State and local environmental monitoring: problems of delimitation of concepts and definition of subjects of implementation. Bodies carrying out environmental monitoring Monitoring of environmental situations
Indeed, many and almost countless observations of changes and phenomena that occur in the air ... were made by nature testers and ... reported to the learned world, so that one could rely on deliberate authenticity in predicting the weather ...
M.V. Lomonosov. "A word about the phenomena of the air, from the electric force occurring"
General concepts
In various types of scientific and practical human activity, the method of observation has long been used - a method of cognition based on a relatively long, purposeful and systematic perception of objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality. Brilliant examples of the organization of observations of the natural environment are described as early as the first century AD in the "Natural History" by Gaius Secundus Pliny (the elder). Thirty-seven volumes containing information on astronomy, physics, geography, zoology, botany, agriculture, medicine, history, served as the most complete encyclopedia of knowledge until the Middle Ages.
Much later, already in the 20th century, the term arose in science. monitoring to determine a system of repeated targeted observations of one or more elements of the natural environment in space and time.
In recent decades, society has increasingly used information about the state of the natural environment in its activities. This information is needed in Everyday life people, in housekeeping, in construction, in emergency situations - to warn of impending dangerous natural phenomena. But changes in the state of the environment also occur under the influence of biospheric processes associated with human activity. Determining the contribution of anthropogenic changes is a specific task.
According to the already canonical definition, environmental monitoring -information system for observing, assessing and forecasting changes in the state of the environment, created to highlight the anthropogenic component of these changes against the background of natural processes.
Fig.1. Monitoring System Block Diagram
The environmental monitoring system should accumulate, systematize and analyze information:
- on the state of the environment;
- about the causes of observed and probable changes in the state (i.e., about the sources and factors of influence);
- on the admissibility of changes and loads on the environment as a whole;
- about the existing reserves of the biosphere.
Thus, the environmental monitoring system includes observations of the state of the elements of the biosphere and observations of the sources and factors of anthropogenic impact.
State report "On the state of the environment in the Russian Federation in 1995" defines environmental monitoring in the Russian Federation how a set of observations, assessments, forecasts carried out according to scientifically based programs, and recommendations and options for management decisions developed on their basis, necessary and sufficient to ensure the management of the state of the environment and environmental safety.
In accordance with the above definitions and the functions assigned to the system, monitoring includes three main areas of activity:
- monitoring the impact factors and the state of the environment;
- assessment of the actual state of the environment;
- forecast of the state of the environment and assessment of the predicted state.
It should be taken into account that the monitoring system itself does not include environmental quality management activities, but is a source of information necessary for making environmentally significant decisions. Term control, which is often used in the Russian-language literature to describe the analytical determination of certain parameters (for example, monitoring the composition of atmospheric air, monitoring the quality of water in reservoirs), should be used only in relation to activities involving the adoption of active regulatory measures.
"Dictionary for Nature Protection" defines environmental control as follows:
Environmental control -activities of state bodies, enterprises and citizens to comply with environmental standards and rules. Distinguish between state, industrial and public environmental control.
Legislative framework for environmental control is regulated Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection"
Article 68 Tasks of environmental control.
1. Environmental control sets as its tasks: monitoring the state of the environment and its change under the influence of economic and other activities; verification of the implementation of plans and measures for nature protection, rational use of natural resources, improvement of the natural environment, compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation and environmental quality standards.
2. The environmental control system consists of the state service for monitoring the state of the environment, state, industrial, public control.
Thus, in the environmental legislation, the state monitoring service is actually defined as part of the overall system of environmental control.
Classification of environmental monitoring
There are various approaches to the classification of monitoring (by the nature of the tasks to be solved, by the levels of organization, by the natural environments that are being monitored). Reflected in Fig. Class 2 covers the entire block of environmental monitoring, monitoring the changing abiotic component of the biosphere and the response of ecosystems to these changes. Thus, environmental monitoring includes both geophysical and biological aspects, which determines a wide range of research methods and techniques used in its implementation.
Fig.2. Classification of environmental monitoring
Global Environmental Monitoring System
Today, the network of observations of sources of influence and the state of the biosphere already covers the entire globe. The Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS) was created by the joint efforts of the world community (the main provisions and goals of the program were formulated in 1974 at the First Intergovernmental Monitoring Meeting). The top priority was organization of monitoring of environmental pollution and the impact factors causing it.
The monitoring system is implemented at several levels, which correspond to specially developed programs:
- impact (study of strong impacts on a local scale in - and);
- regional (manifestation of the problems of migration and transformation of pollutants, the combined impact of various factors characteristic of the economy of the region - P);
- background (on the basis of biosphere reserves, where any economic activity is excluded - F).
Table 1. Classification of pollutants by priority classes adopted in the GEMS system
| class | Pollutant | Wednesday | Program type (monitoring level) |
| 1 | Sulfur dioxide, particulate matter | Air | I, R, F |
| Radionuclides | Food | I, R | |
| 2 | Ozone 1 | Air | I (troposphere), F (stratosphere) |
| Organochlorine compounds and dioxins | biota, human | I, R | |
| Cadmium | food, water, human | And | |
| 3 | Nitrates, nitrites | Water, food | And |
| nitrogen oxides | Air | And | |
| 4 | Mercury | food, water | I, R |
| Lead | air, food | And | |
| Carbon dioxide | Air | F | |
| 5 | carbon monoxide | Air | And |
| Petroleum hydrocarbons | Sea water | R, F | |
| 6 | Fluorides | Fresh water | And |
| 7 | Asbestos | Air | And |
| Arsenic | drinking soda | And | |
| 8 | Microbiological contamination | Food | I, R |
| Reactive contaminants | Air | And |
The program of impact monitoring can be directed, for example, to the study of discharges or emissions from a particular enterprise. The subject of regional monitoring, as follows from its very name, is the state of the environment within a given region. Finally, the background monitoring carried out within the framework of the international program "Man and the Biosphere" aims to fix the background state of the environment, which is necessary for further assessments of the levels of anthropogenic impact.
Observation programs are formed according to the principle of choosing priority (subject to priority determination) pollutants and integral (reflecting a group of phenomena, processes or substances) characteristics. The priority classes of pollutants established by experts and adopted in the GEMS system are shown in Table 1.
Determination of priorities in the organization of monitoring systems depends on the purpose and objectives of specific programs: for example, on a territorial scale, the priority of state monitoring systems is given to cities, sources drinking water and spawning grounds for fish; with regard to the observation environments, the atmospheric air and water of fresh water bodies deserve priority attention. The priority of ingredients is determined taking into account criteria that reflect the toxic properties of pollutants, the volume of their entry into the environment, the characteristics of their transformation, the frequency and magnitude of exposure to humans and biota, the possibility of organizing measurements, and other factors. Annex 1 provides information on the sources and characteristic factors of possible impacts.
