Yablochkov short biography. Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov - inventor of the arc lamp. The Russian idea came to life in Paris
YABLOCHKOV PAVEL NIKOLAEVICH
Yablochkov (Pavel Nikolaevich) - Russian electrical engineer (1847 - 1894), studied at the Saratov gymnasium, and then at the Nikolaev Engineering School. At the end of the latter, Yablochkov entered the Kyiv sapper brigade as a second lieutenant, but soon left military service and took the place of the head of the telegraph office on the Moscow-Kursk railway. Around this time, Yablochkov became very interested in electrical engineering, struck up relations with a society of natural science lovers in Moscow. In 1874, he undertook to illuminate the path of the Imperial train with electric light and actually got acquainted with the inconveniences of the regulators for the voltaic arc that existed at that time. In 1875, Yablochkov left for Paris, where Yablochkov's main works were carried out and all his discoveries were made. The first question, which Yablochkov wittily and simply resolved, was the question of electric lighting. Not hoping, apparently, for the possibility of building a properly functioning mechanical regulator of a voltaic arc, Yablochkov decided to do without it. Instead of placing the coals of the arc on top of each other, he placed them side by side and separated them with a layer of insulating substance - kaolin, which evaporated as the coals burned. This device, which has found extensive use for itself and has not yet completely disappeared, was called "Yablochkov's candles." Yablochkov had to work a lot on the choice of a suitable insulating substance and on methods for obtaining suitable coals. However, already in 1876, Yablochkov's candles appeared on sale and began to disperse in huge numbers. They are mainly used for street lighting. Each candle cost about 20 kopecks and burned for 1 1/2 hours; after this time, a new candle had to be inserted into the lantern. Subsequently, lanterns with automatic replacement of candles were invented - Yablochkov was the first to try to change the color of electric light by adding various metal salts to the evaporating partition between the coals. Yablochkov's candle, of course, could not hold out for a long time due to its significant inconveniences: fragility and a decrease in the luminous point as it burned. But nevertheless, it was the first to allow the use of electric lighting on a wider scale in the streets, squares, theaters, shops, etc. In the same 1876, a report was read in the French Physical Society on the electromagnet invented by Yablochkov with a flat winding, after of which he was elected a member of this society. His work on the distribution of electrical energy is closely related to Yablochkov's candles. Before Yablochkov, only one way was known to include light sources in a circuit. But it was almost never used, owing to the considerable inconveniences involved, and usually each source of light was powered by a separate dynamo. With this method of switching on, lighting, of course, was prohibitively expensive. Yablochkov came up with a switching scheme reminiscent of a modern parallel connection lamps: one pole of the dynamo was connected to the ground, and a wire came from the second, to which capacitor plates were attached in different places. The lamps were placed between the second plates and the ground. Thus, Yablochkov managed to include from 4 to 5 lamps in one circuit. Of course, it was impossible to use direct current to implement such a circuit, and so Yablochkov tried to build a dynamo alternating current, using for this the commutation of a constant. Gramm's alternators that appeared soon stopped Yablochkov's work, but back in 1881 he invented a new type of alternator with a specially designed anchor. Yablochkov was the first to use transformers for lighting, which in the scheme described above were switched on instead of capacitors. Of the other inventions of Yablochkov, another element is remarkable, in which the main role was played by atmospheric air and which has not yet received a proper assessment so far.
Brief biographical encyclopedia. 2012
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Nowadays, it is hard to imagine that the word "electrical engineering" was not known only about 100 years ago. It is not so easy to find a pioneer in experimental science as in theoretical science. It is written in textbooks: the Pythagorean theorem, Newton's binomial, the Copernican system, Einstein's theory, the periodic table ... But not everyone knows the name of the one who invented the electric light.
Who created a glass cone with metal hairs inside - an electric light bulb? It is not easy to answer this question. After all, it is associated with dozens of scientists. In their ranks is Pavel Yablochkov, whose brief biography is presented in our article. This Russian inventor stands out not only for his height (198 cm), but also for his work. His work marked the beginning of lighting with electricity. It is not for nothing that the figure of such a researcher as Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich still enjoys authority in the scientific community. What did he invent? The answer to this question, as well as many other interesting information about Pavel Nikolaevich, you will find in our article.
Origin, years of study
When Pavel Yablochkov (his photo is presented above) was born, there was cholera in the Volga region. His parents were frightened by the great plague, so they did not carry the child to the church for baptism. In vain, historians tried to find the name of Yablochkov in church records. His parents were small landowners, and Pavel Yablochkov's childhood passed quietly, in a large landowner's house with half-empty rooms, a mezzanine and orchards.
