Perpetual motion machine 1 city. Perpetuum mobile: reflections and facts. Water screw by Robert Fludd

Call them free energy machines, perpetuum mobile or perpetual motion machines. A tiger is still a tiger no matter what color you paint its stripes. Since mankind needs electricity or another source of energy, inventive minds have been searching in vain for an ingenious solution: free energy for all time without any fuel. Sketches and drawings, "how to make a perpetual motion machine," historians have been finding since there were technical sketches. Projects of perpetual motion appear even now, even more often than before. Today we are going to consider the most famous example of a perpetual motion machine and convey to the public understanding that such a miracle does exist.

The meaning that a perpetual motion machine cannot and will not work does not require proof. But since claims of such a possibility do not subside, the discussion deserves attention. Strictly speaking, it would be unscientific for the author to assert that such a possibility exists. A perpetual motion machine would violate the law of thermodynamics. But the fundamental laws of the universe are so inviolable that the author is going to get out from under their influence. The first law of thermodynamics states that the energy of a closed system remains constant. If part of the energy needs to be removed, for example, through the rotation of a shaft, at least the same amount of energy must be returned to the system. The second law of thermodynamics says that the entropy of an isolated system can only increase and cannot decrease. In general, systems tend to thermal equilibrium. Simply put, the second law forbids processes in which heat flows from an area of ​​lower temperature to an area of ​​higher temperature, or where heat is converted completely into work. Any perpetual motion machine is impossible because it violates one or both laws of thermodynamics.

The most common perpetual motion designs are based on a magnetic motor. The magnets are arranged continuously in a circle and must turn the rotor, push the balls around, or keep another structure moving forever. Now such designs are a hybrid of an electric motor. The inventors claim that the kinetic energy of such a motor exceeds the cost of electricity, once launched, it can rotate forever. Internet searches scream thousands of similar projects. Many show a video of a running machine. How can all this be understood? Does the author claim that all these guys are lying?

No, but the author says that anyone claiming a perpetual motion machine is wrong. In most cases, the inventor does not have a physical education, and did not study the principles of operation of electromechanical systems. Most perpetual motion inventors are amateurs and quite honestly (albeit deeply) mistaken. Most often they represent diagrams, notes and calculations performed independently. Some admit that they do not fully understand what is happening in their version of the perpetual motion machine. But, more often than not, they claim to have refuted the laws of nature by applying unique knowledge.

Early versions of the perpetual motion machine are described in the 12th century. The most famous of these is the Bhaskara wheel, whose spokes are half-filled with mercury and curved so that the heavy fluid tends to move away from the axis when moving down, and tends to the axis of rotation when moving up, providing a lever to maintain rotation. A similar design, called the wheel with unequal balance, was repeated for many centuries in many versions. The 13th century Willard's wheel uses mallets instead of a heavy liquid. The 15th century Taccola wheel uses suspended levers. Leonardo da Vinci drew a whole series of wheels with unequal balance, although he knew that eternal rotation was impossible.
In 1870, author Henry Dircks quoted Leonardo:

“…Fitting such a wheel with many balancing parts and making it spin will cause it to stop because you are fooling yourself with such a design… Although the heavier parts of the wheel are further from the axis of rotation and their torque increases, the driving force of the entire wheel remains unchanged.”

A special place in the history of perpetual motion machines is occupied by the German watchmaker Johann Bessler. He designed a huge number of wheels, which he demonstrated in the early 1700s. Its huge wheels, driven by a pendulum, had a closed mechanism. Bessler received support and widespread recognition, although he was considered by many to be an illusionist in addition to his fame as a skilled watchmaker. The most famous demonstration of the continuously spinning wheel lasted for 53 days in a sealed, closed room guarded by Bessler's patron, the Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel. But since the room was windowless, and Bessler was always the first to enter and the last to leave, the skeptics weren't sure that the wheel would keep turning.

Physics is still physics, whether we talk about a simple or complex mechanism with funny terminology and connected to a battery. In 2006, Steorn announced a device called Orbo, which, as everyone knows, was a classic magnetic motor. All public demonstrations failed (except when the battery was connected), but they still claimed progress. For decades, a guy named John Searl claimed to have built a magnetic motor called the Searl Effect Generator and claimed to fly around the area in a flying saucer with his motor.

IN last years many claim that coils of wire generate electricity. The most famous are the “hanks of Rodin”, named after the author Marko Rodin. According to him, the principle of vortex mathematics is based on new science, invented and recognized by himself. The perpetual motion machine of the Canadian inventor Thane Heins, has an exotic name Perpettia bi-toridal transformer (Perepiteia bi-toroidal transformer). Observers came to the conclusion that this is an ordinary electric motor and only Haynes himself assures that more electricity is generated than consumed.

As you might imagine, many perpetual motion advocates look to Nikolo Tesla and his 1900 article in the Century Illustrated Magazine. Some have interpreted Tesla's article as a confirmation of the possibility of a perpetual motion machine. A quick glance at the article will tell you that Tesla didn't touch on the issue of perpetual motion at all. An article about the possibilities of heat pipeline and heat transfer from a warm region to a cold region. Tesla didn't discuss the possibility of breaking the law of thermodynamics, he discussed the possibility of using it.

A common misconception associated with perpetual motion models is that many of them are patented. A patent confirms only the originality of the design and cannot serve as a recognition of the performance of a particular device. In fact, successfully patented a large number of incredible mechanisms that failed in tests. Perpetual motion machines are not patentable in most countries. In the US, this is called the "applicability requirement". In order to obtain a patent, a device must have a minimum applicability. The law excludes the possibility of patenting perpetual motion machines, based on their impossibility. Simply put, you won't get a patent for an "intergalactic transformer" until you submit a valid design.

The most common case of patent refusal is described on the official website as (the Manual of Patent Examining Procedure) and has been in force since 1977. Joseph Newman was an eccentric who developed his own theory of gyroscopes and electromagnetism. The patent for the motor was denied because the principle violated the laws of nature. Newman filed appeals, which were also denied. His mood was very serious, and in 1989 a lawsuit was filed against the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks. The judge appointed a specialist to review Newman's prototype. The specialist carefully studied the design and performance of this version of the perpetual motion machine. And, although he understood that Newman was wrong, he admitted that the outgoing energy exceeded the expended.

But the court did not recognize, and sent the invention to the National Bureau of Standards for testing. The conclusion of the Bureau did not coincide with the conclusions of the specialist. The device is a conventional converter direct current into a variable and, only slightly, inferior in efficiency to known devices of this type. The court's decision was not in Newman's favor, but he appealed again. Claimed the Bureau's tests were wrong. Ultimately, a federal court upheld the local court's decision.

A discussion about perpetual motion machines would not be complete without a mention of the conspiracy theory cited by proponents of exotic inventions. The main argument in the government's refusal to register perpetual motion machines is the support of the oil magnates. Conspiracy theory sites such as InfoWars, Rense.com and Natural News support the perpetual motion machine. And films like Thrive, too.

