influence of family is added to the influence of communication with peers, other adults, appeal to available means mass media. With admission to school, a new powerful channel of educational influence on the personality of the child opens through peers, teachers, school subjects and affairs. The sphere of contacts with the mass media is expanding due to reading, the flow of educational information is sharply increasing, reaching the child and exerting a certain influence on him.

To the question of what a personality is, psychologists answer differently, and in the variety of their answers, and partly in the divergence of opinions on this matter, the complexity of the very phenomenon of personality is manifested. Each of the definitions of personality available in the literature deserves to be taken into account in the search for a global definition of personality.

Personality is most often defined as a person in the totality of his social, acquired qualities. This means that personal characteristics do not include such features of a person that are genotypically or physiologically determined and do not depend in any way on life in society. In many definitions of personality, it is emphasized that the psychological qualities of a person that characterize his cognitive processes or individual style of activity, with the exception of those that are manifested in relations with people, in society, do not belong to the number of personal ones. The concept of “personality” usually includes such properties that are more or less stable and testify to the individuality of a person, determining his actions that are significant for people.

Motivational structure of personality

For the first time the term "motivation" was used by A. Schopenhauer in his article. Motivation is used to explain the sequence of actions of an individual, which are aimed at achieving a specific goal, which varies depending on the situations.

Now, this term is understood by various scientists in their own way. So, A. K. K. Platonov interprets motivation as a mental phenomenon, a set of motives. M. Sh. Magomed Eminov explains motivation as a process of mental regulation of specific human activity. V. K. Vilyunas defined motivation as a total system of processes that are responsible for motivation and human activity.

Speaking about the essence of motivation, it is impossible not to say about the factors that determine what is most important for a person and compel him to a certain activity.

There is a different set of such factors that, interacting, make up a set of human motivational factors:

Internal factors are everything that relates to the human mind: an idea, a dream, self-affirmation, conviction, curiosity, the need for communication, health and personal growth. The basic element of the entire system of intrinsic motivation is human needs;
- external motivation factors, this is all that a person can achieve, that is, material benefits: money, the ability to travel and shop, career and status, the aesthetics of life, etc. External motivation factors make the process of completing a task controllable, with a predictable result.

The influence of any motivation on an individual is a fundamental factor that can have a significant impact on a person in order to achieve his goals, that is, to harmonize his interests with the motivation system developed for him.

In contrast to motivation, the term motive in psychology refers to everything that belongs to the subject of behavior itself - these are stable personal properties that prompt him from the inside to commit a certain conscious or unconscious behavioral act.

In the process of implementing behavior, all human motives can change at various stages of an act, resulting in a transformation of the original motivation. Motives are direct motivations of a person to any activity. They are directly related to the satisfaction of his needs. A. N. Leontiev believed that the motive is an objectified need.

V. I. Kovalev considers the motive as the transformation and enrichment of human needs with incentives. If the stimulus has not turned into a motive, then it is either “not understood” or “not accepted”.

Motives can be:

Conscious, where a person understands the motives that prompt him to a certain activity, and is the content of his needs;
- and unconscious, where a person does not understand the motives that prompt him to do so.

Thus, any motive is a complex internal structure:

Arises along with the awareness and emergence of human needs for something;
- a person’s awareness of it has several stages: the cause of occurrence is clarified, then the desire and the possibilities of its satisfaction are formed, the actions to satisfy it are clarified, the last stage is the implementation and consolidation of the motive;
- the energy component of the motive is realized in real actions.

Any motive acts as a certain direction to meet human needs.

A need is an objective need experienced by an individual for something that is necessary for his existence and development.

A person's needs are formed in accordance with his: positive (positive) or negative (taking the character of prejudice) attitude, his attraction, desire, interests, inclinations and beliefs, as well as worldview (worldview). And in accordance with his aspirations, which take on different psychological forms: a dream, a passion, an ideal.

Analysis and identification of the needs and motives of employees allows you to coordinate all motivational activities aimed at personnel management, influencing the receipt of the positive result that the head of the enterprise is striving for.

Consciousness and psyche exist in a particular person, individual, personality. So far, we have used these words as synonyms, but in reality, each of them has some specific content. There is no generally accepted opinion in their psychological interpretation, so we will give a fairly generalized position developed in Russian psychology.

The main problem is that in modern science there is no holistic, sufficiently complete human knowledge. The phenomenon of man is studied in various aspects (anthropological, historical, medical, social), but so far it seems to be fragmented, "not assembled" into a systemic and worthy whole.

A similar complexity extends to psychology, which, in studying and describing a person, is forced to operate with a bunch of terms, each of which is focused on some own aspect of a single subject. Moreover, such a selective orientation is rather conditional, often and inevitably intersecting with others.

The broadest is the concept of "man". This is an accepted classical scientific abstraction, a generalized name for a special kind of living creature on Earth - Homo sapiens, or Homo sapiens. This concept combines everything: natural, social, energy, biochemical, medical, space, etc.

