In 1940, the USSR, in accordance with the secret protocol of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and with the help of military blackmail, annexed Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, which at that time were part of Romania, but during the Second World War it was occupied by the Germans and Romanians. In 1944, Soviet troops returned Northern Bukovina. In the same year, Southern Bukovina, which accounted for 60% of Bukovina's lands and was predominantly populated by Romanians, was transferred to the Socialist Republic of Romania. Northern Bukovina went to the USSR and became part of the Chernivtsi region of the Ukrainian SSR, now - Ukraine.

Bukovina is a historical and geographical region in the Southern Carpathian region. In dry times, it covers parts of the territory of the modern Chernivtsi region in Ukraine (Northern Bukovina) and the Suceava region in Romania (Southern Bukovina).

ON BOTH SIDES OF THE BORDER

Separate parts of the territory of Bukovica were on opposite sides of the borders, but this does not prevent the locals from remaining faithful to traditions.

The majority of the population of Northern Bukovina are Ukrainians, followed by Romanians and Moldovans - the descendants of the inhabitants of the once united Bukovina, their number is one fifth of the entire population of Northern Bukovina.

Here is an extremely curious linguistic picture: although Ukrainian is the only official language, the majority of the population speaks two or more languages: Ukrainians and Moldovans - in Russian, Poles - in Ukrainian, and older Ukrainians have not forgotten Romanian either.

Northern Bukovina is covered with forests dominated by spruce, fir and, of course, beech. A rich fauna has been preserved: Carpathian deer, roe deer, wild boar, fox.

The rivers of Bukovina have long been known as waterways for timber rafting from the Carpathian mountains to the plains. The path was short, but extremely dangerous, the rafting profession in Bukovina has always been considered extremely risky, legends and songs were composed about these desperate guys. Nowadays, a special kind of water tourism has appeared on these rivers - sports mountain rafting on traditional long Bukovinian rafts: pleasure is not for the faint of heart, because the current here is swift, there are many treacherous rapids, and the channel is extremely winding.

Many local attractions are associated with the Ukrainian movement of the Carpathian oprishki, especially with the name of the rebel leader Oleksa Dovbush (1700-1745). Known are "Dovbush stones", "Dovbush rocks", but the most popular and visited is the "Dovbush cave" in the Putivl region.

Bukovinians have many holidays, the most popular are the Ukrainian “Coming to the meadows”, “Shovkova Kositsa” and the holiday of humor and folklore “Zakharetsky Garchik”, as well as the Romanian national holidays “Mertisor”, “Limba noaster chya romine” and “Floril Dalbe” ”, in which all national and cultural organizations of the region participate.

Chernivtsi is the main city of Northern Bukovina and the historical center of all Bukovina. The city's prosperity was facilitated by its location at the crossroads of trade routes from northwestern Europe to the Balkans and Turkey. As a result of wars and changes of power, almost all Germans were evicted from Chernivtsi in 1940, and the number of Poles and Romanians sharply decreased in Soviet times. Now the majority of the population in the city are Ukrainians. As for the Jews, who under the Romanians made up almost a third of the city's population, the majority died during the Second World War in numerous German concentration camps. After the war, most of the survivors fled to Romania.

Southern Bukovina in Romania includes one Suceava county. Romanians are the majority population in Southern Bukovina, followed by the Roma by a wide margin. The county's capital city is called Suceava, and it houses the main value of Southern Bukovina - the Throne Fortress, the ancient place of the coronation of Moldavian rulers.

CURIOUS FACTS

■ Television of Northern Bukovina (Ukraine) broadcasts news in Ukrainian, but the speech in Russian is given without translation, and at the end of the broadcast, the same broadcast follows, but in Romanian and with a different presenter.

■ The name of the city of Zastavna, according to local residents, does not come from the customs “outpost”, which was once located here at the crossing over the Sovitsa River, but from the location of the city behind three ponds: “stav” is in Ukrainian and means “pond”.

■ Folk hero of Bukovina Oleksa Dovbush suffered from muteness as a child, but Iosif Yavny cured him. People like Yavny were called molfars in Bukovina: they were healers, healers, keepers of ancient knowledge and culture of the Bukovinians. The name "molfar" comes from the word "molfa" - the object on which the spell is cast.

■ In Russian Ryazan in the 1970s. Entuziastov Avenue was renamed Chernovitskaya Street - in honor of the city of Chernivtsi, which is twinned with Ryazan.

■ The name of the center of South Bukovina, unusual for a Slav, is Suceava, which, as is commonly believed, comes from the Hungarian word suchshvar, literally translated as “zamokfurshchik”. A friend of the version, the city inherited the name from the river, and the word itself is of Ukrainian origin.

■ The greatest influx of Poles to Bukovina began during the Austrian domination, when Bukovina was united with Galicia under the name Chernivtsi district. Many of those who arrived were Gorali - a population living in the highlands of Poland. It was they who became the main distributors of Catholicism in Bukovina.