On the surface, the theory seems plausible, but on closer inspection it falls apart. First, said suppression does not seem to exist at all. Various perpetual motion machines are advertised all the time, YouTube is tearing up daily updates about perpetual motion machines that supposedly work. In whatever form suppression is expressed, it is completely ineffective. Lots of people go crusade in defense of his version of the perpetual motion machine for decades. Neither the agents in black from the government, nor the agents of the oil magnates are preventing this struggle for a bright future of free energy. Books stay on the shelves, videos stay on YouTube, patents stay on file and are publicly available. The suppression of the idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine is difficult to confirm.

Why do decent inventors pursue the goal of creating a perpetual motion machine when the foundations of the theory speak of the impossibility? Patent attorney Gene Quinn offered an explanation:

“The pursuit of the impossible, at least the impossible based on the known laws of physics and nature, is a serious motivation for many. Young sci-fi enthusiasts become scientists who challenge conventional wisdom and try to create the devices of their dreams."

There is also an ancient desire to magically quick decision difficult problem. Not many people have such persistent aspirations. It does not matter what is considered: super-health, psychological super-strength or perpetual motion machine. A fair number of people are obsessed with the idea of ​​achieving this. Inevitably, including positively minded amateurs, they deceive themselves and other non-specialists with alleged discoveries. The dream of a perpetual motion machine is inexhaustible.

Translation Vladimir Maksimenko 2013

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Comments on “”

1. Andrey

   Are there people who know how to make a perpetual motion machine?

   Answering the question posed in the title of the article, I say a firm "Yes".
   And one of them, recently deceased, Richard Feynman, who claimed that in
   the vacuum enclosed in a bulb of an electric bulb contains so much
   enough energy to boil all the oceans. Of course, "vacuum energy"
   nothing to do with it. Everything is much simpler. We are talking about the possibility of translating reactive
   energy at the input to the active on a resistive load by connecting to the circuit
   link of pure delay (ZChZ) providing a lag of current from voltage on
   90 degrees. Such a device completely imitates an ideal inductance.
   Thus, the VD circuit is very simple and can be described as a chain of U-ZCHZ-R
   (standard designations). Apparently Nobel Laureate implied
   under ZChZ two counter-parallel connected vacuum diodes.
   According to the author of this comment, due to the small inertial mass of the electron, the frequency
   applied voltage should be in the region of 30 terahertz.
   When using more inertial energy carriers of electromagnetic
   fields (e.g. domains of magnets), achievement of the required phase shift is available
   at audio frequencies.
   To the question of conspiracy theories: what made Feynman so "ciphered"?
   Will this comment be published?

2. Andrey

   Perpetual motion machines of the 2nd kind
   (Electrohydrogen generators)
   Energy source - environment. Forms of energy - thermal energy + any types
   ionizing radiation. The working fluid undergoing transformation in the work-water cycle.
   Cycle: WATER - HYDROGEN + OXYGEN - WATER.
   Here we consider the semi-cycle WATER - HYDROGEN + OXYGEN

   The principles of operation of the devices are based on the utilization of ionization energy by separating
   charges and their subsequent neutralization on the electrodes. As a result, we have an electric
   current and gas. It differs from the electrolysis of water in that it is not supplied
   and no electrical energy is consumed from an external source.
   The author knows 2 principles for the implementation of such devices.
   This is the “Maxwell Demon” and the static electric field contact difference
   potentials.

   "Maxwell's demon" is the gravitational field. Experiments show that the negative electric potential
   acquires an electrode having a greater gravitational potential.
   It follows that negative ions have less mass than positive ones. The generation mechanism is that the charges
   having different masses but the same kinetic
   energy (in a statistical sense) rise to different heights in
   gravitational field (see also EVG Studennikov)
   These devices are monothermal, and moreover, anti-entropic,
   since during operation, heat is processed into more ordered forms of energy carriers (gas and electricity)

   Experimental data: experiment No. 1
   plastic hose diam.
   10mm, 2m long filled with 0.1% (v/v) sulfuric acid solution, with graphite electrodes
   at the ends of the hose, was vertically suspended on the wall
   apartments. A voltmeter with an internal resistance of 1 mΩ is connected to the electrodes. Observations were carried out during the year.
   Results: a day later, the generation mode was established
   voltage 60-70 millivolts. (-) on the top electrode and (+) on the bottom. Voltage fluctuations are caused
   variability of temperature and background radiation.
   experience number 2

   plastic watering hose 5 m long, D 15 mm, graphite electrodes D 10 mm
   hung from the balcony. Temperature 35.
   Pure water from a faucet 50mV (+) on the top electrode (-) on the bottom.
   the addition of total salt gave an increase of 5 mV
   Pure tap water with practically insoluble boric acid
   4 to 12 mV (-) on the top electrode (+) on the bottom.
   And here is the solution to the polarity reversal
   directory > chemical encyclopedia:
   Hydroxonium ion (hydronium cation) H? O? , the hydrated form of the proton. exists in aqueous solutions of acids, is part of some pseudohydrates.
   In the first experiments, probably due to the low temperature and the short EMF generation hose in
   pure water was not observed. This time there was no sulfuric acid on hand. But I think that
   and so everything is clear.

   Unlike electrogravitic devices, devices powered by
   contact potential difference, do not require heat supply to create
   potential differences. The only thing that matters is the presence of ions in the water.
   One of the promising water ionizers are weakly radioactive elements, such as ash from cigarettes.
   Non-destructive cathode (-) is N-doped silicon (substrate 2000a thyristor, anode (+) graphite rod. The source of ions is water. When the electrodes are closed with a microammeter (R = 10 ohm), a current of 0.4 mA is recorded. Water decomposes.

   The insolubility of the cathode is due to the band mechanism of electrical conductivity p/p.
   Explanations: only the electrons of the conduction band are involved in the N-p / p electrical conductivity.
   That. electrons bound to the crystal lattice do not allow the electrolyte to pull out positive ions from the lattice. This is true, at least for the energy range considered here.
   The contact potential difference creates an electrostatic field in the water, which causes the directed movement of ions. In this case, even the simplest HIT from aluminum, graphite and water is a superunit generator, if we take into account the additional energy generated due to the contact potential difference.
   And although superunity, against the background of the electrochemical reaction of dissolution of the cathode, will be a small fraction, but this is a fact.

   The released hydrogen and oxygen can be used in fuel
   element.

3. Parfirych

   I didn't believe in perpetual motion. I often thought about the inertioid and once on a belt drive I drew weights with a uniform step. Did not believe. Calculated and wrote the article "On the existence of an inertioid, perpetual motion machine and asymmetry".

4. Ukhar

   For example, I proposed a new concept of wind turbines. Everyone shied away from her like hell from incense. This is a perpetual motion machine, but this cannot be! All I hear. And why can't four (at least) wind turbines provide energy for one electric motor?

5. Michael

   I made a self-rotator assembly, where 2 levers 0.5 kg + 0.5 kg = 1.0 kg, descending at an angle of 60 degrees, raise the lever 1.6 kg 95 degrees using gears. I continue to study the mechanism further. See information Yandex SELF-ROTATOR

6. Sergey

   Look here:
   http://si-is.ucoz.ru
   It is interesting that there is a substantiation of structures within the framework of the generally recognized theory of interactions, with the exception, in fact, of the law of conservation of energy.