Decisions of state and municipal government aimed at normalizing the environmental situation, ensuring environmental safety and environmental well-being of the population should be adequate to this situation. The validity and promptness of these decisions is determined by the availability of objective and timely information about the current and predicted environmental situation.
Under e environmental safety understand the state in which the protection of the interests of the individual, society, nature and the state from any threats created by anthropogenic or natural impact on the environment is ensured.
The monitoring system is the mechanism that ensures the discovery of real interrelations between the sources of environmental deformation, living conditions and the state of health of the population.
Ecological monitoring (environmental monitoring)- this is integrated system performed according to scientifically sound programs related work on regular observation for the state of the environment, assessment and forecast its changes under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors.
The main objective of environmental monitoring is to provide state authorities and local governments, organizations and citizens with timely, regular and reliable information about the state of the environment and its impact on public health, as well as forecasts of changes in the environmental situation, for the development and implementation of measures to improve the natural environment and ensuring environmental safety. Monitoring data is the basis of information support for decision-making, setting priorities in the field of environmental protection in order to develop an economic policy that adequately takes into account environmental factors.
Environmental monitoring system is a set of mutually coordinated legal acts, management structures, scientific organizations and enterprises, technical and information means.
Objects of environmental monitoring are:
- natural environment components - lands, subsoil, soils, surface and underground waters, atmospheric air, levels of radiation and energy pollution, as well as the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth outer space, which together provide favorable conditions for the existence of life on Earth;
- natural objects - natural ecological systems, natural landscapes and their constituent elements;
- natural and anthropogenic objects - natural objects transformed in the course of economic activity or objects created by man and having recreational and protective value;
- sources of anthropogenic impact on the natural environment, including potentially dangerous objects.
Since information about the state of the natural environment is primarily used to assess the impact of the environment on the health of the population, often monitoring objects also include population groups exposed to environmental factors.
Monitoring of natural environments and objects is carried out at various levels:
Global (according to international programs and projects);
Federal (for the territory of Russia as a whole);
Territorial (within the territory of the respective subjects Russian Federation);
Local (within the natural-technogenic system, which is in use by the nature user who has received a license for a particular type of activity).
task global monitoring is to ensure observation, control and forecast of changes in the biosphere as a whole. Therefore, it is also called biospheric or background monitoring.
The development and coordination of the global environmental monitoring system (GEMS) is carried out by UNEP and the World Meteorological Organization within the framework of various international programs and projects. The main objectives of these programs are:
Assessment of the impact of global air pollution on climate;
Assessment of pollution of the World Ocean and the impact of pollution on marine ecosystems and the biosphere;
Assessment of critical issues arising in connection with agricultural activities and land use;
Establishment of an international disaster warning system.
Stations for complex background monitoring of the Russian Federation are located in 6 biosphere reserves and are part of global international observational networks.
In the implementation of global monitoring programs, observation of the state of the environment from space occupies a special place. Systems of space remote sensing of the Earth (ERS) allow obtaining unique information about the functioning different ecosystems at the regional and global levels, on the consequences of natural disasters and environmental disasters. An example of a global monitoring program is the Environmental Observation System (EOS) implemented in the United States. It is based on the processing of data received from three satellites equipped with video spectrometers, radiometers, lidars, radio altimeters and other equipment.
State environmental monitoring in the Russian Federation, it is carried out over the state of atmospheric air, water bodies, wildlife, forests, geological environment, land, specially protected natural areas, as well as sources of anthropogenic impact. Observation, assessment and forecast of the state of individual components of the natural environment and sources of anthropogenic impact is carried out within the framework of the relevant functional subsystem of ecological monitoring. The organization of monitoring within the framework of the functional subsystem is assigned to the relevant federal departments specially authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation.
Functional subsystems for monitoring the state of atmospheric air, pollution of soils, surface waters of land and marine environment(as part of the monitoring of surface water bodies) are combined into State Service for Monitoring Environmental Pollution (GSN), operating in Russia for more than a quarter of a century. Its organizational basis is the monitoring system of the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet), which includes territorial bodies (departments) and an observation network consisting of stationary and mobile posts, stations, laboratories and information processing centers.
The Roshydromet monitoring system provides the bulk of information on the state and pollution of the natural environment in the territory of the Russian Federation. Generalized data obtained by the State Observation Service are published in the annual State Report on the state of the environment and the impact of environmental factors on the health of the population of the Russian Federation.
Currently, the monitoring system of Roshydromet monitors:
For the state of air pollution in cities and industrial centers;
Behind the state of soil pollution with pesticides and heavy metals;
Behind the state of surface waters of land and seas;
Behind the transboundary transfer of pollutants in the atmosphere;
Per chemical composition, acidity of precipitation and snow cover; for background air pollution;
For radioactive contamination of the natural environment.
The entire range of work in the GOS, starting with the planning of the location of the observation network and ending with the algorithms for processing information, is regulated by the relevant regulatory and methodological documents.
Should be described in more detail State system for monitoring air pollution . Observations of the level of air pollution in cities and industrial centers of Russia are carried out by territorial departments for hydrometeorology and environmental monitoring. Together with organizations of Roshydromet, observations are carried out by sanitary and epidemiological surveillance bodies and other departments licensed by Roshydromet.
Observations are made at stationary, route and mobile posts according to the full program 4 times a day or according to the reduced program - 3 times a day. The list of pollutants subject to control is established taking into account the volume and composition of emissions for each region as a result of a preliminary survey. The concentrations of both the main pollutants for all territories (suspended substances, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and dioxide, sulfur dioxide) and substances specific to individual territories (ammonia, formaldehyde, phenol, hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, hydrogen fluoride, acrolein, benzo(a) are determined. )pyrene, heavy metals, aromatic hydrocarbons, etc.). Simultaneously with air sampling, meteorological parameters are determined: wind direction and speed, air temperature and humidity, weather conditions, as well as the level of gamma background. The collection and processing of the results of most analyzes is carried out within a day.
In the event of unfavorable weather conditions for the dispersion of pollutants, so-called “storm warnings” are transmitted to the largest enterprises in the region to take measures to temporarily reduce emissions.