ATTRACTIONS

■ Natural: Vizhnitsky National Natural Park, Gorny Eye Lake, Nemchich Pass, Kamennaya Bogachka Rock, or Sworn Rock, Caliman Mountains.
■ Religious: wooden church (village Selyatyn, XVII century), Greek Catholic Church of the Nativity Holy Mother of God(Storozhinets, 1865), St. Nicholas Church (Putilsky district, 1886).
■ Historical: Throne Fortress (Suceava, Romania, 14th century), Oleksa Dovbush's Cave, Museum-estate of Ukrainian literary figure Yuriy Fedkovich (Putila village, 18th century), Memorial house-museum of writer Mikhail Sadovyanu (Falticeni, Romania).
■ Architectural: the Flonder Palace (Storozhinets, 1880), the town hall (Storozhinets, 1905).
■ G. Chernivtsi: wooden Nicholas Church (1607), Cathedral in the style of late classicism (1844-1864), Museum of the History and Culture of the Jews of Bukovina, Chernivtsi National University named after Yuriy Fedkovich (former residence of the Orthodox metropolitans of Bukovina and Dalmatia, 1882), a neo-Gothic Jesuit church (1893-1894). Museum of Folk Architecture and Life, Museum of the Bukovinian Diaspora, architectural ensemble of Rynok Square (XVIII-XIX centuries), City Hall (1840s), Theater Square (early XX century), Chernivtsi Theater (1904-1905).

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The meaning of the word bukovina

Bukovina in the crossword dictionary

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

bucovina

the historical name (since the 15th century) of a part of the territory of the modern Chernivtsi region in Ukraine (Northern Bukovina) and the Suceava region in Romania (Southern Bukovina).

Bukovina

the historical name of the territory that is part of the modern Chernivtsi region of the Ukrainian SSR and the region of Suceava SRR. It got its name from the beech forests that covered most of its territory. Northern Bukovina in the 1st millennium was inhabited by East Slavic tribes of Tivertsy and White Croats. At present, mainly Ukrainians and Russians live in Northern Byelorussia. In 10≈12 centuries. was part of Kievan Rus, in the 13th≈1st half of the 14th centuries. ≈ to the Galicia-Volyn principality. In the 14th century went to the Moldavian principality, from the beginning of the 16th century. until 1774 it was under the rule of the Turks, and then until 1918 it was part of Austria-Hungary. Part of Northern Byelorussia was ceded to Russia under the Bucharest Peace Treaty of 1812. Northern Byelorussia was closely connected with the Ukraine. The peasants took part in liberation war Ukrainian people in 1648-54 on the side of Bogdan Khmelnitsky. In the 40s. 19th century an uprising took place in Northern Bulgaria under the leadership of L. Kobylitsa. The revolution of 1848 forced the Austrian government to abolish serfdom. But living conditions remained extremely difficult; Between 1901 and 1910, about 50,000 people emigrated, mostly Ukrainians. Under the influence of the Revolution of 1905–07, the revolutionary movement expanded in northern Bulgaria, and the influence of the Bolsheviks grew. The Great October Socialist Revolution also engulfed Northern Byelorussia. On November 3, 1918, the Bukovina People's Council decided to reunite Northern Byelorussia with Soviet Ukraine, and on the same day a provisional Central Committee of the Communist Party of Bukovina, headed by S. Kanyuk, was elected. In November 1918, Romanian troops occupied Northern Byelorussia. In 1940, by agreement with Romania, Northern Byelorussia was returned to the USSR and reunited with the Ukrainian SSR; Chernivtsi Oblast was created on its territory. During the Great Patriotic War Underground party and Komsomol organizations and partisan detachments operated on the territory of Northern Byelorussia. Northern Byelorussia was liberated by the Soviet Army from fascist German troops in March-April 1944.

Southern Bukovina in ancient times was inhabited by Vlachs and Slavs. Currently, mainly Romanians live here. In the 12th-13th centuries. was part of the Galicia-Volyn principality, in the 14th century. became the center of the formation of the feudal Moldavian principality. From the beginning of the 16th century under the rule of the Turks, from 1774 to 1918 as part of the Austrian Empire. In 1918 it became part of Romania, where it was one of the most economically backward lands. With the liberation of the Southern Bolsheviks by the Soviet Army in 1944 and the establishment of people's power on its territory, it turned into an industrial-agrarian region. Socialist Republic Romania.

Lit .: Kompaniec I. I., Stanovishche i struggle of the working masses of Galchini, Bukovina and Transcarpathia on the cob of the XX century. (1900≈1919), K., 1960: Grigorenko O.S., Bukovina vchora i sgogodni, K., 1967.

Bukovina (football club)

"Bukovyna"- Ukrainian football club from the city of Chernivtsi. Founded in 1958. In Soviet times, the team twice (in 1982 and 1988) became the winner of the Ukrainian SSR championship and three times (in 1968, 1980 and 1989) the silver medalist of the Ukrainian SSR championship. Twice reached the quarterfinals of the Cup of the Ukrainian SSR. During the time of independent Ukraine, the team became the silver medalist of the First League of Ukraine in 1996, and twice the winner of the Second League of Ukraine in 2000 and 2010.

Bukovina (disambiguation)

Bukovina:

• Bukovina is an area in Eastern Europe.
• Duchy of Bukovina - crown land in the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1849-1918)
• "Bukovyna" is a Ukrainian football club from the city of Chernivtsi.
• "Bukovyna" - a stadium in the city of Chernivtsi.
• Bukovina is a village in Slovakia, in the Liptovsky Mikulas district of the Zhilina region.
• Bukovyna is a village in the Lviv region of Ukraine.
• Bukovyna - a ghetto during the Second World War in the Lviv region of Ukraine.
• Bukovina-Tatszanska is a rural commune in Poland, part of the Tatra County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship.

Bukovina (stadium)

Sports and recreation institution "Bukovyna"- stadium in Chernivtsi. Home arena of the football team "Bukovina". Opened in 1967.

It is located in the city center, not far from the Taras Shevchenko Park of Culture and Leisure.

In 2000, plastic seats were installed at the stadium.