7. Valery

   Inertioid and perpetual motion machine, what is it for
   In the early 1990s, there was a poster with the inscription “Gravity Engine” at the exhibition of technical creativity of young people, I stopped and looked at the drawing. The organizer of the exhibition came up, talked to him about the perpetual motion machine, after which he asked me to convince the author to remove the poster. “Otherwise, you will develop documentation,” he joked and followed the author. It was clear that reference to the law of conservation of energy could not be avoided, there was information about the construction of metaphysical laboratories, cracks for dispersing clouds and other innovations. There was no pencil, I had to prove it “on my fingers”, the author understood and removed the poster.
   And I thought, an interesting thing happens: the world around us is in perpetual motion, and we do not allow the idea of ​​modeling perpetual motion. Perhaps that is why the words of Goethe do not lose their relevance: "My friend the theory is dry, but the tree of life is eternally green."
   The calculation of the devices shown in Figures 1 and 2 of the article "On the existence of an inertioid, perpetual motion machine and asymmetry" is made through 0.1 steps of installing weights. When calculating after 0.05 steps, the obtained indicators decrease by about a factor of two. That is, having shown a method for calculating simple circuits, I proposed to search for more effective options. For example: run the tape on large pulleys along the chord, which will reduce the number of weights.
   The calculation of the rotor in Figure 3 is done with sufficient accuracy to make a decision. About 3,000 high-sensitivity bubble flasks will be required to make the rotor. And if by calculation it is possible to increase the release of the moment of force by ten times, one cannot do without flasks. The sensitivity of nature can be judged by the following fact: In sinks installed oppositely a few meters from the equator, the funnels rotate in different directions when draining water.
   About the possibility of using the rotor to generate energy: When the rotor rotates, there is no vertical speed at the points of 0 and 180 degrees. At the points of 90 and 270 degrees, the vertical speed is equal to the linear speed, that is, there will be an acceleration along the vertical, which will be superimposed on the acceleration of gravity, as a result of which the pressure of the bubble on the flask will change, in addition, during rotation, centrifugal force will arise and the bubble will shift. All this will not allow the rotor to gain momentum, and it will rotate very slowly, more precisely, self-unbalance or have asymmetry.
   Therefore, it is not necessary to count on the practical application of the rotor as a "perpetual motion machine", and the recognition of the existence of self-unbalance is a matter of curiosity and time. What cannot be said about the inertioid to which no alternative has yet been found.
   To recognize the existence of an inertioid, experimentation is necessary. The device schemes described in the note “On the release of centrifugal force to obtain thrust” of this article have a calculated thrust of up to 3 percent of the total centrifugal force on a semicircle, but are difficult to manufacture. The designs of more efficient devices may turn out to be no less complex, which calls into question the manufacture of a device in a handicraft way, and the development of documentation, the manufacture of experimental samples and laboratory equipment is beyond the power of amateurs.
   Retired engineer Pronota V.P.

8. Vladik-ShokoVladik

   Scientific stereotypes, accepted in science as its "indestructible" scientific postulates, stopped the thinking of many scientists, and people in general, both of the past and the present, being in it a certain mental cunning brake that prevents them from easily understanding the absolutely simple, and which is a certain help, an engine-driver, for creating in the mind of many of them, the uttermost highly complex ugly nonsense!!!

9. Zoom

   Nothing is eternal, the LAW of life. But let's look at a nuclear reaction, the energy costs to start it.
   much lower than what we get. The sun is a perpetual motion machine or not. From this position, I suppose you need to look.
   From the standpoint of an engine whose efficiency is more than one, but not about eternity, this cannot be theoretical in nature.

10. Vitaly

    Well, why is VD considered only in relation to the laws of conservation of energy and thermodynamics, and the law gravity - gravity, it is energy. Find in the Google search engines articles on the topic: “Perpetuum Mobile” by Putev-M.D.G. or an essay on the topic: “Gravity controlled by mechanisms”

11. Vladyokha

    Everything is simple!!! Decent inventors do not design perpetual motion machines for the sake of issuing a patent to them, but design it for the benefit of human society and the ecology of the planet Earth!!!

12. Vladyokha

    Over-unit closed system energy recovery - battery-motor-generator: ((((((((A/100%*B%+A)/100%*B%+A)/100%*B%+A)/ 100%*B%+A)/100%*B%+A)/100%*B%+A)/100%*B%+A)/100%*B%+A)/100%*B% + A) \u003d ..., where: A - the energy of the primary source (let's say it is the electric current of the battery), constantly supplied to power the engine with it; 100% is 100% of the energy, and making these 100% in the calculations is finding 1% of the energy, both once, from the very initial energy of the primary source, and constantly, from the value of the figure of the newly recuperated energy by the system - the battery- engine-generator; In% - this is a figure in%, the efficiency of a single cycle of energy recovery, by the system - battery-engine-generator, generated by its generator. And if the efficiency - V%, is equal to this system - the battery-motor-generator is 50%, then the system generates 1 (100%) of energy equal to the 1 (100%) that it constantly feeds from its battery. But if it, this system - a battery-engine-generator, has its efficiency - V%, equal to more than 50%, then it generates more than 1 (100%) - the energy that its battery constantly feeds, generating it with its generator! And at the same time, this system does not even violate, so to speak, the law of conservation of energy, because every time at the entrance of recuperation, its energy is A, it spends this recuperated energy on itself and spends it many times in order to complete its new work, which means that it does not produce its useful work each time more than it spends on its production of its own energy, although it is capable of building it in itself, many times more than all the energy that its battery was charged at the very beginning!

    28.04.2017

    From theory electrical circuits the phenomenon of current resonance is known.
    At parallel connection capacitance C and inductance L and when performing
    conditions (2πf) ² = 1 / С L-current does not flow through the voltage supply circuit.
    Formally, this is described as follows: Ic=jU/Xc , IL=-jU/XL.
    when Xc and XL are equal. the sum of the currents in the supply circuit is 0
    The current IL lags the current Ic in phase by an angle π. If the inductance is replaced
    to active resistance R= XL. connected in series
    a link of pure delay (ZChZ) providing a lag of the current from
    voltage at the angle π / 2, then there is nothing in the operation of the resonant circuit
    not change except
    the fact that heat will be released on the resistance R Q \u003d RI²
    This is a meaningful description of the task, it is simple and
    It's clear.
    If you use two counter-parallel
    included vacuum diodes, it would seem that the idea is easy
    is being implemented. With the light hand of R. Feynman,
    this idea circulates on the Internet, under the name "vacuum energy"
    Feynman is often cited as saying that in a vacuum contained in a balloon
    light bulbs contain so much energy that it can be boiled
    all oceans. According to available estimates, for the implementation
    the desired phase shift requires a frequency in the region of 3 terahertz (3 * 10¹5 Hz), in view of
    small inertial mass of the electron. For more massive charge carriers (mercury ions) 2 * 10¹² Hz, which will practically lead to the radiation of energy through the walls of the vessel, which is not
    reaches the consumer
    The following is one of the options
    implementation of the ZCHZ based on the inertia of the rotation of the magnetic
    domains where the desired phase shift can be achieved even at audio frequencies.
    The bottom line is that the secondary winding covers
    two cores. The first core is a conventional transformer in
    in which the magnetic flux remains constant at a constant
    input voltage u₁= jω Ф ₁ w₁
    there is no demagnetizing winding in the second core
    and therefore Ф₂ depends only on the load current. With increasing load current, the amplitude
    Ф₂ increases “With a certain increase in the amplitude of the remagnetizing field, a phase shift φ appears between the periodic functions H=Hm sinωt and V=Vt sin(ωt-φ).”
    Quote from Mishin D.D. Magnetic materials.M. 1981 page 29.
    The overwhelming majority work on this effect.
    resonant fuel-free generators differing from each other only
    ZCHZ design. This is the already mentioned “vacuum energy”, the Shoulders tube,
    Kapanadze generator, etc.
    To quantify the expected effects, it is necessary to formalize
    the above qualitative considerations.
    to the presentation of which we turn.