When Pavel was 11 years old, he went to study at the Saratov gymnasium. It should be noted that 4 years before that, Nikolai Chernyshevsky, a freethinker teacher, left this educational institution in St. Petersburg cadet corps. Pavel Yablochkov did not study at the gymnasium for long. After some time, his family became very impoverished. There was only one way out of this situation - a military career, which has already become a real family tradition. And Pavel Yablochkov went to the Pavlovsk Royal Palace in St. Petersburg, which was called the Engineering Castle after its residents.
Yablochkov - military engineer
The Sevastopol campaign at that time was still in the recent past (not even ten years had passed). It showed sailor prowess, as well as the high art of domestic fortifiers. Military engineering in those years was at a premium. General E. I. Totleben, who became famous during the Crimean War, personally nurtured the engineering school, where Pavel Yablochkov was now studying.
His biography of these years is marked by living in the boarding house of Caesar Antonovich Cui, an engineer-general who taught at this school. He was a talented specialist and even more gifted composer and musical critic. His romances and operas live on today. Perhaps it was these years spent in the capital that were the happiest for Pavel Nikolaevich. Nobody pushed him, there were no patrons and creditors yet. Great insights had not yet come to him, however, there were no disappointments that later filled his whole life.
The first failure befell Yablochkov when, at the end of his studies, he was promoted to second lieutenant, sent to serve in the Fifth Sapper Regiment, which belonged to the Kyiv fortress garrison. Battalion reality, which Pavel Nikolayevich met, turned out to be a little like the creative, interesting life of an engineer that he dreamed of in St. Petersburg. The military from Yablochkov did not work out: a year later he quit "due to illness."
First introduction to electricity
After that, the most unsettled period began in the life of Pavel Nikolaevich. However, it opens with one event that turned out to be very important in his future fate. A year after the resignation, Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov suddenly finds himself in the army again. His biography after that went in a completely different way ...
The future inventor is studying at the Technical Electroplating Institute. Here his knowledge in the field of "galvanism and magnetism" (the word "electrical engineering" while we have already said did not yet exist) expands and deepens. Many famous engineers and young scientists in their youth, like our hero, circled through life, trying on, looking closely, looking for something, until they suddenly found what they were looking for. Then no temptation could lead them astray. In the same way, 22-year-old Pavel Nikolaevich found his calling - electricity. Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich devoted his whole life to him. The inventions made by him are all related to electricity.
Work in Moscow, new acquaintances
Pavel Nikolaevich finally leaves the army. He went to Moscow and soon headed the department of the telegraph service of the railway (Moscow-Kursk). Here he has a laboratory at his disposal, here you can already test some, albeit still timid, ideas. Pavel Nikolaevich also finds a strong scientific community that unites natural scientists. In Moscow, he learns about the Polytechnic Exhibition, which has just opened. It presents the latest achievements of domestic technology. Yablochkov has like-minded people, friends who, like him, are passionate about electric sparks - tiny man-made lightning! With one of them, Nikolai Gavrilovich Glukhov, Pavel Nikolayevich decides to open his own "business". This is a universal electrical workshop.
Moving to Paris, candle patent
However, their "case" has collapsed. This happened because the inventors Glukhov and Yablochkov were not businessmen. In order to avoid a debt prison, Pavel Nikolayevich urgently travels abroad. In the spring of 1876, in Paris, Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov received a patent for an "electric candle". This invention would not exist if it were not for previous advances in science. Therefore, we will briefly talk about them.
The history of lamps before Yablochkov
Let's make a small historical digression dedicated to lamps in order to explain the essence of the most important invention of Yablochkov, without getting into the technical jungle. The first lamp is a torch. It has been known to mankind since prehistoric times. Then (before Yablochkov), first a torch was invented, then further - a candle, after some time - a kerosene lamp and, finally, a gas lantern. All these lamps, with all their diversity, are united by one general principle: something inside them burns when combined with oxygen.
Invention of the electric arc
V.V. Petrov, a talented Russian scientist, in 1802 described the experience of using galvanic cells. This inventor received an electric arc, created the world's first electric artificial light. Lightning is natural light. Mankind has known about him for a long time, another thing is that people did not understand his nature.