On the territory of the Bukovyna SOU there are also: a mini-football field with artificial turf, where amateur competitions take place, in particular, the Chernivtsi mini-football championship, the championship of various educational institutions areas; as well as a beach volleyball and tennis court. The construction of the handball court continues.
In 2015, the stadium reconstructed the scoreboard instead of the electronic 15 × 10, and installed a digital information board.

Examples of the use of the word bukovina in the literature.

Bukovina is the last missing part of a united Ukraine and that for this reason the Soviet government attaches importance to resolving this issue simultaneously with the Bessarabian one.

Molotov objected, saying that Bukovina is the last missing part of a united Ukraine and that for this reason the Soviet government attaches importance to resolving this issue simultaneously with the Bessarabian Molotov promised to take into account our economic interests in Rumania in the most benevolent spirit for us.

BUKOVYNA- the historical name (since the 15th century) of a part of the territory of the modern Chernivtsi region in Ukraine (Northern Bukovina) and the Suceava region in Romania (Southern Bukovina) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

bucovina- noun, number of synonyms: 1 region (62) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

Bukovina- BUKOVINA. See Austria-Hungary… Military Encyclopedia

Bukovina- This term has other meanings, see Bukovyna (meanings). The dividing line of Bukovina and the area of ​​​​Hertz ... Wikipedia

Bukovina- a historical region in the Southern Carpathian region. In the 1st millennium BC. e. inhabited by Thracians; Slavic settlements have been known since the 6th century. From the 10th century as part of Old Russian state, then Galicia and Galicia-Volyn principalities; in the second half of the 14th century. … encyclopedic Dictionary

BUKOVYNA- the historical name of the territory that is part of the modern. Chernivtsi region Ukraine (Northern Bukovina) and region. Suceava of Romania (Southern Bukovina). In X XI centuries. was part of the Old Russian state; in XII 1st half. 14th century as part of Galicia, and then Galicia ... ... Orthodox Encyclopedia

Bukovina- the historical name of the territory that is part of the modern Chernivtsi region of the Ukrainian SSR and the region of Suceava SRR. It got its name from the beech forests that covered most of its territory. Northern Bukovina in the 1st millennium was ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Bukovina- (i.e., the country of beech, Bukowina) the duchy, which is part of the Cisleitan part of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, bordering in the north on Galicia, on the west, except for Galicia, on Hungary and Sedmigradia, and on the south and east with Moldova; has 10451 sq. km of length and on … Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Bukovina- Sp Bukovinà Ap Bucovina rumuniškai Ap Bukovina/Bukovyna ukrainiškai L ist. sr. Rumunijoje ir PV Ukrainoje … Pasaulio vietovardziai. Internetinė duomenų bazė

Bukovina- history. geogr. region, Ukraine (Chernivtsi region) and Romania (Suceava county). The name is from Bukovina beech forest ... Toponymic Dictionary

BUKOVYNA- ist. name territory that is part of the modern Chernivtsi region Ukrainian SSR (North Byelorussia) and modern. region Suceava Room. Nar. Republic (South East). Its name (first encountered in 1392) B. received from massifs of beech forests. The indigenous population of the East. glorious… … Soviet historical encyclopedia

BUKOVYNA- historical Russian land in the southwest of Russia. It got its name (for the first time in 1392) from the massifs of beech forests. The indigenous population are Russian tribes of Tivertsy and Ulichi. In X XI centuries. within Rus'. In the XII-XIII centuries. as part of Galicia ... ... Russian history

bucovina- the local name of the soil variety, characterized by black color, loose, light, crumbly structure. Occurs in the form of spots in the valleys or along the lower parts of the slopes, without forming continuous areas; in the dry season it is strongly blown out ... ... place names Eastern Siberia

bucovina- cube ... Concise Dictionary of Anagrams

Bukovina- the name of the female family of the region in Ukraine and Romania ... Spelling Dictionary of Ukrainian Movies

Books

• Accession of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the USSR, Jesse Russell, Attention! The accession of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the USSR (also the Bessarabian operation, the Bessarabian campaign, the Prut campaign of 1940, the annexation of Northern Bukovina to the USSR and the Bessarabian ... Category: Society and social studies Series: Publisher: VSD, Buy for 870 rubles
• Ballad about a rider on a white horse | Ivasyuk Mikhail Grigorievich, Ivasyuk M., Tsirin Dmitry, The book of the Ukrainian writer Mikhail Ivasyuk includes two novels: "The Ballad of the Rider on the White Horse" and "The Sentence to the Son of Zarathustra". The first of them is devoted to the history of the struggle of the Slavic population ... Category: Books Publisher: Soviet Writer. Moscow, Buy for 234 rubles
• TO GALICHI, Pollak Martin, To Galicia (Nach Galicien, 1984) the first book by Martin Pollak, in which the writer develops the Austrian myth about the crown land of the Austro-Ugric Empire. Yogo is obviously more expensive ... Category: Visual arts Books XXI Publisher: Books-XXI, Manufacturer: Books-XXI, Buy for 154 UAH (Ukraine only)
• Kuzma Demochko - journalist, editor, mystetstvoznavets, Ivan Fostii, From the publisher: I will draw a hero in Ukraine and for її between the journalist, rich editor of the newspaper "Radyanska Bukovyna" (nі "Bukovyna") Kuzma Makarovich Demochko, who is from the day folding… Category: Writers, poets and screenwriters Manufacturer:

Most of Bukovina is covered with spurs of the Carpathian Mountains, reaching heights of 1190 - 2180 m.