    Double circuit transformer

    (ZCHZ)
    CALCULATION SCHEME

    i₁
    f₂
    w₁

    mathematical model taking into account the delay by
    magnetization reversal

    magnetic flux Ф₁ is created by two magnetizing forces w₁ i₁ and w₂i₂
    F₁=ff₁(w₁ i₁- w₂i₂) F₁=L₁ i₁/ w₁-Mi₂/ w₂
    M coefficient of mutual inductance
    the magnetic flux Ф₂ is created by one magnetizing force
    F₂= ff₂ w₂i₂ F₂= L₂ i₂/w₂
    where ff is the form factor of the core
    ff=µS/P – here µ is the absolute magnetic permeability of the core material,
    S cross-sectional area, P perimeter
    note that the inductance L=ffw²
    Ф \u003d iL / w i - current in the winding, w - number of turns of the winding
    EMF of self-induction U= jωLi , j=√-1 , ω=2∏f where f is frequency in Hz, ∏=3.14
    In the frequency description of the model chosen here, based on the transformation
    Fourier, the pure delay link is introduced as a multiplier e-j ωT
    T delay time or ωT=φ delay angle
    Ф₂e-jωT= ff₂ w₂i₂ or Ф₂= L₂ i₂ ejωT/w₂

    Magnetic flux in the secondary winding

    The sum of magnetic fluxes Ф₀= Ф₂ + Ф₁= L₂ i₂ ejωT/w₂ + L₁ i₁/ w₁-Mi₂/ w₂

    Ф₀=L₂ i₂ ejωT/w₂ + L₁ i₁/ w₁-Mi₂/ w₂
    generates voltage U₂=jωw₂ Ф₀
    U₂= jωw₂ (L₂ i₂ ejωT/w₂ + L₁ i₁/ w₁-Mi₂/ w₂)

    Or
    U₂= jω L₂ i₂ ejωT + jω L₂ i₁ — jω Mi₂

    Magnetic flux in the primary winding

    Ф₁=L₁ i₁/ w₁ — M i₂/w₂

    U₁= jωL₁ i₁ — jω L₁ i₂
    Because Mw₁/w₂ = L₁

    we have 3 equations
    U₁= jωL₁ i₁ — jω L₁ i₂ 1.
    
    jω L₁ i₁ w₂/ w₁= jω L₂ i₁
    U₂= jω L₂ i₂ ejωT + jω L₂ i₁ - jω Mi₂ 2.
    i₂z = U₂ 3.
    with 3 unknowns i₁, i₂ and U₂
    where z =jx+r complex load
    jointly solve 3 and 2
    i₂z = jω L₂ i₂ ejωT + jω L₂ i₁ — jω Mi₂

    i₂ = jω L₂ i₁ /(z + jω M- jω L₂ ejωT)

    or
    let's substitute i₂ into 1.
    U₁= jωL₁ i₁ - jω L₁(jω L₂ i₁) /(z + jω M- jω L₂ ejωT)
    U₁= jωL₁ i₁ + L₁ ω² L₂ i₁) /(z + jω M- jω L₂ ejωT)

    U₁= jωL₁ i₁ +(M² ω² i₁) /(r+jx + jω M- jω L₂ ejωT)

    for U₁ and i₁ to be orthogonal, it is necessary

    so that the expression
    
    did not contain a real part
    ej φ = cos φ +jsin φ
    (M² ω² i₁) /(r+jx + jω M- jω L₂ ej φ)
    (M² ω² i₁) /(r+jx + jω M- jω L₂ (cos φ +jsin φ))
    those. r=- ω L₂sin φ
    because sin functionφ is odd, then r= ω L₂sin(- φ)
    this is the orthogonality condition

    reactive component

Perpetual motion technology has attracted people at all times. Today it is considered more pseudoscientific and impossible than vice versa, but this does not stop people from creating more and more outlandish gizmos and gizmos in the hope of violating the laws of physics and producing world revolution. Here are ten historical and extremely entertaining attempts to create something similar to a perpetual motion machine.

Battery Karpen

In the 1950s, the Romanian engineer Nicolae Vasilescu-Carpen invented the battery. Now located (although not on display) at the National Technical Museum of Romania, this battery still works, although scientists still disagree on how and why it even continues to work.

The battery in the device remains the same single-volt battery that Karpen installed in the 1950s. For a long time, the car was forgotten until the museum was able to display it well and ensure the safety of such a strange contraption. Recently found that the battery works and still produces a stable voltage - after 60 years.

Having successfully defended his doctorate on the topic of magnetic effects in moving bodies in 1904, Carpen certainly could have created something out of the ordinary. By 1909, he was engaged in the study of high-frequency currents and the transmission of telephone signals over long distances. Built telegraph stations, researched environmental heat and advanced fuel cell technology. However, modern scientists have not yet come to unanimous conclusions about the principles of operation of his strange battery.

Many conjectures have been put forward, from the conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy in the process of a cycle, the thermodynamic principle of which we have not yet discovered. The mathematical apparatus of his invention seems incredibly complex, potentially including concepts like the thermosiphon effect and the temperature equations of the scalar field. Although we have not been able to create a perpetual motion machine capable of generating infinite and free energy in huge quantities, nothing prevents us from enjoying a battery that continuously works for 60 years.

Joe Newman Energy Machine

In 1911, the US Patent Office issued a huge decree. They will no longer issue patents for perpetual motion devices, since it seems scientifically impossible to create such a device. For some inventors, this meant that the fight to have their work recognized as legitimate science would now be a little more difficult.

In 1984, Joe Newman got on the CMS Evening News with Dan Rather and showed something incredible. People living during the oil crisis were delighted with the idea of ​​the inventor: he presented a perpetual motion machine that worked and produced more energy than it consumed.

Scientists, however, did not believe a single word of Newman.