E environmental monitoring at the territorial level includes the following types of observations:
- emissions monitoring - monitoring of a source (or type of activity) that has a negative impact on the environment (emission of pollutants, electromagnetic radiation, noise, etc.);
- impact monitoring - observations of the impact on the environment related to the control of a certain source or type of anthropogenic activity (in particular, monitoring of zones of direct impact);
- monitoring of the natural environment and ecosystems - monitoring the state of the components of the natural environment, natural resources, natural and technical systems, natural complexes, biological objects and ecosystems, as well as the anthropogenic impacts on them of the totality of existing sources and activities (monitoring of the anthropogenic background).
At the regional level, it is of particular importance pollution source monitoring environment and zones of their direct influence . This type of monitoring, unlike all others, is directly related to the management of pollution sources and ensuring the environmental safety of the population. The objects of monitoring are sources of pollution entering the environment belonging to industrial, agricultural, transport and other enterprises, as well as places of placement (storage, burial) of toxic waste.
Monitoring is carried out within the framework of the powers of environmental authorities to state environmental control and is carried out in the form of targeted inspections of individual enterprises, complex inspections (cities, enterprises). The number of such inspections is limited (1-2 per year).
Instrumental control is carried out by the technological inspection for the control of pollution sources with the analysis of samples in stationary conditions and in mobile laboratories.
The main volume of observations of sources is carried out within the framework of industrial environmental control . The scheme for organizing monitoring of pollution sources is shown in Fig. 10.1.
Environmental quality management consists in influencing nature users in such a way that the environmental quality characteristics approach the standard, characterized by the relevant standards. Control actions in this system can be of the following types:
Fig.10.1. Scheme of organization of monitoring of the impact source
Changes in the norms of payment for nature use, norms of MPE, MPD; forced change of technological process;
Change geographical location man-made object (up to the removal of production from the city);
Changing links between objects.
The frequency of control actions lies in a wide range - from several years (with the planned establishment of MPE and MPD standards) to several hours (in the event of emergency situations or under adverse weather conditions).
Thus, the monitoring system is a tool for obtaining the necessary information. What will be its effectiveness depends on the legal support and the consistency of the executive authorities in its application.
Environmental control
In order to ensure compliance with the requirements of environmental protection, norms, rules and state standards in the field of environmental protection, economic and other entities that have a negative impact on the natural environment implement an environmental control system.
Environmental control- this is a system of measures to prevent, detect and suppress violations of legislation in the field of environmental protection. The functioning of the environmental control system is the most important condition for ensuring environmental safety.
In the Russian Federation, state, industrial and public control in the field of environmental protection is carried out. Organization state environmental control assigned to a specially authorized federal executive body, as well as state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The legislation prohibits the combination of state control functions in the field of environmental protection and management functions in the field of economic use of natural resources. State environmental control is implemented through inspections of any organizations and enterprises, regardless of ownership, by state inspectors in the field of environmental protection. Full inspections cover the whole range of issues related to environmental activities. During targeted inspections, certain issues of environmental protection activities are controlled (the operation of gas and water treatment facilities, the condition of landfills, sludge collectors, the implementation of an environmental action plan, the implementation of previously issued instructions). Target inspections also include supervision over the progress of construction and reconstruction of facilities, inspection of enterprises based on applications and appeals of citizens.
State inspectors in the field of environmental protection in the performance of their duties have broad rights and powers - from issuing orders to legal entities to eliminate environmental offenses to suspending the activities of enterprises in case of violation of environmental legislation.
Industrial environmental control carried out by economic entities that have or are able to have a negative impact on the state of the environment.
Production environmental control is limited to the scope of the technological production cycle and aims to confirm compliance by the enterprise - nature user with established environmental standards, norms and rules, as well as the implementation of measures to protect and improve the environment, rational use and restoration of natural resources. This goal is achieved by organizing effective continuous monitoring of the established indicators for each source of direct impact on the environment, which is associated with an environmental risk to the environment (as a result of a violation of the technological process, deviation from the design mode of equipment operation, man-made accidents and disasters).
Due to the imperfection of existing methods for controlling pollutants, assessing their toxicity, distribution in the environment, the possibility of negative changes in natural environments under the influence of this enterprise is not excluded. Taking this into account, the legislation provides for the obligation of an enterprise-user of natural resources to organize quality control of natural environments in the zone of its direct influence (local environmental monitoring).
Industrial environmental control solves the following tasks:
Control of emissions into the atmosphere, wastewater discharges, water consumption and water disposal directly at the boundaries of the technological process (sources of emissions, discharges) to assess compliance with MPE, MPD and the effectiveness of regulation of emissions into the atmosphere in especially adverse weather conditions (NMU);
Control of the operating mode of technological and auxiliary environmental equipment and facilities associated with the formation, release and capture of pollutants, the formation and storage of waste; assessment of environmental safety of products;
The main objects of industrial environmental control are:
Raw materials, materials, reagents, preparations used in production;
Sources of emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air;
Sources of discharges of pollutants into water bodies, sewerage and water disposal systems;
Exhaust gas cleaning systems;
Waste water treatment systems;
Water recycling systems;
Storages and warehouses of raw materials and materials;
Waste disposal and disposal facilities;
Finished products.
In a number of cases, individual natural objects are included in the scope of industrial environmental control (control of thermal and chemical pollution of water bodies and watercourses, ground water).
Hazardous waste control is organized at all stages of their handling: during waste generation, accumulation, transportation, processing and neutralization, burial, and also after burial by monitoring the burial sites.
Production environmental control is carried out by the environmental protection service. Laboratories that implement the functions of industrial environmental control at the enterprise must be accredited and have the appropriate licenses.
The sources of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere and the discharge of wastewater into water bodies subject to control are determined on the basis of the established standards for MPE and MPD, as well as statistical reporting data.
The number of sources of emissions and discharges, the list of pollutants subject to control, and the control schedule of enterprises and organizations that use natural resources are annually coordinated with the territorial divisions of the federal authorized bodies. The schedules indicate the points of sampling, the frequency of sampling and the list of controlled ingredients.
The list of the most dangerous atmospheric pollutants subject to control at sources consists of substances from three groups: the main ones (dust, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and dioxide, sulfur dioxide); substances of the first hazard class; Substances for which, according to observational data, a concentration of more than 5 MPC has been registered in the controlled area.
Direct instrumental measurements should be the main method for monitoring atmospheric emissions and wastewater discharges. The optimal volume of instrumental control is established taking into account the characteristics of the technological regime. For large (main) sources of pollution, the organization of continuous automatic monitoring of emissions (discharges) should be provided.
Public environmental control is carried out with the aim of realizing the rights of every person to a favorable environment and preventing environmental offenses. Public environmental control involves public and other non-profit organizations in accordance with their charters, as well as citizens in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. The results of public environmental control submitted to state authorities and local self-government are subject to mandatory consideration.