Personality- this is a person who develops in society and interacts and communicates with other people using language; this is a person as a member of society, a compressed sociality, the result of formation, development and socialization as an entry into society and into oneself.

The foregoing does not mean at all that a person is an exclusively social being, completely devoid of biological characteristics. In the psychology of personality, the biological and the social exist not side by side, not in opposition or in addition, but in real unity. It is no coincidence that S. L. Rubinshtein said that the whole psychology of man is the psychology of personality. At the same time, the concepts of "man" and "personality" are not synonymous. The latter emphasizes the social orientation of a person who becomes a personality if he develops in society (unlike, for example, "wild children"), interacts and communicates with other people (unlike, say, those who are deeply ill from birth). With this interpretation, every normal person projected onto the plane of sociality is at the same time a personality, and each person has several interconnected personality manifestations, depending on which part of society he is projected to: family, work, friends, enemies. At the same time, the personality as such is integral and unified, systematically and hierarchically organized.

There are other, narrower interpretations of the concept of personality, when certain qualities are singled out, supposedly acting as necessary attributes for it. Thus, only those who are independent, responsible, highly developed, etc., are proposed to be considered a person. Such personality criteria are, as a rule, rather subjective, difficult to prove, and therefore do not withstand scientific verification and criticism, although they have always existed and will probably continue to exist, especially in the structure of overly ideologized and politicized humanitarian constructions. The problem objectively lies in the fact that a newborn baby also cannot be called not only a person, but, strictly speaking, a person. He, most likely, is a "candidate" for the role of Homo sapiens, since he still does not have consciousness, speech, or even upright posture. Although it is clear that for parents and relatives this child initially and convincingly exists both as a person and as a person.

The individual emphasizes the biological in man, but does not at all exclude the social components inherent in the human race. A person is born as a concrete individual, but, having become a personality, does not cease to be an individual at the same time.

Each person is unique, and for psychology this is the same initial given as the very presence of the psyche. Another thing is that not always and not all the studied mental phenomena are considered at the level of their individuality, actual uniqueness. Science is impossible without generalizations, without this or that typification, systematization, while real psychological practice is the more effective, the more it is individualized.

Subject is an indication of specific living, animated bearer of psychological phenomenology, activity and behavior.

The subject is traditionally opposed to the object, but in itself it is, of course, objective. The concept of the subject is one of the basic for philosophy, however, in Lately it acquires a certain updated, broad interpretation in domestic psychology, where a special, subjective approach to the analysis of the human psyche and behavior is being developed (A. V. Brushlinsky). Thus, in accordance with the designated terminology, the human psyche can be investigated and described in different, but inevitably objectively intersecting aspects: personal, individual, individual, subjective.

In modern psychology, not all of these approaches have been sufficiently developed and clearly used, especially at the level of practice-oriented research. For example, in educational and popular literature, the concept is used more often than others. "psychology of Personality" as something terminologically unifying, synthesizing. Meanwhile, the objective reality is much more complicated. All psychological characteristics of a person are, of course, specific, but not all of them are personal in nature. The latter requires the presence of a specific social origin or special social projections of these psychological properties or qualities. Everything closes on the central methodological issue of the relationship and interaction of the biological and the social in the human psyche. Therefore, the problematic, conditional nature of the formulation of criteria for human, personal, individual and individual gradations seems obvious.

Each person is many-sided and integral, ordinary and unique, united and scattered, changeable and stable. And all this coexists simultaneously: in the bodily, social, mental and spiritual organization. To describe a person, each science uses its own indicators: anthropometric, medical, economic, sociological. Psychology solves similar problems, for which, first of all, it is necessary to have an appropriate psychological schema or models characteristics that distinguish one person from another.

Psychological structure (mental appearance) of personality(person, individual, subject) is a kind of integral system, a model of qualities and properties that quite fully characterizes the psychological characteristics of a person (person, individual, subject).

All mental processes are carried out in a particular person, but not all act as its distinctive properties. The latter include only some of the most significant, related to others, stable properties that have a specific projection on social interactions and human relations with other people. The task of establishing such properties is complicated by the fact that in the human psyche it is hardly possible to mathematically rigorously single out the necessary and sufficient number of corresponding differentiating qualities. Each of us is in some ways similar to all people, in some ways only to some, in some ways to no one, including sometimes even himself. Such variability makes it difficult, in particular, to single out the notorious "most important" in the personality, which, of course, is sometimes called "non-existent essence" grotesquely, but not without a share of justice.

Various mental properties can be conditionally represented in the desired space at least four relatively independent dimensions.

First, this scale of time and quantitative variability - stability of a quality or personality trait. Suppose a person's mood is more changeable than his character, and the direction of the personality is more stable than current worries and hobbies.

Secondly, scale of uniqueness-universality of the studied mental parameter depending on its representation, statistical distribution in people. For example, the property of empathy is inherent in everyone to a different extent, but not everyone is sympathetic altruists or, on the contrary, convinced egoists and misanthropes.