The rivers of Bukovina belong to the Black Sea basin. Some rivers are shallow in summer, but in spring and after heavy rains they overflow their banks and produce severe devastation. The Dniester and the Prut touch the borders of Bukovina; Seret and Suceava originate in it; in the southern part flows Bystrica, nicknamed Golden, since its sands contain gold.

The climate is temperate continental. Its location in the zone of steppes and forest-steppes makes it quite arid. The proximity of the mountains on the one hand (due to the dominance of the western transfer in these latitudes) acts as an obstacle to penetration a large number precipitation, on the other hand, is a factor in a significant decrease in winter temperatures. Soils - chernozems in the flat areas and gray forest, brown and podzolized in the mountains. Agriculture is developed on the flat areas. The elevated areas with their meadows are used for pastures.

Middle Ages

In southern Bukovina there is the ancient capital of Moldova, Suceava, the monastery of Putna with the tombs of princes, and in general the most revered and most ancient monasteries of Moldova. Under the name of Bukovina, this area is already mentioned in the agreement of the year between the Polish king Vladislav Jagiello and the Hungarian king Sigmund. Later, Bukovina, along with all of Moldova, went to Turkey.

Bukovina within Austria-Hungary

During the Russian-Turkish war, the city of Bukovina was occupied by Russian troops, and in the city it was ceded to Austria and in the city it was attached, as the Chernivtsi district, to Galicia, but in the city it became a separate region.

According to 1907:

In 1867-1918. Bukovina was a duchy within the Cisleitan part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, bordered to the north by Galicia, to the west, except for Galicia, by Hungary and Transylvania, and to the south and east by Romania and Bessarabia.

The number of inhabitants of the country extends () to 627786 people. (313076 m. and 314715 females), making up the population of 4 cities, 6 towns and 325 villages, while at the time of joining Austria () there were 75,000 souls. Origin: 64,000 (85.33%) Romanians, 8,000 (10.66%) Ruthenians and 3,000 (4.0%) others. By religion - Orthodox 71% (1911). An archbishop lives in Chernivtsi, who presides over the Greek Orthodox church council (consisting of 24 spiritual and 24 secular members). Of the representatives of other faiths: 11% - Roman Catholics, 3.3% - Greek Uniates, 2.3% - Evangelical confession and 12% - Jewish. Productive soil makes up about 96.8% of the entire surface of the country, of which 44.6% should be counted as forests. Agriculture, which proceeds best in the areas lying in the northeastern part of Byelorussia, between the Dniester and the Prut, annually delivers an average of 2,250,000 hl. (42% maize, 21% oats, 15% barley, 14% rye, 6% wheat, the rest millet, etc.), then 12000 hl. leguminous, 16 5 000 hl. potatoes, 20000 hl. turnips. In addition, clover, tobacco, rapeseed, hemp and flax are cultivated. The number of livestock, according to the city, extended to 52,715 horses, 268,389 heads. horned. livestock, 156945 sheep, 127034 pigs, 24889 bee hives. Mining delivered 35,323 cents of manganese peroxide to the city. (in Jacobeny) and 26358 cents. salt (in Kachik); total cost - 89751 fl. Factory industry is still only at the beginning of development; the most significant so far is distillation. Trade is limited almost exclusively to raw products, such as bread, slaughter animals, timber, raw hides, wool, and potash. The most important is the border trade with Moldova and Bessarabia and transit trade. Public education at a low level. In the city, 87% of the illiterate in the male population and 92.5% in the female population were considered illiterate. In B. there is an Orthodox theological school in Chernivtsi, 3 gymnasiums, 2 realn. schools, one teacher's seminary, 3 vocational schools and 264 public schools. In the city of Chernivtsi, a University was opened, in which teaching was conducted in German.

Device And control: the Sejm of B. consists (according to the resolution of February 20) of 31 members, namely: from the archbishop, 10 deputies from large landowners, 5 deputies from cities, 2 deputies from chambers of commerce and industry and 12 deputies from rural communities, to which The Rector of the University also joins. B. sends nine representatives to the General Assembly of the Austrian Diet. In administrative terms, B. is a separate entity, while in judicial terms, B. is subordinate to the Oberlandsgericht in Lvov, and in the same way the military administration is subordinate to the Lemberg commandant general. The duchy is divided into 8 districts, not counting the independent district of the main city; it has 16 district courts and two courts of the second degree.

Bukovina within Romania

Bukovina became a province of Romania in 1919. Its area was 10.442 sq. km, population - 812 thousand (in 1920). The provincial center was the city of Chernivtsi (in 1925 - 95 thousand inhabitants).

The composition of the population, according to Romanian official data: Rusyns - 38%, Romanians - 34%, Jews - 13%, Germans - 8%, Poles - 4%.

Also in small numbers lived Hungarians, Great Russians (Old Believers-Lipovans), Slovaks, Armenians, Gypsies.