10.5.Control questions
1. What is meant by the "presumption of environmental hazard" of economic activity? What statute establishes it?
2. In what cases is an EIA carried out?
3. What is the subject of state environmental expertise?
4. What is an environmental audit? What are environmental standards? Give an example of an environmental quality standard.
5.What is an environmental audit? What are environmental standards? Give an example of an environmental quality standard.
6. What are the standards for permissible environmental impact?
7.What is environmental safety?
8. Formulate the content and subject of environmental monitoring.
9. Levels, directions and types of environmental monitoring.
10. What defines the "standard environment" in the environmental monitoring system?
11. How is the monitoring of sources of anthropogenic impact organized?
12. What are the tasks of industrial environmental control?
13. What is state environmental control? How is it carried out?
14. What is the difference between environmental control and environmental audit?
Monitoring- a system of repeated targeted observations of the objects under study in space and time.
Environmental monitoring- an information system for observing, assessing and forecasting changes in the state of the environment, created to highlight the anthropogenic component of these changes against the background of natural processes.
It should be taken into account that the monitoring system itself does not include environmental quality management activities, but is a source of information necessary for making environmentally significant decisions.
Environmental monitoring in the Russian Federation is defined as a set of observations, assessments, forecasts carried out according to scientifically based programs, and recommendations and options for management decisions developed on their basis that are necessary and sufficient to ensure the management of the state of the environment and environmental safety (State report on the state of the environment in the Russian Federation , 1994).
The environmental monitoring system accumulates, systematizes and analyzes information:
- - on the state of the environment;
- - about the causes of observed and probable changes in the state (that is, about the sources of impact);
- - on the admissibility of changes and loads on the environment as a whole;
- - about the existing reserves of the biosphere.
Environmental monitoring of the environment can be developed at the level of an industrial facility, city, district, region, territory, republic as part of a federation.
Tasks of ecological monitoring of the environment. In order to radically increase the efficiency of work to preserve and improve the state of the environment, ensure human environmental safety in the Russian Federation "On the Creation of the Unified State System of Environmental Monitoring" (EGSEM). EGSEM solves the following tasks:
- - development of programs for monitoring the state of the environment (OPS) on the territory of Russia, in its individual regions and districts;
- - organization of observations and measurements of indicators of environmental monitoring objects;
- - ensuring the reliability and comparability of observational data both in individual regions and districts, and throughout Russia;
- - collection and processing of observational data;
- - organizing the storage of observational data, maintaining special data banks characterizing the ecological situation on the territory of Russia and in its individual regions;
- - harmonization of banks and databases of environmental information with international environmental information systems;
- - assessment and forecast of the state of environmental protection facilities and anthropogenic impacts on them, natural resources, responses of ecosystems and public health to changes in the state of environmental protection systems;
- - organization and implementation of operational control and precision changes in radioactive and chemical contamination as a result of accidents and catastrophes, as well as forecasting the environmental situation and assessing the damage caused to the environmental protection system;
- - ensuring the availability of integrated environmental information to a wide range of consumers, including the public, social movements and organizations;
- - information support of the management bodies of the state of the environmental protection system, natural resources and environmental safety;
- - development and implementation of a unified scientific and technical policy in the field of environmental monitoring;
- - creation and improvement of organized, legal, regulatory, methodological, methodological, informational, software and mathematical, hardware and technical support for the functioning of the USSEM.
EGSEM, in turn, includes the following main components:
- - monitoring of sources of anthropogenic impact on the environment;
- - monitoring of pollution of the abiotic component of the natural environment;
- - monitoring of the biotic component of the natural environment;
- - social and hygienic monitoring;
- - ensuring the creation and functioning of environmental information systems.
Stages of ecological monitoring of the environment.
- 1) defining the tasks of water quality monitoring systems and the requirements for the information necessary for their implementation;
- 2) creation of the organizational structure of the observation network and development of principles for their implementation;
- 3) building a monitoring network;
- 4) development of a system for obtaining data/information and presenting information to consumers;
- 5) creation of a system for checking the received information for compliance with the initial requirements and revising, if necessary, the monitoring system.
When developing an environmental monitoring project, the following information is required:
- 1. sources of pollutants entering the environment - emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere by industrial, energy, transport and other facilities; wastewater discharges into water bodies; surface washouts of pollutants and biogenic substances into the surface waters of land and sea; the introduction of pollutants and biogenic substances onto the earth's surface and (or) into the soil layer together with fertilizers and pesticides during agricultural activities; places of burial and storage of industrial and municipal waste; technogenic accidents leading to the release of hazardous substances into the atmosphere and (or) the spill of liquid pollutants and hazardous substances, etc.;
- 2. transfers of pollutants - processes of atmospheric transfer; transfer and migration processes in the aquatic environment;
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- 3. processes of landscape-geochemical redistribution of pollutants - migration of pollutants along the soil profile to the level of groundwater; migration of pollutants along the landscape-geochemical conjugation, taking into account geochemical barriers and biochemical cycles; biochemical circulation, etc.;
- 4. data on the state of anthropogenic emission sources - the power of the emission source and its location, hydrodynamic conditions for the release of emissions into the environment.
The monitoring system is implemented at several levels, which correspond to specially developed programs: impact (study of strong impacts on a local scale):
- - regional (manifestation of the problems of migration and transformation of pollutants, the combined impact of various factors characteristic of the region's economy);
- - background (on the basis of biosphere reserves, where any economic activity is excluded).
When environmental information moves from the local level (city, district, zone of influence of an industrial facility, etc.) to the federal level, the scale of the map base on which this information is applied increases, therefore, the resolution of information portraits of the environmental situation changes at different hierarchical levels of the environmental monitoring. So, at the local level of environmental monitoring, the information portrait should contain all sources of emissions ( ventilation pipes industrial enterprises, wastewater outlets, etc.).
At the regional level, closely located sources of influence "merge" into one group source. As a result, in the regional information portrait, a small city with several tens of emissions looks like one local source, the parameters of which are determined according to the source monitoring data.
At the federal level of environmental monitoring, there is an even greater generalization of spatially distributed information. As local sources of emissions at this level, industrial areas and rather large territorial formations can play the role. When moving from one hierarchical level to another, not only information about emission sources is generalized, but also other data characterizing the ecological situation.
Objects of observation of ecological monitoring of the environment.
In the zone of influence of emission sources, systematic monitoring of the following objects and parameters of the environment is organized.
- 1. Atmosphere: chemical and radionuclide composition of the gaseous and aerosol phase of the air sphere; solid and liquid precipitation (snow, rain) and their chemical radionuclide composition; thermal and humidity pollution of the atmosphere.