Modest Petrov did not send his work written in Russian anywhere. It was not known about it in Europe, so for a long time the honor of discovering the arc was attributed to the chemist Davy, the famous English chemist. Naturally, he knew nothing about Petrov's achievement. He repeated his experience 12 years later and named the arc after Volta, the famous Italian physicist. It is interesting that she has absolutely nothing to do with A. Volta himself.
Arc lamps and the inconveniences associated with them
The discovery of a Russian and an English scientist gave impetus to the emergence of fundamentally new arc electrodes. Two electrodes approached them, an arc flashed, after which a bright light appeared. However, the inconvenience was that the carbon electrodes burned out after a while, and the distance between them increased. Eventually, the arc went out. It was necessary to constantly bring the electrodes closer together. Thus, a variety of differential, clock, manual and other adjustment mechanisms appeared, which, in turn, required vigilant observation. It is clear that each lamp of this kind was an extraordinary phenomenon.
The first incandescent lamp and its disadvantages
The French scientist Jobar suggested using an electric incandescent conductor for lighting, rather than an arc. Shanzhi, his compatriot, tried to create such a lamp. A. N. Lodygin, a Russian inventor, brought it "to mind". He created the first practical incandescent light bulb. However, the coke rod inside her was very fragile and delicate. In addition, insufficient vacuum was observed in the glass flask, so he quickly burned this rod. Because of this, in the mid-1870s, it was decided to put an end to the incandescent lamp. The inventors returned to the arc again. And it was then that Pavel Yablochkov appeared.
electric candle
Unfortunately, we do not know how he invented the candle. Perhaps the thought of it appeared when Pavel Nikolaevich was tormented with the regulators of the arc lamp. For the first time in the history of railways, it was installed on a steam locomotive (a special train that went to the Crimea with Tsar Alexander II). Perhaps the sight of the arc that suddenly flared up in his workshop sunk into his soul. There is a legend that in one of the Parisian cafes, Yablochkov accidentally put two pencils side by side on the table. And then it dawned on him: there is no need to bring anything together! Let the electrodes be close, because the fusible insulation that burns in the arc will be installed between them. Thus, the electrodes will burn and shorten at the same time! As they say, everything ingenious is simple.
How Yablochkov's candle conquered the world
Yablochkov's candle was really simple in its design. And this was her great advantage. For businessmen who are not versed in technology, its meaning was available. That is why Yablochkov's candle conquered the world with unprecedented speed. Its first demonstration took place in the spring of 1876 in London. Pavel Nikolaevich, who had recently run away from creditors, returned to Paris already. The campaign for the exploitation of patents belonging to him arose instantly.
A special factory was founded, which produced 8,000 candles daily. They began to illuminate the famous shops and hotels of Paris, the indoor hippodrome and the opera, the port in Le Havre. A garland of lanterns appeared on Opera Street - an unprecedented sight, a real fairy tale. Everyone had "Russian light" on their lips. He was admired in one of the letters by P. I. Tchaikovsky. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev also wrote to his brother from Paris that Pavel Yablochkov had invented something completely new in the field of lighting. Pavel Nikolaevich noted later, not without pride, that electricity spread throughout the world precisely from the French capital and reached the courts of the king of Cambodia and not vice versa - from America to Paris, as they say.
"Fading out" of the candle
Amazing things marked the history of science! The entire electric lighting engineering of the world, headed by P. N. Yablochkov, for about five years, triumphantly moved, in essence, along a hopeless, false path. The candle festival did not last long, as did the material independence of Yablochkov. The candle did not “extinguish” immediately, but it could not withstand the competition with incandescent lamps. Contributed to this significant inconvenience that she had. This is a decrease in the luminous point during the combustion process, as well as fragility.
Of course, the work of Svan, Lodygin, Maxim, Edison, Nernst and other inventors of the incandescent lamp, in turn, did not immediately convince mankind of its advantages. Auer in 1891 installed his cap on a gas burner. This cap increased the brightness of the latter. Even then, there were cases when the authorities decided to replace the installed electric lighting with gas. However, already during the life of Pavel Nikolayevich, it was clear that the candle invented by him had no prospects. What is the reason why the name of the creator of the "Russian world" is firmly inscribed in the history of science to this day and has been surrounded by respect and honor for more than a hundred years?
The value of Yablochkov's invention
Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich was the first to approve electric light in the minds of people. The lamp, which was very rare only yesterday, has already approached man today, has ceased to be some kind of overseas miracle, convinced people of its happy future. The turbulent and rather short history of this invention contributed to the solution of many urgent problems that faced the technology of that time.