Unification of Bukovina with Romania

The merger process was not easy. Firstly, National composition in Bukovina was not in favor of the Romanians. As a result of a tough assimilation policy and the settlement of lands by representatives of other nationalities, before the start of the First World War, with a population of 800 thousand people in the province, the number of Romanians here was about 300 thousand, there were slightly more Ukrainians. Germans, Poles, Hungarians, Armenians, and others made up about 200 thousand people. Secondly, during the war years, the territory of Bukovina was occupied three times by Russian troops and the same number of times by the Austro-Hungarian army. The restrained and sometimes benevolent attitude of the Ukrainian population towards the tsarist troops led to repressive actions by the Austro-Hungarian authorities. Among the Romanian political elite there was no unity, most of its representatives were in favor of unification with Romania, and a small part - led by A. Onchul - offered to negotiate with Ukrainian leaders in order to divide this province between Romania and Ukraine. Revolution in Russia, negotiations on a separate peace, the course of hostilities in the west and in the center of Europe accelerated the process of preparing projects for the reorganization of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The delegation of the Ukrainian Central Rada at the talks in Brest-Litovsk demanded the unification of Galicia, Bukovina and the Transcarpathian region into a single entity within Austria-Hungary. The Central Powers agreed to some territorial concessions in favor of Ukraine in exchange for grain supplies. This contributed to the spread of rumors that Bukovina was "sold for food". In the "Manifesto to my loyal subjects" dated October 3/16, 1918, Emperor Charles I proclaimed the federalization of the Austro-Hungarian Empire through the creation of six states: Austrian, Hungarian, Czech, Yugoslav, Polish and Ukrainian. The Romanians of Transylvania and Bukovina were not even mentioned. The struggle of the Bukovina Romanians intensified in the new historical conditions that developed in the summer and autumn of 1918. The example of the Bessarabians, Transylvanians and other peoples living on the territory of Austria-Hungary inspired the Romanians of Bukovina. Creation of Ukrainian paramilitary units led by military personnel of the former Austro-Hungarian army and disorganization public institutions intensified the struggle for unification with Romania. At the meeting of Romanian emigrants from Austria-Hungary, held in Iasi on October 6/19, 1918, a Declaration was adopted rejecting the idea of ​​federalization of the empire, which was regarded as "a desperate attempt at the empire sentenced to disintegration." A few days later, in the first issue of the newspaper “Glasul Bukovinei” (“Voice of Bukovina”), an editorial by S. Pushcariu entitled “What We Want” was published, which became the program of the struggle of the Romanians of Bukovina and Transylvania. October 14/27, 1918 in Chernivtsi took place The People's Assembly of the Romanians of Bukovina, which adopted a Resolution declaring this assembly a constituent one, electing a National Council of 50 members and an Executive Committee headed by Iancu Flondor. In response, on November 3/16, 1918, the Assembly of Ukrainians in Chernivtsi decided to include most of Bukovina into Ukraine. The actions of the Ukrainian paramilitaries began to become more and more violent, threatening the activities of the Romanian National Council. Under the circumstances, the latter turned to the Romanian government for military assistance. On November 11/24, 1918, the Eighth Romanian Division under the command of General Jacob Zadik entered Chernivtsi and restored order there. As a result, it became possible to hold the General Congress of Bukovina on November 15/28, 1918 in the Metropolitan Palace, which was attended by 74 delegates from the Romanian National Council, 13 from the Ukrainian, 7 from the German and 6 from the Polish population. Also present were the Bessarabian delegation, which included P, Khalippa, I. Pelivan, I. Buzdugan, G. Kazakliu, and the Transylvanian one, consisting of G. Krashan, V. Deleu, V. Osvade. The Declaration on the unification of Bukovina with Romania, unanimously adopted by the Congress, the text of which was read by J. Flondor, stated that "Bukovina, within its borders between Cheremush, Kolachin and the Dniester, unconditionally and forever unites with the Kingdom of Romania." Telegrams were sent to the governments of the Entente countries. They were informed about the decision to unite Bukovina with Romania. A delegation headed by J. Flondor left for Iasi to present the text of the Decision on unification to King Ferdinand. At the solemn reception on this occasion, Flondor declared: “We hand over to Your Majesty, the King of all Romanians, the Declaration on the unification of the entire Bukovina region ... This success is not a military conquest, but the return to the ancestral home of estranged brothers who, in the person of Your Majesty, find a long-lost and so desired parent." On December 19, 1918 / January 1, 1919, the Decree-Law was published, signed by King Ferdinand and Prime Minister Brătianu, recognizing the unification of Bukovina with Romania. By another decree, J. Flondor and I. Nistor were appointed ministers of state from Bukovina in the government of Romania.

The entry of Northern Bukovina into the USSR in 1940

On June 26, 1940, the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR V. M. Molotov handed over to the Romanian envoy in Moscow R. Davidescu a statement from the Soviet government, which said: “ Soviet Union never put up with the fact of the forcible rejection of Bessarabia, which the Government of the USSR has repeatedly and openly declared to the whole world. Further, the statement proposed, together with Romania, to immediately begin resolving the issue of returning Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union. On June 27, Prime Minister G. Tatarescu agreed in principle "to begin immediately, in the broadest sense, a friendly discussion with the general consent of all proposals coming from the Soviet government." This was an attempt to delay the solution of the issue in order to gain time for consultations with other, as Bucharest believed, interested countries, including Germany.

In order to eliminate the prevailing uncertainty contained in the reply of Rumania, Molotov on the same day, that is, June 27, in an ultimatum form, demanded a clear answer from Bucharest. Envoy Davidescu replied that his government accepted all Soviet conditions, after which he was informed that within four days, starting at 2 pm Moscow time on June 28, the Romanian authorities must clear the territory of Bessarabia and the northern part of Bukovina and for the same period Soviet troops will occupy these territories. On June 28 they enter Chernivtsi, Chisinau and Akkerman.

Exactly at the appointed time on June 28, the southern group of Soviet troops under the command of General of the Army G.K. Zhukov crossed the Dniester and entered Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. The troops moved in two echelons: in the first there were mobile units - tank and cavalry, in the second - rifle divisions.

Romanian troops were ordered to withdraw in an organized manner. However, many soldiers, especially from local residents, preferred to drop their weapons and go home. There were also cases when the Soviet troops disarmed the stragglers of the Romanian units.