- 2. Hydrosphere: chemical and radionuclide composition of the environment of surface waters (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, etc.), groundwater, suspensions and these deposits in natural drains and reservoirs; thermal pollution of surface and ground waters.
- 3. Soil: chemical and radionuclide composition of the active soil layer.
- 4. Biota: chemical and radioactive contamination of agricultural land, vegetation, soil zoocenoses, terrestrial communities, domestic and wild animals, birds, insects, aquatic plants, plankton, fish.
- 5. Urbanized environment: chemical and radiation background of the air environment of settlements; chemical and radionuclide composition of food, drinking water, etc.
- 6. Population: characteristic demographic parameters (population size and density, birth and death rates, age composition, morbidity, level of congenital deformities and anomalies); socio-economic factors.
Systems for monitoring natural environments and ecosystems include means of observing: the ecological quality of the air environment, the ecological state of surface waters and aquatic ecosystems, the ecological state of the geological environment and terrestrial ecosystems.
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Environmental monitoring
Ecological monitoring (environmental monitoring) – a system for monitoring, evaluating and predicting the state of the natural environment surrounding a person. The ultimate goal of environmental monitoring is the optimization of human relations with nature, the ecological orientation of economic activity.
Environmental monitoring includes three main areas of activity:
– monitoring of impact factors and the state of the environment;
– assessment of the actual state of the environment;
– forecast of the state of the environment and assessment of the predicted state.
It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of "environmental monitoring" and "environmental control". The monitoring system does not include environmental quality management activities, but is a source of information necessary for making environmentally significant decisions. In relation to activities involving the adoption of active regulatory measures, the term "environmental control" should be used.
Environmental control - activities of state bodies, enterprises and citizens to comply with environmental standards and rules. There are state, industrial and public environmental control. In the environmental legislation of the Russian Federation, the state monitoring service is defined as part of the overall system of environmental control.
Environmental monitoring arose at the intersection of ecology, biology, geography, geophysics, geology and other sciences. There are different types of monitoring depending on the criteria: bioecological (sanitary and hygienic), geoecological (natural and economic), biospheric (global), space, geophysical, climatic, biological, public health, social, etc.
Depending on the degree of anthropogenic impact, there are impact and background monitoring. Background (basic) monitoring – tracking natural phenomena and processes occurring in a natural environment, without anthropogenic influence. It is carried out on the basis of biosphere reserves. Impact monitoring – monitoring of anthropogenic impacts in especially dangerous areas.
Depending on the scale of observation, there are global, regional and local monitoring. Global monitoring – tracking the development of global biospheric processes and phenomena (for example, the state of the ozone layer, climate change). Regional monitoring - tracking natural and anthropogenic processes and phenomena within a certain region (for example, the state of Lake Baikal). Local monitoring – monitoring within a small area (for example, monitoring the state of air in a city).
In some cases, a combined classification is used, highlighting three levels of monitoring: impact(study of strong local scale impacts), regional(manifestation of the problems of migration and transformation of pollutants, the combined impact of various factors specific to the economy of the region) and background(on the basis of biosphere reserves, where any economic activity is excluded).
At the level local (sanitary and hygienic, bioecological, impact) monitoring the most important is the control of the following indicators:
1. The concentration of pollutants most dangerous for natural ecosystems and humans in life-supporting environments:
– in atmospheric air: oxides of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, ozone, dust, aerosols, heavy metals, radionuclides, pesticides, benzpyrene, nitrogen, phosphorus, hydrocarbons;
– in surface waters: radionuclides, heavy metals, pesticides, benzpyrene, pH, salinity, nitrogen, oil products, phenols, phosphorus;
– in soil: heavy metals, pesticides, radionuclides, oil products, benzpyrene, nitrogen, phosphorus;
– in biota: heavy metals, radionuclides, pesticides, benzpyrene, nitrogen, phosphorus.
2. The level of harmful physical effects: radiation, noise, vibration, electromagnetic fields, etc.
3. Dynamics of morbidity due to pollution of the biosphere, in particular, birth defects.
Environmental monitoring points are located in large settlements, industrial and agricultural areas (cities, highways, territories of industrial and energy centers, nuclear power plants, oil fields, agroecosystems with intensive use of pesticides and fertilizers, etc.).
At the level regional (geosystem, natural and economic) monitoring monitoring of the state of ecosystems of large natural-territorial complexes (river basins, forest ecosystems, agroecosystems, etc.) is carried out, differences in their parameters from background territories are recorded due to anthropogenic impacts.
At the level global (biosphere, background) monitoring changes in the biosphere as a whole are tracked. The objects of global monitoring are the atmosphere, hydrosphere, soil cover, flora and fauna, and the biosphere as a whole as the living environment of all mankind. The development and coordination of global monitoring of the natural environment is carried out within the framework of UNEP (a UN body) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The main objectives of this program are:
– organization of an expanded warning system for threats to human health;
– assessment of the impact of global atmospheric pollution on climate;
– assessment of the amount and distribution of contaminants in biological systems, especially in food chains;
– assessment of critical problems arising from agricultural activities and land use;
– assessment of the response of terrestrial ecosystems to environmental impacts;
– assessment of ocean pollution and the impact of pollution on marine ecosystems;
– Establishment of a natural disaster warning system on an international scale.
The concept of environmental monitoring Monitoring is a system of repeated observations of one or more elements of the natural environment in space and time with specific goals and in accordance with a pre-prepared program Menn 1972. The concept of environmental monitoring was first introduced by R. Clarifying the definition of environmental monitoring by Yu.
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Lecture #14
Environmental monitoring
- The concept of environmental monitoring
- Tasks of environmental monitoring
- Monitoring classification
- Assessment of the actual state of the environment (sanitary and hygienic monitoring, environmental)
- Forecast and assessment of the predicted state
1. The concept of environmental monitoring
Monitoring is a system of repeated observations of one or more elements of the natural environment in space and time with specific goals and in accordance with a pre-prepared program (Menn, 1972). The need for detailed information about the state of the biosphere has become even more obvious in recent decades due to the serious negative consequences caused by uncontrolled human exploitation of natural resources.
To detect changes in the state of the biosphere under the influence of human activity, an observation system is needed. Such a system is now commonly referred to as monitoring.
The word "monitoring" entered the scientific circulation from the English-language literature and comes from the English word " monitoring " comes from the word " monitor ”, which in English has the following meaning: monitor, device or device for monitoring and constant control over something.
The concept of environmental monitoring was first introduced by R. Menn in 1972. at the UN Stockholm Conference.