Further biography of Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov
Pavel Nikolaevich lived short life who was not very happy. After Pavel Yablochkov invented his candle, he worked a lot both in our country and abroad. However, none of his subsequent achievements influenced the progress of technology as much as his candle. Pavel Nikolayevich put a lot of work into the creation of the first electrical engineering magazine in our country called "Electricity". He began to appear in 1880. In addition, on March 21, 1879, Pavel Nikolaevich read a report on electric lighting in the Russian Technical Society. He was awarded the Society's medal for his achievements. However, these signs of attention were not enough for Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov to be given good conditions work. The inventor understood that in the backward Russia of the 1880s there were few opportunities for the implementation of his technical ideas. One of them was the production of electrical machines, which were built by Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov. His brief biography is again marked by a move to Paris. Returning there in 1880, he sold a patent for a dynamo, after which he began preparations for participation in the World Electrical Exhibition, held for the first time. Its opening was scheduled for 1881. At the beginning of this year, Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov devoted himself entirely to design work.
A brief biography of this scientist continues with the fact that Yablochkov's inventions at the 1881 exhibition received the highest award. They deserve recognition outside of the competition. His authority was high, and Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich became a member of the international jury, whose tasks included reviewing the exhibits and deciding on the awarding of awards. It should be said that this exhibition itself was a triumph for the incandescent lamp. Since that time, the electric candle gradually began to decline.
In subsequent years, Yablochkov began to work on galvanic cells and dynamos - generators. electric current. The path that Pavel Nikolayevich followed in his works remains revolutionary in our time. Successes on it can usher in a new era in electrical engineering. Yablochkov no longer returned to the light sources. In the following years, he invented several electrical machines and received patents for them.
The last years of the inventor's life
In the period from 1881 to 1893, Yablochkov conducted his experiments in difficult material conditions, in continuous work. He lived in Paris, completely surrendering to the problems of science. The scientist skillfully experimented, applied many original ideas in his work, going in unexpected and very bold ways. Of course, he was ahead of the state of technology, science and industry of that time. The explosion that occurred during the experiments in his laboratory almost cost Pavel Nikolaevich his life. The constant deterioration of the financial situation, as well as heart disease, which progressed all the time - all this undermined the strength of the inventor. After a thirteen-year absence, he decided to return to his homeland.
Pavel Nikolayevich left for Russia in July 1893, but fell very ill immediately upon arrival. He found such a neglected economy on his estate that he could not even hope for an improvement in his financial situation. Together with his wife and son, Pavel Nikolaevich settled in a Saratov hotel. He continued his experiments even when he was sick and deprived of his livelihood.
Yablochkov Pavel Nikolayevich, whose discoveries are firmly inscribed in the history of science, died of heart disease at the age of 47 (in 1894), in the city of Saratov. Our homeland is proud of his ideas and works.
The biography of the scientist presented in the article will help prepare a message about Pavel Nikolayevich Yablochkov, electrical engineer, inventor and entrepreneur.
Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov short biography
Born on September 2, 1847 in the village of Zhadovka, Saratov province, in the family of a small estate nobleman. Until 1862, the boy studied at the Saratov gymnasium, and 3 years later he graduated from the St. Petersburg private preparatory boarding house, and was enrolled in the ranks of students of the Nikolaev Military Engineering School.
After graduating from college in 1866, he received the rank of junior officer and was sent to the Fifth Sapper Battalion. He served in the battalion for less than a year and retired with the rank of lieutenant from military service. BUT in 1868, Yablochkov returned to the service for one reason - he wants to get an electrical education in the "Officer Galvanic Classes" at the Technical Military Galvanic Establishment in the city of Kronstadt. By the will of fate, having received the desired education, Pavel Nikolayevich was again assigned to the Fifth Engineer Battalion. True, in a different rank - the head of the galvanic team. After serving 3 years, he retired to the reserve in 1871 and until 1874 worked on the Moscow-Kursk railway as the head of the telegraph service.
After quitting his job, Yablochkov opens his workshop in Moscow, specializing in physical instruments. In tandem with the electrical engineer Glukhov, he is engaged in the improvement of the dynamo and batteries, and conducts lighting experiments. Pavel Yablochkov invented an electromagnet of an original design. In parallel with this, his work on improving the design in arc lamps continues.