The appeal of the Soviet command to the local population said: "... the great hour has come for your liberation from the yoke of the Romanian boyars, landlords, capitalists and Sigurans." By the evening of June 30, 1940, the entire territory of Bessarabia was occupied and the state border of the USSR was established in Bessarabia along the Prut and Danube rivers; the northern part of Bukovina was also annexed by the USSR; the southern part remained part of Romania. In general, these territories amounted to 51 thousand square meters. km with a population of up to 4 million people.

At the talks between Molotov and Hitler in Berlin on November 13, 1940, to the relevant and repeated reproaches of Hitler and Ribbentrop that the capture of Northern Bukovina by the Soviet Union was a violation of the Soviet-German agreements, Molotov replied that Bukovina had become the last link that was missing Soviet Union to unite all Ukrainians into one state. And turning to the counterattack, the Soviet people's commissar declared that a year ago the Soviet Union had indeed limited its demands to Bessarabia only. However, “in the current situation ... Germany must understand the interest of the USSR in South Bukovina. But the USSR did not receive an answer to this request either. Instead, Germany guaranteed the integrity of the entire territory of Romania, completely ignoring the plans of the USSR regarding Southern Bukovina.

Literature

• "Heimatskunde der V." (Chernivtsi,)
• K. Shmedes, "Geographical and Statistical Review of Galicia and Bukovina" (ed. 2, translated by N. Feldman, St. Petersburg,)
• Vlad. Mordvinov, "Orthodox Church in Bukovina" (St. Petersburg,)
• G. Kupchanko, "Some historical and geographical information about Bukovina (Kyiv,)
• G. Kupchanko, "Bukovina and its Russian inhabitants." Vienna, 1895
• A. Kn., "Bukovina and Rusyns" ("Bulletin of Europe", No. 1).
• Prof. Bidermann, "Die Bukowina unter österreichischer Verwaltung 1775-1875" (Lvov, 1876)
• Dr. I. Nistor, "Der nationale Kampf in der Bukowina" (Bucuresti, 1918)
• Semiryaga M.I., “Secrets of Stalin's diplomacy. 1939-1941." (M.: Higher school., 1992)

In art

Ian Oliver feat. Shantel - Bucovina (Markus Gardeweg Rmx)

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Bukovina is the smallest of the five historical regions of Western Ukraine, occupying the smallest Chernivtsi region in the country (8.1 thousand square kilometers - only 8 times larger than Moscow), and even then not all of it. Bukovina differs from Volhynia in that it was never part of the Commonwealth - for many centuries this region was associated with Romania and its predecessors.

And this is a completely different Western Ukraine. Unlike Galicia with its luxury and religion, from Podolia with its endless war, Bukovina is a quiet, comfortable and not concerned about national issues outskirts of all the states that owned it.

The name of Bukovina was given by beech - a broad-leaved tree, a close relative of oak. Beech forests are one of the "visiting cards" of the Carpathians and the Balkans, and the beech itself is easy to identify by its stone-gray bark. However, I'm not sure that it was the beeches that were photographed here - the color is the same, but the bark of the "correct" beeches is smooth:

Basically, the landscapes of Bukovina look like this - the terrain is rugged and picturesque:

A little south of Chernivtsi rises the lonely mountain of Berda (517 meters) - either the highest point of flat Ukraine, or the farthest of the Carpathian mountains:

And there are super caves here. For example, the third largest in Western Ukraine (87 km) Cinderella, or Emil-Rakovitsa - almost the only one in the world international cave, which has entrances on both sides of the Ukrainian-Moldovan border.

Although the border is everywhere. Not state - so historical. An hour and a half from Chernivtsi to the north - and Podolia begins:

An hour and a half to the south - and Romania begins:

There is no pronounced natural border with Romania, and the Dniester separates Bukovina from Podolia:

The Prut River flows through the center of Bukovina (no photos), on which Chernivtsi stands. The Prut forms the Romanian-Moldovan border.

In general, it is more correct to call these lands Northern Bukovina - after all, Ukraine owns no more than a third of this historical region, which is part of Moldova. Moldova itself is a rather large historical region, in terms of diversity and originality it can be compared with the whole Western Ukraine. And it is divided into three parts: Moldova, Bessarabia (which is now independent) and Bukovina.

Historical coat of arms of Bukovina (small - Moldavian, large - Austrian).

However, the current Chernivtsi region ended up in Bukovina in much the same way as Krakow in Galicia. Before the Mongol invasion, this was the territory Ancient Rus': in 1001, by order of Vladimir the Red Sun, Khotyn was founded, and in the 12th century, Yaroslav Osmomysl founded Choren, the predecessor of Chernivtsi. After the Mongol invasion, "proto-Bukovina", apparently, entered the Podolsk ulus, was recaptured by Hungary in the 1340s, and in 1359, after the uprising of Bogdan the First, became part of the Moldavian principality independent of Hungary. Its capital was located precisely in Bukovina - first Siret, and since 1385 - Suceava, which became the capital of Moldova in 1385-1579.

Throne fortress of the Moldavian rulers (from Wikipedia)

Here was Putna - "Jerusalem of the Romanian people", a monastery founded in 1469 by Stephen the Great and which became his tomb. For Romania, this is about the same as for Russia, the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.

From the Pravoslavie.Ru website.

From Wikipedia.