In our country, one of the first to develop the theory of monitoring was Yu.A. Israel. While refining the definition of environmental monitoring, Yu.A.Izrael back in 1974 focused not only on observation, but also on forecasting, introducing the anthropogenic factor as the main cause of these changes into the definition of the term “environmental monitoring”. Monitoring environmenthe calls the system of observations, assessment and forecast of anthropogenic changes in the state of the natural environment. (Fig.1) . The Stockholm Conference (1972) on the environment marked the beginning of the creation of global systems for monitoring the state of the environment (GEMS / GEMS).
Monitoring includes the followingmain directions activities:
- Observations of factors affecting the natural environment and the state of the environment;
- Assessment of the actual state of the natural environment;
- Forecast of the state of the natural environment. And an assessment of this state.
Thus, monitoring is a multi-purpose information system for observing, analyzing, diagnosing and predicting the state of the natural environment, which does not include environmental quality management, but provides the necessary information for such management (Fig. 2.) .
Information system / monitoring / management
Rice. 2. Block diagram of the monitoring system.
2. Tasks of environmental monitoring
- Scientific and technical support for observation, assessment of the forecast of the state of the environment;
- Monitoring the sources of pollutants and the level of environmental pollution;
- Identification of sources and factors of pollution and assessment of the degree of their impact on the environment;
- Assessment of the actual state of the environment;
- Forecast of changes in the state of the environment and ways to improve the situation. (Fig.3.) .
The essence and content of environmental monitoring consists of an ordered set of procedures organized in cycles: N 1 observation, O 1 estimate, P 1 forecast and U 1 management. Then the observations are supplemented with new data, on a new cycle, and then the cycles are repeated on a new time interval H 2, O 2, P 2, U 2, etc. (Fig. 4.) .
Thus, monitoring is a complexly built, cyclically functioning and developing in time spiral constantly operating system.
Rice. 4. Scheme of functioning of monitoring in time.
3. Classification of monitoring.
- By the scope of observation;
- By objects of observation;
- According to the level of contamination of objects of observation;
- According to factors and sources of pollution;
- Observation methods.
According to the scale of observation
|
Level name monitoring |
Monitoring Organizations |
|
Global |
Between state system monitoring environment |
|
National |
State system for monitoring the environment of the territory of Russia |
|
Regional |
Territorial, regional environmental monitoring systems |
|
Local |
City, district environmental monitoring systems |
|
Detailed |
Environmental monitoring systems for enterprises, deposits, factories, etc. |
Detailed Monitoring
The lowest hierarchical level is the level of detailedenvironmental monitoring, implemented within the territories and on the scale of individual enterprises, factories, individual engineering structures, economic complexes, deposits, etc. Systems of detailed environmental monitoring are the most important link in the system of a higher rank. Their integration into a larger network forms a local level monitoring system.
Local monitoring (impact)
It is carried out in heavily polluted places (cities, settlements, water bodies, etc.) and is focused on the source of pollution. AT
Due to the proximity to sources of pollution, all the main substances that make up emissions into the atmosphere and discharge into water bodies are usually present in significant quantities. Local systems, in turn, are combined into even larger regional monitoring systems.
Regional monitoring
It is carried out within a certain region, taking into account the natural character, type and intensity of technogenic impact. Regional environmental monitoring systems are combined within one state into a single national monitoring network.
National monitoring
Monitoring system within one state. Such a system differs from global monitoring not only in scale, but also in that the main task of national monitoring is to obtain information and assess the state of the environment in the national interest. In Russia, it is carried out under the leadership of the Ministry of Natural Resources. Within the framework of the UN environmental program, the task was set to unite national monitoring systems into a single interstate network "Global Environmental Monitoring Network" (GEMS)
Global monitoring
The purpose of the GEMS is to monitor changes in the environment on Earth as a whole, on a global scale. Global monitoring is a system for monitoring the state and forecasting possible changes in global processes and phenomena, including anthropogenic impact on the biosphere as a whole. GEMS deals with global warming, ozone layer problems, forest conservation, droughts, etc. .
By objects of observation
- atmospheric air
- in settlements;
- different layers of the atmosphere;
- stationary and mobile sources of pollution.
- Ground and surface water bodies
- fresh and salt water;
- mixing zones;
- regulated water bodies;
- natural reservoirs and streams.
- Geological environment
- soil layer;
- soils.
- Biological monitoring
- plants;
- animals;
- ecosystems;
- human.
- Snow monitoring
- Background radiation monitoring.
The level of contamination of objects of observation
- Background (basic monitoring)
These are observations of environmental objects in relatively clean natural areas.
2. Impact
Oriented to the source of pollution or a particular polluting effect.
By factors and sources of pollution
1. Gradient monitoring
This is the physical impact on the environment. These are radiation, thermal effects, infrared, noise, vibration, etc.
2. Ingredient monitoring
This is the monitoring of a single pollutant.
By methods of observation
1. Contact methods
2. Remote methods.
4. Assessment of the actual state of the environment
Assessment of the actual state is a key direction in the framework of environmental monitoring. It allows you to determine trends in changes in the state of the environment; the degree of trouble and its causes; helps to make decisions on the normalization of the situation. Favorable situations that indicate the presence of ecological reserves of nature can also be identified.
The ecological reserve of a natural ecosystem is the difference between the maximum allowable and the actual state of the ecosystem.
The method for analyzing the results of observations and assessing the state of the ecosystem depend on the type of monitoring. Usually, the assessment is carried out according to a set of indicators or according to conditional indices developed for the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. Unfortunately, there are no unified criteria even for identical elements of the natural environment. For example, consider only a few criteria.
In sanitary and hygienic monitoring, they usually use:
1) comprehensive assessments of the sanitary state of natural objects based on the totality of measured indicators (Table 1) or 2) pollution indices.
Table 1.
Comprehensive assessment of the sanitary state of water bodies based on a combination of physical, chemical and hydrobiological indicators
General principle calculation of pollution indices is as follows: first, the degree of deviation of the concentration of each pollutant from its MPC is determined, and then the obtained values are combined into a total indicator that takes into account the impact of several substances.
Let us give examples of the calculation of pollution indices used to assess atmospheric air pollution (AP) and surface water quality (SWQ).
Calculation of the air pollution index (API).
In practical work, a large number of different APIs are used. Some of them are based on indirect indicators atmospheric pollution, for example, on the visibility of the atmosphere, on the coefficient of transparency.
Various ISAs, which can be divided into 2 main groups:
1. Single indices of atmospheric pollution by one impurity.
2. Comprehensive indicators of atmospheric pollution by several substances.
To single indices relate:
The coefficient for expressing the impurity concentration in MPC units ( a ), i.e. the value of the maximum or average concentration, reduced to MPC:
a = Сί / MACί
This API is used as a criterion for atmospheric air quality by individual impurities.