Pavel Nikolayevich left for Philadelphia in 1875 to show his inventions at the World Exhibition. While in Paris, he met a well-known specialist in the field of telegraphy, Academician L. Breguet. He offers Yablochkov a job in his company and he agreed. And not in vain. After all, it was in Paris that he invented what Pavel Yablochkov became known all over the world. This is an electric candle, which was an arc lamp without a regulator. On March 23, 1876, the scientist receives a French patent for his invention under the number 112024.
In addition, during the French period of activity, he introduced a system electric lighting on single-phase alternating current and developed a method of "crushing light by induction coils" (he also received a patent for this invention).
His lighting system was presented in 1878 in Paris at the World Exhibition and was a huge success. In many countries, companies were created for the commercial exploitation of Pavel Nikolaevich's candle.
The scientist returned to Russia in 1878 and began to distribute the electric lighting system. In St. Petersburg, the company "Partnership of Electric Lighting and Manufacturing of Electrical Machines and Apparatus P.N. Yablochkov - Inventor and Co." was established. She was in charge of lighting installations.
Yablochkov also invented a "magneto-dynamo-electric machine" and a car battery. He initiated the creation of the magazine "Electricity". For his achievements, the scientist received a medal of the Russian Technical Society.
With regard to personal life, the researcher was married twice. The first wife was Nikitina Lyubov Ilyinichna. The second is Albova Maria Nikolaevna.
Pavel Yablochkov died at the age of 47 in Saratov in 1894 from heart disease.
Russian electrical engineer, military engineer, inventor of the arc lamp (the famous "Yablochkov candle")
Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov was born into the family of an impoverished nobleman, who came from an old Russian family. Having received a military engineering education in the field of electrical engineering and having served in the army, Yablochkov worked on the Moscow-Kursk railway as the head of the telegraph service, where he made his first invention: he created a “black-writing telegraph apparatus”.
Yablochkov was a member of the circle of electricians-inventors and lovers of electrical engineering at the Moscow Polytechnic Museum. Here he learned about the experiments of A.N. Lodygin on lighting streets and premises with electric lamps and decided to improve them. In 1875, Pavel Nikolayevich moved to Paris.
He proposed the first practically used AC transformers with an open magnetic system (1876); put forward the idea of organizing centralized production of electricity and its transmission to the place of consumption through networks (1879).
The principle of operation of the "Yablochkov candle"
March 23, 1876 - the formal date of birth of Yablochkov's candle: on this day he was given the first privilege in France, followed by a number of other privileges in France and in other countries for a new light source and its improvements.
The Yablochkov candle was exceptionally simple and was an arc lamp without a regulator. Two parallel carbon rods had a kaolin gasket between them along the entire height; each of the coals was clamped with its lower end into a separate terminal of the lamp; these terminals were connected to the poles of the battery or connected to the network. Between the upper ends of the carbon rods, a plate of poorly conductive material (“fuse”) was strengthened, connecting both coals. When the current passed, the fuse burned out, and an arc appeared between the ends of the carbon electrodes, the flame of which created illumination.
Practical application of "Yablochkov's candles"
In December 1878, Yablochkov's candles (8 balls) were lit for the first time in St. Petersburg's Bolshoi Theater. When “suddenly an electric light was turned on,” Novoe Vremya wrote in its issue of December 6, “a white bright, but not cutting the eye, but a soft light instantly spread through the hall, in which the colors and colors of women’s faces and toilets retained their naturalness, like at daylight. The effect was amazing."
In the same year, 1878, the Maritime Department conducted lighting experiments using the Yablochkov system on the Baltic ships Peter the Great, Vice Admiral Popov, and on the yacht Livadia. Since 1878, Yablochkov's candles have been widely used abroad. A syndicate was created, which in January 1878 turned into a society for the exploitation of Yablochkov's patents. Within one and a half to two years, Yablochkov's inventions went around the world. After the first installations in 1876 in Paris (the Louvre department store, the Chatelet Theatre, Opera Square, etc.), Yablochkov's candle lighting devices appeared literally in all countries of the world.
The greatest admiration among the townsfolk caused the lighting of the huge Parisian covered hippodrome. His running track was illuminated by 20 arc lamps with reflectors, and the seats for spectators were illuminated by 120 Yablochkov electric candles arranged in two rows. Lighting according to the Yablochkov system was installed on the streets of Paris for the opening of the World Exhibition in 1878.
Yablochkov proposed the first practically used AC transformers with an open magnetic system (1876); put forward the idea of organizing centralized production of electricity and its transmission to the place of consumption through networks (1879).