The National Bureau of Standards tested the scientist's device, which consisted mostly of batteries charged by a magnet rotating inside a coil of wire. During the tests, all Newman's statements turned out to be empty, although some people continued to believe the scientist. So he decided to take his energy machine and go on tour, demonstrating how it works along the way. Newman claimed that his machine gave out 10 times more energy than it absorbed, that is, it worked with an efficiency of over 100%. When his patent applications were rejected, and the scientific community literally threw his invention into a puddle, his grief knew no bounds.

As an amateur scientist who didn't even finish high school, Newman didn't give up even when no one supported his plan. Convinced that God had sent him a machine that would change humanity for the better, Newman always believed that the true value of his machine was always hidden from those in power.

Water screw by Robert Fludd

Robert Fludd was a kind of symbol that could only appear at a certain time in history. Half scientist, half alchemist, Fludd was describing and inventing things around the turn of the 17th century. He had rather strange ideas: he believed that lightning was the earthly embodiment of the wrath of God, which strikes them if they do not run. At the same time, Fludd believed in a number of principles that we accept today, even if most people in those days did not accept them.

His version of a perpetual motion machine was a waterwheel that could grind grain by constantly spinning under the action of recirculating water. Fludd called it "the water screw". In 1660, the first woodcuts appeared depicting such an idea (the appearance of which is attributed to 1618).

Needless to say, the device did not work. However, Fludd was not only trying to break the laws of physics for his machine. He was also looking for a way to help farmers. At that time, the processing of huge volumes of grain depended on flows. Those who lived far from a suitable source of running water were forced to load their crops, haul them to the mill, and then back to the farm. If this perpetual motion machine could work, it would make life much easier for countless farmers.

Wheel of Bhaskara

One of the earliest references to perpetual motion machines comes from the mathematician and astronomer Bhaskara, from his writings of 1150. His concept was an unbalanced wheel with a series of curved spokes inside filled with mercury. As the wheel turned, the mercury began to move, providing the push needed to keep the wheel spinning.

Over the centuries, variations of this idea have been invented a huge number. It is quite understandable why it should work: a wheel that is in a state of imbalance tries to bring itself to rest and, in theory, will continue to move. Some designers believed so strongly in the possibility of creating such a wheel that they even designed brakes in case the process got out of hand.

With our current understanding of force, friction and work, we know that an unbalanced wheel will not achieve the desired effect, because we cannot get all the energy back, we cannot extract it much or forever. However, the idea itself was and remains intriguing to people unfamiliar with modern physics, especially in the Hindu religious context of reincarnation and the circle of life. The idea became so popular that wheel-shaped perpetual motion machines later entered Islamic and European scriptures.

Cox's watch

When famed London watchmaker James Cox built his perpetual motion clock in 1774, it worked exactly as described in the accompanying documentation explaining why the clock did not need to be re-wound. The six-page document explained how the watch was created based on "mechanical and philosophical principles."

According to Cox, the watch's diamond-powered perpetual motion machine and reduced internal friction to almost no friction ensured that the metals that make up watches would decay at a much slower rate than anyone had ever seen. In addition to this grandiose statement, then many presentations of the new technology included mystical elements.

In addition to being a perpetual motion machine, Cox's clock was an ingenious clock. Encased in glass that protected the internal working components from dust while allowing them to be looked at as well, the watch was powered by changes in atmospheric pressure. If the mercury rose or fell inside the hourly barometer, the movement of the mercury turned the inner wheels in the same direction, partially winding the watch. If the watch was continuously wound, the gears would come out of the slots until the chain loosened to a certain point, after which everything fell into place and the watch began to wind itself again.

The first widely accepted example of a perpetual motion clock was shown by Cox himself in the Spring Garden. Later, he was seen at the weekly exhibitions of the Mechanical Museum, and later at the Clerkenville Institute. At that time, the display of these watches was such a miracle that they were captured in countless works of art, and crowds regularly came to Cox who wanted to gawk at his wonderful creation.

Watchmaker Paul Baumann founded the spiritual society Meternitha in the 1950s. In addition to abstaining from alcohol, drugs, and tobacco, members of this religious sect live in a self-sustaining, environmentally conscious environment. To achieve this, they rely on the marvelous perpetual motion machine created by their founder.

A machine called Testatika can take supposedly unused electrical energy and turn it into energy for the community. Due to its secrecy, the Testatic was not fully explored by scientists, although the machine was the subject of a short documentary film in 1999. Not much was shown, but enough to show that the sect almost idolizes this sacred machine.

The plans and features of Thestatica were sent directly to Baumann by God while he was serving a prison sentence for seducing a young girl. According to the official story, he was saddened by the darkness of his cell and the lack of light for reading. Then he was visited by a mysterious mystical vision, which revealed to him the secret of perpetual motion and infinite energy, which can be drawn directly from the air. Members of the sect confirm that the Thestatica was sent to them by God, noting also that several attempts to photograph the car revealed a multi-colored halo around it.

In the 1990s, a Bulgarian physicist infiltrated the sect to ferret out the design of the machine, hoping to reveal the secret of this magical energy device to the world. But he failed to convince the sectarians. After committing suicide in 1997 by jumping out of a window, he left a suicide note: "I did what I could, let those who can do better."

Bessler wheel

Johann Bessler began his perpetual motion research with a simple concept, like the wheel of Bhaskara: apply weight to the wheel on one side and it will be constantly unbalanced and constantly moving. On November 12, 1717, Bessler sealed his invention in a room. The door was closed, the room was guarded. When it was opened two weeks later, the 3.7-meter wheel was still moving. The room was sealed again, the scheme repeated. When they opened the door in early January 1718, the people found that the wheel was still turning.

Although becoming a celebrity after all this, Bessler did not expand on the principles of the wheel, noting only that it relies on weights that keep it unbalanced. Moreover, Bessler was so secretive that when an engineer sneaked in to take a closer look at the engineer's creation, Bessler freaked out and destroyed the wheel. Later, the engineer said that he did not notice anything suspicious. However, he saw only the outer part of the wheel, so he could not understand how it works. Even in those days, the idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine met with some cynicism. Centuries earlier, Leonardo da Vinci himself had scoffed at the idea of ​​such a machine.

Yet the concept of the Bessler wheel has never gone completely out of sight. In 2014, Warwickshire engineer John Collins revealed that he had been studying the design of the Bessler wheel for years and was close to cracking the mystery. Bessler once wrote that he destroyed all evidence, drawings and drawings about the principles of his wheel, but added that anyone who was smart and quick-witted could understand everything for sure.

Otis T. Carr UFO Engine

Included in the Register of Copyright Objects (third series, 1958: July-December) objects seem a little strange. Despite the fact that the US Patent Office long ago ruled that it would not grant any patents for perpetual motion devices because they could not exist, OTC Enterprises Inc. and its founder Otis Carr are listed as the owners of the "free energy system", "peaceful atom energy" and "gravity engine".

In 1959, OTC Enterprises planned to make the first flight of its "fourth-dimensional space transport" powered by a perpetual motion machine. And while at least one person had a brief look at the erratic parts of the heavily guarded project, the device itself was never opened or "lifted off the ground." Carr himself was hospitalized with vague symptoms on the day the device was due to depart on its maiden voyage.