Repeatability (g ) concentrations of impurities in the air above a given level by post or by K posts of the city for the year. This is the percentage (%) of cases when the specified level is exceeded by single values of the impurity concentration:
g = (m / n ) ּ100%
where n - the number of observations for the period under review, m - the number of cases of exceeding one-time concentrations at the post.
ISA (I ) by a separate impurity - a quantitative characteristic of the level of atmospheric pollution by a separate impurity, taking into account the hazard class of the substance through normalization for danger SO 2 :
I \u003d (C g / MPCs) Ki
where I is an impurity, Ki - constant for various classes dangers of bringing to the degree of harmfulness of sulfur dioxide, C d is the average annual impurity concentration.
For substances of different hazard classes Ki is accepted:
|
Hazard Class |
||||
|
Ki value |
API calculation is based on the assumption that at the MPC level all harmful substances have the same effect on humans, and with a further increase in concentration, the degree of their harmfulness increases at a different rate, which depends on the hazard class of the substance.
This API is used to characterize the contribution of individual impurities to the overall level of atmospheric pollution over a given period of time in a given territory and to compare the degree of atmospheric pollution by various substances.
To complex indices relate:
The Comprehensive Urban Air Pollution Index (CIPA) is a quantitative measure of the level of air pollution generated by n substances present in the atmosphere of the city:
KIZA=
where II - unit index of air pollution by the i-th substance.
The complex index of air pollution by priority substances - a quantitative characteristic of the level of air pollution by priority substances that determine air pollution in cities, is calculated similarly to the KIZA.
Calculations of the natural water pollution index (WPI)can also be done in several ways.
Let us give as an example the calculation method recommended normative document, which is an integral part of the Rules for the Protection of Surface Waters (1991) - SanPiN 4630-88.
First, the measured concentrations of pollutants are grouped according to the limiting signs of harmfulness - LPV (organoleptic, toxicological and general sanitary). Then, for the first and second (organoleptic and toxicological LPV) groups, the degree of deviation (A i ) actual concentrations of substances ( C i ) from their MPC i , the same as for atmospheric air ( A i = C i / MPC i ). Next, find the sum of the indicators A i , for the first and second groups of substances:
where S is the sum of A i for substances regulated by organoleptic ( S org ) and toxicological ( S tox ) LPV; n - number of summarized indicators of water quality.
In addition, to determine the WPI, the value of oxygen dissolved in water and BOD are used. 20 (general sanitary LPV), bacteriological indicator - the number of lactose-positive Escherichia coli (LPKP) in 1 liter of water, smell and taste. The water pollution index is determined in accordance with the hygienic classification of water bodies according to the degree of pollution (Table 2).
Comparing the corresponding indicators ( S org , S tox , BOD 20 etc.) with evaluation ones (see Table 2), determine the pollution index, the degree of pollution of the water body and the water quality class. The pollution index is determined by the most stringent value of the estimated indicator. So, if according to all indicators the water belongs to the I quality class, but the oxygen content in it is less than 4.0 mg/l (but more than 3.0 mg/l), then the WPI of such water should be taken as 1 and attributed to the II class quality (moderate degree of pollution).
Types of water use depend on the degree of water pollution in a water body (Table 3).
Table 2.
Hygienic classification of water bodies according to the degree of pollution (according to SanPiN 4630-88)
Table 3
Possible types of water use depending on the degree of pollution of the water body (according to SanPiN 4630-88)
|
Degree of pollution |
Possible use of a single object |
|
Permissible |
Suitable for all types of water use of the population with virtually no restrictions |
|
Moderate |
Indicates the danger of using a water body for cultural and domestic chains. Use as a source of domestic and drinking water supply without lowering the level: chemical pollution at water treatment facilities can lead to initial symptoms of intoxication in a part of the population, especially in the presence of substances of the 1st and 2nd hazard classes |
|
High |
Unconditional danger of cultural and domestic water use at a water body. It is unacceptable to use it as a source of domestic and drinking water supply due to the difficulty of removing toxic substances in the process of water treatment. Drinking water can lead to the appearance of symptoms of intoxication and the development of separated effects, especially in the presence of substances of the 1st and 2nd hazard classes. |
|
Extremely high |
Absolute unsuitability for all types of water use. Even short-term use of water in a water body is dangerous for public health |
In the services of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, to assess water quality, they use the method of calculating WPI only by chemical indicators, but taking into account more stringent fishery MPCs. At the same time, not 4, but 7 quality classes are distinguished:
I - very pure water (WPI = 0.3);
II - pure (WPI = 0.3 - 1.0);
III - moderately polluted (WPI = 1.0 - 2.5);
IV - polluted (WPI = 2.5 - 4.0);
V - dirty (WPI = 4.0 - 6.0);
VI - very dirty (WPI = 6.0 - 10.0);
VII - extremely dirty (WPI over 10.0).
Assessment of the level of chemical contamination of the soilis carried out according to the indicators developed in geochemical and geohygienic studies. These indicators are:
- chemical concentration factor (K i ),
K i \u003d C i / C fi
where C i actual content of analyte in soil, mg/kg;
C fi regional background content of the substance in the soil, mg/kg.
In the presence of MPC i for the soil type under consideration, K i determined by the multiplicity of exceeding the hygienic standard, i.e. according to the formula
K i = С i / MPC i
- total pollution index Z c , which is determined by the sum of the chemical concentration coefficients:
Zc = ∑ K i (n -1)
Where n number of pollutants in the soil, K i - concentration factor.
An approximate rating scale for the danger of soil pollution in terms of the total indicator is presented in Table. 3.
Table 3
|
Danger |
Change in health |
|
|
admissible |
16 |
low morbidity in children, minimum functional deviations |
|
moderately dangerous |
16-32 |
an increase in the overall incidence |
|
dangerous |
32-128 |
an increase in the overall incidence rate; an increase in the number of sick children, children with chronic diseases, disorders of the cardiovascular system |
|
extremely dangerous |
128 |
an increase in the overall incidence rate; increase in the number of sick children, impaired reproductive function |
Environmental monitoring is of particular importance in the global systemmonitoring of the environment and, first of all, in the monitoring of renewable resources of the biosphere. It includes observations of the ecological state of terrestrial, aquatic and marine ecosystems.
As criteria characterizing changes in the state of natural systems, the following can be used: the balance of production and destruction; the value of primary production, the structure of the biocenosis; the rate of circulation of nutrients, etc. All these criteria are numerically expressed by various chemical and biological indicators. Thus, changes in the vegetation cover of the Earth are determined by changes in the area of forests.