But despite the proximity to one of the centers of Romanian statehood, Northern Bukovina remained a Slavic region throughout its history. However, it was a periphery - almost all the main events in the life of Bukovina and Moldavia unfolded to the south, whether it was civil strife or a long and hopeless war with the Turks. In 1403 Chernivtsi was mentioned for the first time in a message to Lvov merchants as one of the centers of Polish-Moldovan trade. The oldest architectural monument of Bukovina can be considered the Assumption Church in the village of Luzhany (where I never got there), founded no later than the 15th century (and probably even in the Old Russian period).
However, Khotyn received special significance at that time:

In 1457-1504, Moldavia was ruled by Stephen the Great, or Stefan cel Mare, who in many ways resembled his contemporary Ivan the Third - a wise, strong and humane (by the standards of the Middle Ages, of course!) Ruler who put the boyars in their place and successfully fought with enemies. Under him, Moldova was not only absolutely independent, but also became one of the most powerful and richest powers in Eastern Europe.
The brightest layer of those times in Bessarabia is " stone belt"along the Dniester, the fortresses of Khotyn, Soroca, Tigina (Bendery) and Chetatya-Albe (Akkerman, Belgorod-Dniester). As a result, only one remained in Moldova (without Pridnestrovie) - Soroca. Khotyn fortress, heavily rebuilt in subsequent centuries, is one of the most beautiful and powerful in Ukraine:

However, the Khotyn region is isolated from Bukovina - it is really more correct to attribute it to Bessarabia, and the Russian garrison church of the 19th century is a confirmation of this. However, more on that later.

Another monument of medieval Moldova is the Old Elias Church (1560) in the village of Toporovtsy:

Stefan cel Mare went down in history not only as a hero of Moldova, but also as a hero of Orthodoxy - it was during his reign that Constantinople fell, and defending the faith, he was close to the fact that Moldova would turn into the Third Rome ... but after his death there was no worthy successor. First, the ruler Bogdan Krivoy began to improve relations with Turkey and got involved in a war with Poland, which he lost; Stephen the Fourth (or Shtefanice - "Stefanchik") was mired in palace intrigues, started a war with Wallachia and was poisoned. Lord Peter Raresh tried to centralize power, but he was overthrown by the Turks, placing "his man" Stefan Lacusta on the throne, thus making Moldova a vassal. The rulers were replaced almost every year, then Poland and the Cossacks became friends, then enemies. By the end of the 16th century, Moldova finally became part of the Ottoman Empire.

Ruins of a mosque in Khotyn.

Two hundred years of Ottoman rule (until 1775) were probably the most difficult period in the history of Bukovina. The heritage of this era is the church-huts, which are still many in the Chernivtsi region:

This phenomenon is of the same type as synagogues, Tatar mosques, Old Believer churches: aesthetics were sacrificed for secrecy and simplicity. Such temples were built where it was understood that it was impossible to save them, and the main criterion was restorability. The same applies to icon painting - there is even such a thing as "Bukovinian primitivism". And at the same time, unlike the Commonwealth, the Ottoman Empire did not impose its religion on the conquered peoples - and even in this state, Bukovina remained Orthodox:

But in general, until the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, Bukovina lived underground. However, in 1775, taking advantage of the defeat of the Turks in the Russian-Turkish war, the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa annexed the region:

(Town Hall in Chernivtsi)

And in 1812, along with all of Bessarabia, Khotyn became part of Russia:

But if Khotyn was a distant outskirts of the province with a center in Chisinau, then Chernivtsi (which became a city since 1491) turned out to be the center of the Bukovina district, first subordinate to the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, and in 1849 allocated to a separate province. And it was during this era that Bukovina flourished - it seems that at least 90% of its heritage was created in the 1850-1930s.
Chernivtsi has turned into a small (67 thousand inhabitants at the beginning of the 20th century), but a luxurious city worthy of Lviv:

With the same rampage of secession:

And the sculptural nudity so beloved by the Austrians (and the specific forms of some of the sculptures would have puzzled Freud):

Under the Austrians, railways came here (1866), and a luxurious railway station appeared:

And it is on the Austrian road, through Lviv, that trains go to Chernivtsi now. After all, a more direct road to the east crosses the border of Moldova several times. I have already traveled on the Moscow-Chernivtsi train three times - back and forth to Galicia and only "there" to Podolia, and this train is absolutely the most terrible of all that I used. And a feature of Bukovina and the Ivano-Frankivsk region can be called the old D1 diesel trains, produced by Hungary by order of the USSR (1960-80s):

And the other road leads to Romania, and closer to the border I even saw sections of the combined (three rails) "Russian" and "Stephen" gauge (I did not get into the frame).

Churches were built at this time, and mostly Orthodox. The architecture and details are very characteristic - most of the rural churches look about the same, only simpler:

Orthodoxy under Austria-Hungary remained the dominant religion of Bukovina. Here was the Bukovinian-Dalmatian Metropolis, which was part of the "home" Karlovac Patriarchate, which existed in the years 1848-1920 in the city of Sremski Karlovtsy, the center of the Austrian province of Serbian Vojvodina.

Cathedral in Chernivtsi (1844-64)

Bukovina played a very special role in the history of Russian Orthodoxy. But not the Moscow Patriarchate, but the Old Believers. Under Nicholas I, the period of relative religious freedom, begun by Catherine II, ended in Russia. In 1827, the Old Believers were forbidden to receive priests from the New Believers, and since the Old Believers did not have bishops, this threatened them with the loss of religion. In 1838, the Old Believer monks Pavel and Alimpiy arrived in Bukovina, and in 1846 they found the Greek Ambrose Papa-Georgopolu, the former metropolitan of Bukovina-Dalmatia, deposed in 1840 by the Patriarch of Constantinople and living in poverty in the Ottoman capital.