Perhaps his illness was a clever way to get away from the demonstration, but it wasn't enough to put Carr behind bars. By selling options on technology that did not exist, Carr interested investors in the project, as well as people who believed that his apparatus would take them to other planets.

To get around the patent restrictions of his crazy designs, Carr patented everything as an "entertainment device" that simulated trips to outer space. It was US Patent # 2,912,244 (November 10, 1959). Carr claimed that his spacecraft worked because one had already left. The propulsion system was a "circular free energy foil" that provided an infinite supply of energy needed to carry the vehicle into space.

Of course, the strangeness of what is happening has opened the way for conspiracy theories. Some people have suggested that Carr actually assembled his perpetual motion machine and flying machine. But, of course, he was quickly pressed by the American government. Theorists could not agree, either the government does not want to disclose the technology, or it wants to use it on its own.

"Perpetuum Mobile" by Cornelius Drebbel

The strangest thing about Cornelius Drebbel's perpetual motion machine is that although we don't know how or why it worked, you've definitely seen it more often than you think.

Drebbel first demonstrated his car in 1604 and amazed everyone, including the English royal family. The machine was something like a chronometer; it never needed winding and showed the date and the phase of the moon. Driven by changes in temperature or weather, Drebbel's machine also used a thermoscope or barometer, similar to Cox's clock.

No one knows what provided movement and energy to Drebbel's device, since he spoke of harnessing the "fiery spirit of the air" like a real alchemist. At that time, the world was still thinking in terms of the four elements, and Drebbel himself experimented with sulfur and saltpeter.

As stated in a letter dated 1604, the earliest known representation of the device showed a central globe surrounded by a liquid-filled glass tube. Gold arrows and markings tracked the phases of the moon. Other images were more elaborate, showing the car adorned with mythological creatures and ornaments in gold. Drebbel's Perpetuum mobile also appeared in some paintings, notably those by Albrecht and Rubens. In these pictures, the strange toroidal shape of the machine does not at all resemble a sphere.

Drebbel's work attracted the attention of royal courts throughout Europe, and he toured the Continent for some time. And, as is often the case, he died in poverty. As the uneducated son of a farmer, he received the patronage of Buckingham Palace, invented one of the first submarines, became a regular in pubs towards old age, and eventually got involved in several projects that tarnished his reputation.

David Hamel's anti-gravity machine

In his self-proclaimed "incredibly true story of life," David Hamel claims to be an ordinary carpenter with no formal training who was chosen to be the custodian of an eternal energy machine and the spacecraft that is supposed to work with it. After an encounter with aliens from the planet Kladen, Hamel claimed to have received information that should change the world - if only people would believe him.

Although all of this is a little discouraging, Hamel said that his perpetual motion machine uses the same energies as spiders jumping from one web to another. These scalar forces cancel out the pull of gravity and allow us to create a device that will allow us to reunite with our Claden relatives, who provided Khamel with the necessary information.

According to Khamel, he has already built such a device. Unfortunately, it flew away.

After working for 20 years to build his interstellar device and drive using a series of magnets, he finally turned it on and this is what happened. Filled with the glow of colorful ions, his anti-gravity machine rose into the air and flew over Pacific Ocean. To avoid a repeat of this tragic event, Khamel builds his next car out of heavier materials like granite.

To understand the principles behind this technology, Hamel says you need to look at the pyramids, study some forbidden books, accept the presence of invisible energy, and imagine scalars and the ionosphere almost like milk and cheese.

Modern classification of perpetual motion machines

Both the first and second laws of thermodynamics were introduced as postulates after repeated experimental confirmation of the impossibility of creating perpetual motion machines. From these beginnings, many physical theories have grown, verified by many experiments and observations, and scientists have no doubt that these postulates are true, and the creation of a perpetual motion machine is impossible. In particular, the second law of thermodynamics can be formulated as one of the following (equivalent) postulates:

1. Kelvin's postulate- it is impossible to create a periodically operating machine that performs mechanical work only by cooling the heat reservoir.
2. Postulate of Clausius- spontaneous transfer of heat from colder bodies to hotter ones is impossible.

Story

Attempts to study the place, time and cause of the idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine is a very difficult task. It is no less difficult to name the first author of such an idea. The earliest information about Perpetuum mobile seems to be the mention that we find in the Indian poet, mathematician and astronomer Bhaskara, as well as separate notes in Arabic manuscripts of the 16th century, stored in Leiden, Gotha and Oxford. At present, India is rightfully considered the ancestral home of the first perpetual motion machines. Thus, Bhaskara, in his poem dating from about 1150, describes a kind of wheel with long, narrow vessels, half-filled with mercury, attached obliquely along the rim. The principle of operation of this first mechanical perpetuum mobile was based on the difference in the moments of gravity created by the liquid moving in vessels placed on the circumference of the wheel. Bhaskara justifies the rotation of the wheel in a very simple way: “The wheel thus filled with liquid, being mounted on an axis lying on two fixed supports, rotates continuously on its own. The first projects of a perpetual motion machine in Europe date back to the era of the development of mechanics, around the 13th century. By the 16th-17th centuries, the idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine was especially widespread. At this time, the number of projects of perpetual motion machines submitted for consideration to the patent offices of European countries was growing rapidly.

Unsuccessful designs of perpetual motion machines from history

On fig. 1 shows one of the oldest designs of a perpetual motion machine. It represents a cogwheel, in the recesses of which hinged weights are attached. The geometry of the teeth is such that the weights on the left side of the wheel are always closer to the axle than on the right side. As conceived by the author, this, in accordance with the law of the lever, should have brought the wheel into constant rotation. During rotation, the loads would recline to the right and retain the driving force.

However, if such a wheel is made, it will remain motionless. The reason for this fact is that although the weights on the right have a longer arm, on the left there are more of them. As a result, the moments of forces on the right and left are equal.

On fig. 2 shows the device of another engine. The author decided to use Archimedes' law to generate energy. The law is that bodies whose density is less than the density of water tend to float to the surface. Therefore, the author placed hollow tanks on the chain and placed the right half under water. He believed that the water would push them to the surface, and the chain with wheels would thus rotate endlessly.

The following is not taken into account here: the buoyancy force is the difference between the water pressures acting on the lower and upper parts of an object immersed in water. In the design shown in the figure, this difference will tend to push out those tanks that are under water on the right side of the picture. But on the lowest tank, which plugs the hole, only the force of pressure on its right surface will act. And it will balance or exceed the force acting on the rest of the tanks.