Third, a measure of the participation of the processes of awareness and comprehension in the functioning of a mental property. Related to this are such features as the level of subjective experience, the degree of controllability and the possibility of self-regulation of the psyche and behavior. Let's say one person understands and accepts his involvement in the work being done, while another does it unconsciously, formally and senselessly. Fourth, the degree of external manifestation, behavioral output of a particular quality. This is the practical, actually vital significance of personality traits. For example, both parents equally sincerely love their child, but one shows it in tenderness and overprotection, and the other in deliberate severity and increased demands.

Measures of their innateness or acquisition, anatomical and physiological norm or deviation, age or professional conditionality can be added to the named parameters of mental qualities.

Thus, the mental space in which the mental properties of a person receive their representation and description is multidimensional, not completely ordered, and in this regard, psychology still has a lot to do for their scientific systematization. One of the brightest domestic psychologists V. D. Nebylitsyn, in particular, believed that the main task of differential psychology is to understand how and why each person differs from another.

In psychology, there a large number of models of the psychological structure of the personality, which come from different concepts of the psyche and personality, various parameters and tasks of personality gradations. Numerous monographic publications are devoted to an analytical review of such constructions. To solve the problems of our textbook, we use a model of the psychological structure of personality, built on the basis of a combination of two well-known schemes of Russian psychology, developed first by S. L. Rubinshtein and then by K. K. Platonov (1904–1985).

Basic psychological model of personality proceeds from the methodology of the personality-activity approach, is based on the acceptance of integrity and dynamic contingency, the systemic nature of the structure of the personality and psyche, on the assumption of objective measurability and vital significance of the identified personal parameters. The research task is to understand how and why each person differs from another from the point of view of psychology. This structure includes seven interconnected substructures, each of which is only an accentuated selected aspect, a conditional perspective of considering the many-sided human psyche. Personality is integral, but this does not mean its homogeneity. The selected substructures exist in real unity, but not in identity and not in opposition. They are conditionally singled out only to obtain some analytical scheme, a model of the psyche of a truly holistic person.

Personality is dynamic and at the same time self-sustaining. It transforms the world, and at the same time it transforms itself, i.e. self-changes or develops, realizing purposeful behavior and being itself in a social and objective environment. Personality and activity exist in unity, and this determines the basic direction of the scientific and psychological study of personality.

A. N. Leontiev formulated a detailed and promising methodological triad "activity - consciousness - personality", the specific psychological content of which is revealed in the subsequent chapters of the textbook.

So, in the psychology of personality, the following psychological components are distinguished, or relatively "autonomous" substructures:

personality orientation (see ch. 5, 7);
consciousness and self-consciousness (see § 4.2, ch. 6);
abilities and inclinations (see Ch. 9);
temperament (see ch. 10);
character (see ch. 11);
features of mental processes and states (see ch. 8, 12-18);
mental experience of the individual (see Chapter 7).

These substructures can be decomposed into more detailed components: blocks, personal formations, individual processes, qualities and properties described by various categories, concepts, terms. Essentially, the entire textbook is devoted to the description of the subject content of these components of the mental make-up of a person.

Brushlinsky Andrey Vladimirovich (1933–2002) – Doctor of Psychology (1978), Professor (1991), Full Member of the Russian Academy of Education (1992), Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1990), Full Member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (1996), Academician of the International Personnel Academy (1997) ). A student and follower of S. L. Rubinshtein. Graduated from the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Moscow State University (1956). Employee of the psychology sector of the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1956–1972); Senior Researcher, Leading Researcher, Head of the Psychology of Thinking Group at the Institute of Psychology of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1972–1989); director of the Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1989–2002), editor-in-chief of the Psychological Journal of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1988). The author of the concept of continual-genetic psychology of the subject, who created a new version of dialectical logic, a well-known specialist in the field of personality psychology, thinking and pedagogy. Major writings: "Cultural-historical theory of thinking" (1968); "Psychology of thinking and cybernetics" (1970); "On the natural prerequisites for the mental development of man" (1977); "Thinking and forecasting" (1979); "Thinking and Communication" (co-authored; 1990); "Subject, thinking, teaching, imagination" (1996); "Psychology of the subject" (2003).
Nebylitsyn Vladimir Dmitrievich (1930–1972) – Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences (Psychology) (1966), Professor (1968), Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences (1970). Graduated from the Department of Russian Language, Logic and Psychology of the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University (1952). From 1965 to 1972, he worked as deputy director of the Research Institute of Physical Education and Applied Sciences of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR and head of the laboratory of differential psychophysiology. Deputy director and chief Laboratory of Psychophysiology of the Institute of Psychology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Professor of the Department of General and Applied Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Moscow State University (1968–1970). He made a great contribution to the creation of a scientific school of domestic differential psychophysiology; He proved the three-dimensional nature (excitation, inhibition, balance) of the properties of the nervous system and the existence of connections between the strength of the nervous system and sensitivity, with the individual psychological originality of activity and behavior. Main works:"Basic Properties of the Nervous System" (1966); "Psychophysiological Studies of Individual Differences" (1976).