In 1877, Russian naval officer A.N. Khotinsky visited the laboratory of T. Edison and gave him an incandescent lamp by A.N. Lodygin and "Yablochkov's candle" with a scheme for crushing light. Edison made some improvements and in November 1879 received a patent for them as for his inventions. Yablochkov spoke out in print against the Americans, saying that Thomas Edison stole from the Russians not only their thoughts and ideas, but also their inventions.
The International Electrotechnical Exhibition in Paris in 1881 showed that Yablochkov's candle and its lighting system began to lose their importance, the incandescent lamp came to the fore, which could burn 800–1000 hours without replacement.
All activities of P.N. Yablochkova in Paris took place between trips to Russia. In December 1892, the scientist finally returned to his homeland, but here he was met rather coldly. In St. Petersburg, P.N. Yablochkov became very ill and moved to Saratov. March 19 (31), 1894 P.N. Yablochkov died.
Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich - Russian electrical engineer, inventor and entrepreneur. Born in with. Zhadovka of the Saratov province in the family of a small estate nobleman. He was educated as a military engineer - in 1866 he graduated from the Nikolaev Engineering School and in 1869 - from the Technical Galvanic Establishment in St. Petersburg. At the end of the latter, Yablochkov entered the Kyiv sapper brigade as a second lieutenant, but soon left military service and took the place of the head of the telegraph office on the Moscow-Kursk railway. Already at the beginning of his service on the railway, P. N. Yablochkov made his first invention: he created a “black-writing telegraph apparatus”. In 1873, Yablochkov opened a workshop for physical instruments: he invented a signal thermometer to control the temperature in railway cars; arranged the world's first installation for illuminating a railway track with an electric searchlight mounted on a steam locomotive.
Yablochkov was engaged in the improvement of batteries and a dynamo in the workshop, conducted experiments on illuminating a large area with a huge searchlight. In the workshop, Yablochkov managed to create an electromagnet of an original design. He applied a winding of copper tape, placing it on edge with respect to the core. This was his first invention, here Pavel Nikolaevich was working on improving arc lamps. By 1875, one of the main inventions of Yablochkin, an electric candle, is the first model of an arc lamp without a regulator, which already satisfies a variety of practical requirements. In 1875, Yablochkin left for Paris, where he designed an industrial model of an electric lamp (French patent No. 112024, 1876), developed and implemented a single-phase alternating current electric lighting system, and developed a method of "light splitting by induction coils." Yablochkov's candle turned out to be simpler, more convenient and cheaper to operate than A. N. Lodygin's coal lamp, it had neither mechanisms nor springs. It consisted of two rods separated by an insulating gasket made of kaolin. Each of the rods was clamped in a separate terminal of the candlestick. An arc discharge was ignited at the upper ends, and the arc flame shone brightly, gradually burning the coals and evaporating the insulating material.
Yablochkov designed the first alternating current generator, which, unlike direct current, ensured uniform burnout of carbon rods in the absence of a regulator, was the first to use alternating current for industrial purposes, created an alternating current transformer, an electromagnet with a flat winding, and was the first to use static capacitors in an alternating current circuit. The inventor developed a power supply system for a number of electric candles from a single current source, based on the use of capacitors.
In 1879, Yablochkin organized the P. N. Yablochkov-Inventor and Co. Electric Lighting Association and an electromechanical plant in St. mainly on the issues of generating electrical energy: he designed a "magneto-dynamo-electric machine", which already had the main features of a modern inductor machine, conducted a lot of original research in the field of practical solution of the problem of direct conversion of fuel energy into electrical energy, proposed a galvanic cell with an alkaline electrolyte, created a regenerative cell ( the so-called car battery), etc. Over time, Yablochkov’s invention was replaced by more economical and convenient incandescent lamps with a thin electric filament inside, his “candle” became just a museum exhibit. However, it was the first light bulb, thanks to which artificial light began to be used everywhere: on the streets, squares, theaters, shops, apartments and factories.
Yablochkin was a participant in electrical exhibitions in Russia (1880 and 1882), the Paris Electrical Exhibitions (1881 and 1889), the First International Congress of Electricians (1881), one of the initiators of the creation of the electrical department of the Russian Technical Society and the magazine "Electricity". Awarded with the medal of the Russian Technical Society. In 1947, the Yablochkin Prize was established for best work in Electrical Engineering, awarded once every 3 years.