Pavel and Alimpiy did not come to him empty-handed, but with permission received back in 1844 from the Austrian authorities to create an Old Believer metropolis. The center has already been found - the ancient village of Belaya Krinitsa, founded by the Lipovans - runaway Old Believers from among the Cossacks (many of their settlements are scattered throughout Moldova from Bukovina to the Danube Delta).
In 1846, Ambrose became a metropolitan for the second time - but now of a new denomination: the Russian Orthodox Old Believer Church, better known as the Belokrinitsky consent. In our time, out of 2 million Old Believers, 1.5 million belong to the Russian Orthodox Church. And although in 1853 the center of the Russian Orthodox Church was moved back to Moscow, Belaya Krinitsa remained one of the main shrines of the Old Believers:

Even the Austrian period is notable for numerous architectural experiments in the field of historicism. The architecture of Bukovina differed from the architecture of Galicia by the active use of the techniques of Moldovan architecture - for example, tiled ornaments on the roofs (in this case, Chernivtsi University, the former residence of the Bukovina-Dalmatian metropolitans):

Or the New Ilyinskaya Church in Toporovtsy - a typical Romanian church, clearly inspired by the monasteries of Moldova, although it was built in 1914:

First World War it was much easier here than in Galicia and Podolia - although the city was occupied three times by Russian troops and was the center of the Chernivtsi province of the Galician general government, no new wars followed the collapse of Austria-Hungary. Bukovina simply became one of the counties (counties) of Romania.
The development of architecture, however, did not seem to be interrupted, it was just that the "Moldovan motifs" were replaced by Wallachian ones - the so-called "neobrynkovian style". For example, St. Nicholas Church (1927-39) in Chernivtsi, nicknamed the "Drunk Church" for its shape - just a stylization of the Episcopal Church in the capital of medieval Wallachia Curtea de Arges:

And civilian "neobrynkovyansky" houses look basically like this (on the left):

But the most characteristic layer of the Romanian period is functionalism, which is emphatically unaesthetic here, which is interesting:

This, for example, is not Khrushchev, but the Romanian People's House (1937) in Chernivtsi:

Then there was the Second World War - and again, not as bloody as in Galicia. In 1940 Romania gave Northern Bukovina and Bessarabia to the USSR on a voluntary-compulsory basis, so the scale of repressions here was not the same. In 1941-44, Bukovina was again part of Romania, and there was a ghetto in Chernivtsi - however, the Romanians are still not Germans, and the Holocaust here was not so total. Thanks to the efforts of the Chernivtsi mayor Trajan Popovich, more than 20 thousand Jews were saved - he simply managed to convince Antonescu that the city's economy is based on the Jews.
The Soviet period in the life of Bukovina was also very quiet. Bukovina again became a cozy hinterland on the outskirts of the empire. Chernivtsi has become a major industrial center for precision manufacturing.

And in independent Ukraine, Bukovina differs from its neighbors. The first thing that catches your eye in comparison with Podolia is religiosity. The same as in Galicia, chapels along the roads - only not Greek Catholic, but Orthodox:

And in comparison with Galicia, it is striking that there are clearly more sympathies for Russia and the USSR. There are streets of Chkalov, Volodarsky, Moscow Olympics, etc. Here you can see the traditional symbols of the Victory ( St. George ribbons, sickle-and-hammers, silhouettes of the Spasskaya Tower), monuments-tanks, and only perhaps the Lenins are not here:

In general, Bukovina gives the impression of a very tolerant region. And this is not a "melting pot" - rather a place where different nations lived peacefully. With what it is connected - I do not know. Maybe with the almost complete absence of periods of militant Catholicism, or maybe with the fact that there has never been an ethnic oppression of Ukrainians, for which Poland was "famous".

And a little about rural Bukovina.
The traditional village here has been preserved only in skansens:

But there are many other vestiges left. For example, wood carving:

Both Romanian and Soviet. Wooden stops are not only in the Russian North:

And along the roads in some places there are old windmills. On the Chernivtsi-Khotin highway, I saw at least three of them. They do not work, but simply decorate the landscape - and this is very useful, given the primitiveness of wooden churches. However, I took this shot in a skansen, but the windmills near the highway are the same:

And modern rural Bukovina impresses even more than rural Galicia. If in Galicia an ordinary peasant house looks like a "dacha of a wealthy Muscovite", then in Bukovina it looks like a "dacha of an average businessman":

I did not take pictures through the fence, so take my word for it - in the yards of such houses ( but not this particular one! ) chickens walk on the tiles, there is a "Zaporozhets" near the house, and they even draw water from the well. This phenomenon is hardly possible to understand in Russia, where they are proud of their poverty (especially imaginary) ..
However, here I finally photographed what I saw many times in Galicia - the dates on the huts. Almost all dated - 1960-80s:

By the way, quite a lot of Romanians and Moldovans live here to this day - about 20% throughout the region (12% Romanians, 7% Moldovans), and in the Gertsaevsky district, closely adjacent to Chernivtsi, all 90% (it was part of South Bukovina) . Even on the way from Chertkovo, I noticed that there are many obvious non-Slavs here - in Moscow I would have mistaken them for Caucasians. But in general, after a couple of hours, you stop noticing differences in appearance, and at least I didn’t feel the presence of another people.

And in general, despite the terrible weather, I really liked Bukovina.
The next 4 parts are about Chernivtsi.

PODOLIA and BUKOVYNA-2010