Patents and copyright certificates for a perpetual motion machine

Economic efficiency

An example of a pseudo-perpetual motion machine of the 2nd kind

Analysis of a specific design of a perpetual motion machine of the 2nd kind can be a non-trivial task, especially if we are talking about a complex structure or one whose operating principle is not at all clear at first glance, or the energy flows and their source are not obvious. Let's fix, for example, one end of a bimetallic plate working on bending, and hang a load from the second end and place the resulting structure in the open air. Due to temperature fluctuations, the plate will bend / straighten, and the load will rise and fall, that is, the device will do work. Replacing the load with a ratchet mechanism, we get a mechanical drive capable of performing useful work by extracting energy from the only thermal reservoir - the environment. But since the environment alternately acts as either a heater or a cooler, there is no contradiction with the second law of thermodynamics. Thus, the considered construction is not eternal, but pseudo-perpetual motion machine 2nd kind.

see also

Notes

1. Perelman Ya. I. In search of a perpetual motion machine (In search of a perpetual motion machine). - "Nature and People", 1915, No. 32, p. 508-510. On page 509.
2. Great Russian Encyclopedia
3. Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd ed.
4. Y. Rumer, M. Ryvkin.§9. circular processes. Carnot cycle // Thermodynamics, statistical physics and kinetics. - Ripol Classic, 1977. - ISBN 9785458513012.
5. Perpetuum mobile The earliest information about perpetual motion machines
6. Stefanova A. Vanity of vanities, or a brief chronicle of the research of perpetual motion // World of measurements. 2013. No. 6. S. 62-64.
7. Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences, 1775, p. 61, 65
8. "Perpetuum mobile" PrimeInfo
9. Perpetuum mobile // Great Russian encyclopedia: [in 35 volumes] / ch. ed. Yu. S. Osipov. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2004-2017.
10. Brodyansky V.M. Perpetuum mobile: before and now. - M., 2001. - S. 225.
11. , With. 104-105.
12. , With. 114-116.
13. Ya. I. Perelman Entertaining physics. Book 2.
14. Tomilin A. K., Aksenova N. V., Shevchuk A. S. Analysis of one "perpetual" motion machine // Young scientist. - 2015. - No. 10. - S. 330-333.
15. , With. 108.

Literature

• Alexandrov N. E., Bogdanov A. I., Kostin K. I. and others. Fundamentals of the theory of thermal processes and machines. Part II / Ed. N. I. Prokopenko. - 4th ed. (electronic). - M.: Binom. Knowledge Laboratory, 2012. - 572 p. -

Letters with enviable regularity come to our editorial office with a description of the designs of perpetual motion machines and offers to help with the construction of a working prototype in the name of eternal happiness for all mankind. We have great respect for all our readers, including those who consider the first and second postulates of thermodynamics to be an unfortunate historical misunderstanding. Moreover, we consider invention the most important of talents and the most honorable of hobbies.

To help our readers who are developing Perpetuum Mobile at their leisure, we decided to describe a few simple ways test their machines and find out as soon as possible if they are on the right track or if it's time to send the finished drawings to the trash and sit down for new ones.

Disease history

Dr. Donald Simanek is a highly distinguished physicist: professor at the University of Pennsylvania, author of numerous publications in both electrical physics and pedagogy, as well as a stereo photographer, designer of laboratory equipment, and a passionate publicizer of science. After retiring in 1999, he devoted himself to writing columns on invention in popular science magazines.

Dr. Simanek considers the construction of perpetual motion machines to be a great help in his studies, but only until the author of the design begins to believe that the machine will really work. The honored physicist is extremely intolerant of neglecting the postulates of thermodynamics. Apparently, therefore, he decided to create a cure for patients suffering from mania Perpetuum Mobile.

Donald Simanek has developed a number of simple ways to test the operation of a potential perpetual motion machine at home with minimal investment in both measuring tools and building the prototype itself. The disease, as a rule, develops according to the classical scenario. The patient builds another construction of the "eternal wheel" - a wheel, one side of which is always heavier than the other due to a system of levers, rolling balls, overflowing liquid, etc.?

Usually, the "eternal wheel" is a rather complex mechanical design, which is very difficult to implement at a decent technical level. Numerous hinges, bearings, levers of complex shape always leave much to be desired in terms of workmanship. Therefore, it is difficult to determine by eye why the machine stops: either the concept is untenable, or friction and imbalance in imperfectly manufactured parts interfere.

This is how doubts are born. The author of the prototype starts the wheel, and it rotates for a long time. All mechanisms work as intended. It seems as if it is worth just a little less friction - and the mechanism will work forever. So the author begins to believe in success and convince others that if they invest in the purchase of the most modern bearings and the most accurate 3D printers, then happiness for all mankind will be achieved, and Joel and Kelvin will remain in the cold.

attorney kick

The problem with most inventors of Perpetuum Mobile is that they think “by the Hamburg account”: the only proof of the viability of their project can be movement for an arbitrarily long time. This means that in order for the machine to work and “everyone knows”, it is necessary to build a working prototype using all the necessary technologies.

In fact, in order to prove the viability of the concept, it is not at all necessary to build a full-scale model and make it rotate forever. It is enough to demonstrate that the original structural elements, no matter how handicraft they were made, generate at least a modicum of energy. To do this, it is enough to compare the behavior of the "eternal" wheel with the usual one, creating the same conditions for them.

As a rule, in order to put into action the prototype of the "eternal wheel", it is necessary to give it an initial impulse - to push it with your hand. Let's try instead of a spontaneous "push" to give the wheel a strictly defined amount of energy. To do this, it is enough to wind, say, ten turns of the cord around the motor axis, and tie a load, for example, a kilogram weight, to the other end of the cord.

Release the load and let it spin the axle of the machine. Record the time after which the car will stop. And then take a second measurement: fix all the mechanisms that are designed to shift the balance of the wheel, so that the wheel is fully balanced. By fixing all the balls, levers and hinges, say, with adhesive tape, you will turn the “eternal” wheel into the most ordinary one. Wind the same ten turns on the axle, tie the same one kilogram and note how long the wheel will stop. If the test time of the "eternal wheel" exceeds the usual time, you can safely call the Nobel Committee.

A similar way of testing is to set up the prototype on a raised platform and measure the time it takes for the load to fall to the ground or the cord to completely unwind. It is important to conduct experiments qualitatively. Choose such a load so that the speed of rotation of the wheel is optimal for the operation of all mechanisms of "perpetual motion". The length of the cord should provide a more or less long experiment time, at least 20 seconds. Archimedean force keeps afloat supertankers weighing hundreds of thousands of tons, while their owners do not have to pay the ocean for fuel, water, or anything else. How not to take advantage of such generosity of nature? A float perpetual motion machine is prevented from working by the same thing that creates the Archimedean force - the pressure of the water column. In order for a "dry" float to enter the water column from below, it needs to overcome the pressure - the very thing that pushes the "wet" floats out of the water. The balance of power is again not in favor of Perpetuum Mobile.

Brakes invented by physics

The "eternal wheel" has not lost popularity since the time of Leonardo da Vinci and even earlier. The first concepts of perpetual motion machines, in which the balance shift was provided by mercury flowing from the axis to the rim, are attributed to an Indian mathematician named Bhaskara II (XII century), but drawings dating from the early Middle Ages are known.

Of course, in the 21st century there are much more opportunities for creativity. The latest trend is permanent magnet motors and stationary electromagnetic generators. A certain Tom Bearden in 2002 even managed to get a US patent for a generator that draws energy from a vacuum. The story was resolved by a grandiose scandal and mass re-certification of the employees of the patent office.