The main result of environmental monitoring should be an assessment of the responses of ecosystems as a whole to anthropogenic disturbances.
The response, or reaction of an ecosystem, is a change in its ecological state in response to external influences. It is best to evaluate the reaction of the system by the integral indicators of its state, which can be used as various indices and others. functional characteristics. Let's consider some of them:
1. One of the most common responses of aquatic ecosystems to anthropogenic impacts is eutrophication. Therefore, monitoring the change in indicators that integrally reflect the degree of eutrophication of a reservoir, for example, pH 100% , - essential element environmental monitoring.
2. The response to "acid rain" and other anthropogenic impacts may be a change in the structure of biocenoses of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. To assess such a response, various indices of species diversity are widely used, reflecting the fact that under any adverse conditions, the diversity of species in the biocenosis decreases, and the number of resistant species increases.
Dozens of such indices have been proposed by various authors. Indices based on information theory have found the greatest use, for example, the Shannon index:
where N - total number individuals; S - number of species; N i - the number of individuals of the i -th species.
In practice, one does not deal with the abundance of a species in the entire population (in a sample), but with the abundance of a species in a sample; replacing N i /N by n i / n , we get:
The maximum diversity is observed when the numbers of all species are equal, and the minimum - when all species, except for one, are represented by one specimen. Diversity indices ( d ) reflect the structure of the community, weakly depend on the sample size, and are dimensionless.
Yu. L. Wilm (1970) calculated the Shannon diversity indices ( d ) in 22 uncontaminated and 21 polluted sections of different US rivers. In uncontaminated areas, the index ranged from 2.6 to 4.6, and in contaminated areas - from 0.4 to 1.6.
Assessment of the state of ecosystems in terms of species diversity is applicable to any types of impacts and any ecosystems.
3. The reaction of the system can manifest itself in a decrease in its resistance to anthropogenic stresses. As a universal integral criterion for assessing the sustainability of ecosystems, V. D. Fedorov (1975) proposed a function called a measure of homeostasis and equal to the ratio of functional indicators (for example, pH 100% or rate of photosynthesis) to structural (diversity indices).
A feature of ecological monitoring is that the effects of impacts, hardly noticeable when studying an individual organism or species, are revealed when considering the system as a whole.
5. Forecast and assessment of the predicted state
The forecast and assessment of the predicted state of ecosystems and the biosphere are based on the results of environmental monitoring in the past and present, the study of information series of observations and the analysis of trends in changes.
At the initial stage, it is necessary to predict changes in the intensity of sources of impacts and pollution, to predict the degree of their influence: to predict, for example, the amount of pollutants in various media, their distribution in space, changes in their properties and concentrations over time. To make such forecasts, data on human activity plans are needed.
The next stage is a forecast of possible changes in the biosphere under the influence of existing pollution and other factors, since changes that have already occurred (especially genetic ones) can act for many more years. An analysis of the predicted state allows choosing priority environmental measures and making adjustments to economic activities at the regional level.
Forecasting the state of ecosystems is a necessary ringing in the management of the quality of the natural environment.
In assessing the ecological state of the biosphere on a global scale by integral features (averaged over space and time), remote observation methods play an exceptional role. Leading among them are methods based on the use of space facilities. For these purposes, special satellite systems are being created (Meteor in Russia, Landsat in the USA, etc.). Synchronous three-level observations with the help of satellite systems, aircraft and ground services are especially effective. They allow you to obtain information about the state of forests, agricultural land, sea phytoplankton, soil erosion, urbanized areas, redistribution water resources, atmospheric pollution, etc. There is, for example, a correlation between the spectral brightness of the planet's surface and the humus content in soils and their salinity.
Space photography provides ample opportunities for geobotanical zoning; makes it possible to judge the growth of the population by the areas of settlements; energy consumption by the brightness of night lights; clearly identify dust layers and temperature anomalies associated with radioactive decay; fix increased concentrations of chlorophyll in water bodies; detect forest fires and much more.
in Russia since the late 1960s. there is a unified nationwide system for monitoring and control of environmental pollution. It is based on the principle of the complexity of observations of natural environments in terms of hydrometeorological, physicochemical, biochemical and biological parameters. Observations are built on a hierarchical principle.
The first stage is local observation points serving the city, region and consisting of control and measuring stations and a computer center for collecting and processing information (CSI). Then the data goes to the second level - regional (territorial), from where the information is transferred to local interested organizations. The third level is the Main Data Center, which collects and summarizes information on a national scale. For this, PCs are now widely used and digital raster maps are created.
Currently, the Unified State Environmental Monitoring System (EGSEM) is being created, the purpose of which is to issue objective comprehensive information about the state of the environment. USSEM includes monitoring: sources of anthropogenic impact on the environment; pollution of the abiotic component of the natural environment; biotic component of the natural environment.
EGSEM provides for the creation of environmental information services. Monitoring is carried out by the State Observation Service (GOS).
Observations for atmospheric air in 1996 they were held in 284 cities at 664 posts. As of January 1, 1996, the monitoring network for pollution of surface waters of the Russian Federation consisted of 1928 points, 2617 alignments, 2958 verticals, 3407 horizons located on 1363 water bodies (1979 - 1200 water bodies); of these - 1204 watercourses and 159 reservoirs. Within the framework of the State Monitoring of the Geological Environment (GMGS), the observation network amounted to 15,000 observation points for groundwater, 700 observation sites for dangerous exogenous processes, 5 polygons and 30 wells for studying earthquake precursors.
Among all the blocks of the USSEM, the most complex and least developed not only in Russia, but also in the world is the monitoring of the biotic component. There is no single methodology for the use of living objects either for assessing or for regulating the quality of the environment. Therefore, the primary task is to determine biotic indicators for each of the monitoring blocks at the federal and territorial levels in a differentiated way for terrestrial, water and soil ecosystems.
To manage the quality of the natural environment, it is important not only to have information about its state, but also to determine the damage from anthropogenic impacts, economic efficiency, environmental protection measures, and own economic mechanisms for protecting the natural environment.
actual condition
environment
The state of the environment
environments
Behind the state
environment
And the factors on
affecting her
Forecast
mark
Observations
Monitoring
observations
Status forecast
Assessment of the actual state
Estimation of the predicted state
Environmental quality regulation
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
A TASK
GOAL
OBSERVATION
GRADE
FORECAST
DECISION-MAKING
STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT
DETECTION
behind the change in the state of the environment
proposed environmental changes
observed changes and identification of the effect of human activity
causes of environmental change associated with human activities
to prevent
negative consequences human activity
optimal relationship between society and the environment
Fig.3. Main tasks and purpose of monitoring
H 1
About 2
H 2
P 1
About 1