It is not possible to test a permanent magnet motor with a plumb line with a load. Modern concepts require more advanced tools. However, even they can be easily built at home from improvised materials.

You can measure the torque of any engine using the de Prony brake. The English term Break Horsepower, which refers to engine power in horsepower, came from this method, invented by Gaspard de Prony at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. ekov (break - brake). To build a de Prony brake, you will need a pulley worn on the motor shaft, a belt and two dynamometers. Under the dynamometer can be meant any spring, the degree of stretching of which is clearly visible to the eye. We put the belt on the pulley and hang it to the fixed frame on two dynamometers.

The belt tension is selected so that the engine can run at optimal speed. If the tension in your case turns out to be even a little significant (which is unlikely), you will see that the dynamometer readings will diverge: the one located after the pulley in the direction of rotation will show less effort. The difference in dynamometer readings is the engine torque, that is, the benefit that it will bring to the world. If you count the engine speed at the time of measurement and multiply it by the torque, you get the power of the motor.

The tests described above are applicable to almost all models of perpetual motion machines. Dr. Simanek recalls that even in the most complex structure, consisting of many interacting parts, one can single out a relatively simple element on which the whole concept of perpetual motion is based. Here it is, and not an expensive full-featured prototype, and you need to check it.

Trust but check

The desire to change the world and make humanity happy with free energy is very commendable. Moreover, the construction of perpetual motion machines is a fascinating and instructive hobby, which is widespread even among those people who do not doubt for a second that it is impossible to build a real machine.

If you believe in miracles, go ahead, but before you send letters to magazines and mortgage your house, do not be too lazy to do two simple tests. By the way, we have described only the simplest of existing measuring technologies. Many of the more advanced ones can be learned by looking directly at the work of Donald Simanek. If even after that you remain true to your dream, we sincerely wish you good luck. But we warn you that the postulates of thermodynamics, proven over the centuries, will not give up without a fight.
The amazing capillary effect really makes the water rise through a thin tube, overcoming the action of gravity. It would seem that it is a sin not to use this property for “free” lifting of water to a height. Unfortunately, water, having filled the entire capillary, will not pour out of it. The drop will be prevented from falling by an effect akin to capillary action, the surface tension. In some cases, similar designs can work to capture the imagination of viewers. The secret is simple: water will flow out of the tube when changing atmospheric pressure, that is, using the energy of air masses. Such a "perpetual motion machine" is called imaginary.
* All Perpetuum Mobile are divided into perpetual motion machines of the first and second kind. The former seek to extract energy from nothing, thereby violating the first postulate of thermodynamics: in any isolated system, the energy supply remains constant (Joule's formulation). An example of such an engine is the “perpetual wheel”. * Perpetual motion machines of the second kind tend to use once received energy repeatedly, violating the second law of thermodynamics: the entropy of an isolated system cannot decrease, that is, work cannot be done by transferring heat from a colder body to a hotter one. An example is a heat engine that takes heat from the ocean.

• Perpetuum mobile of the first kind- an engine (an imaginary machine) capable of doing work indefinitely without fuel or other energy resources. Their existence contradicts the first law of thermodynamics. According to the law of conservation of energy
• Perpetuum mobile of the second kind- an imaginary machine that, when set in motion, would turn into work all the heat extracted from the surrounding bodies (see Maxwell's Demon). They contradict the second law of thermodynamics. According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, all attempts to create such an engine are doomed to failure.

Story

An Indian or Arabic perpetuum mobile with small obliquely fixed vessels partially filled with mercury.

Attempts to study the place, time and cause of the idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine is a very difficult task. It is no less difficult to name the first author of such an idea. The earliest information about Perpetuum mobile seems to be the mention that we find in the Indian poet, mathematician and astronomer Bhaskara, as well as separate notes in Arabic manuscripts of the 16th century, stored in Leiden, Gotha and Oxford. At present, India is rightfully considered the ancestral home of the first perpetual motion machines. Thus, Bhaskara, in his poem dating from about 1150, describes a kind of wheel with long, narrow vessels, half-filled with mercury, attached obliquely along the rim. The principle of operation of this first mechanical perpetuum mobile was based on the difference in the moments of gravity created by the liquid moving in vessels placed on the circumference of the wheel. Bhaskara justifies the rotation of the wheel in a very simple way: “A wheel thus filled with liquid, being mounted on an axis lying on two fixed supports, continuously rotates by itself.” The first projects of a perpetual motion machine in Europe date back to the era of the development of mechanics, around the 13th century. By the 16th-17th centuries, the idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine was especially widespread. At this time, the number of projects of perpetual motion machines submitted for consideration to the patent offices of European countries was growing rapidly. Among the drawings of Leonardo Da Vinci, an engraving with a drawing of a perpetual motion machine was found.

Unsuccessful designs of perpetual motion machines from history

Rice. 1. One of the oldest perpetual motion designs

On fig. 1 shows one of the oldest designs of a perpetual motion machine. It represents a cogwheel, in the recesses of which hinged weights are attached. The geometry of the teeth is such that the weights on the left side of the wheel are always closer to the axle than on the right side. As conceived by the author, this, in accordance with the law of the lever, should have brought the wheel into constant rotation. During rotation, the loads would recline to the right and retain the driving force.

However, if such a wheel is made, it will remain motionless. The differential reason for this fact is that although the weights on the right have a longer lever, on the left there are more of them. As a result, the moments of forces on the right and left are equal.

Rice. 2. The design of a perpetual motion machine based on the law of Archimedes

On fig. 2 shows the device of another engine. The author decided to use Archimedes' law to generate energy. The law is that bodies whose density is less than the density of water tend to float to the surface. Therefore, the author placed hollow tanks on the chain and placed the right half under water. He believed that the water would push them to the surface, and the chain with wheels would thus rotate endlessly.

The following is not taken into account here: the buoyancy force is the difference between the water pressures acting on the lower and upper parts of an object immersed in water. In the design shown in the figure, this difference will tend to push out those tanks that are under water on the right side of the picture. But on the lowest tank, which plugs the hole, only the force of pressure on its right surface will act. And it will exceed the total force acting on the rest of the tanks. Therefore, the whole system will simply scroll clockwise until the water pours out.

Patents and copyright certificates for a perpetual motion machine

Literature

• Voznesensky N. N. About perpetual motion machines. M., 1926.
• Ihak-Rubiner F. perpetual motion machine. M., 1922.
• Kirpichev V.L. Conversations on mechanics. Moscow: GITL, 1951.
• Mah E. The Principle of Preservation of Work: The History and Root of It. SPb., 1909.
• Michal S. Perpetual motion machine yesterday and today. M.: Mir, 1984.
• Ord-Hume A. Perpetual motion. The Story of an Obsession. Moscow: Knowledge, 1980.
• Perelman Ya. I. Entertaining physics. Book. 1 and 2. M.: Nauka, 1979.
• Petrunin Yu. Why didn't the idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine exist in antiquity?// Petrunin Yu.Yu. The ghost of Tsargrad: unsolvable problems in Russian and European culture. - M.: KDU, 2006, p. 75-82

Notes

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