The capital of the Ukrainian SSR. Ussr decryption. Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

3. Entry into the literary world Once I met Tonya Kudryashova, a former graduate student of the philological faculty, found out that I could not find a job in any way, and suggested that I go to Inoizdat.

: « »

UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC (Ukrainian SSR) is a socialist republic, one of the 15 union republics that are part of the USSR. Formed December 25, 1917, part of the USSR since December 30, 1922. Located in the southwest of the European part of the USSR. It borders in the northwest with Poland, in the west - with Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Romania, in the southwest. - from the Moldavian SSR, in the North - from Byelorussian SSR, in the northeast, east and southeast - with the RSFSR. In the south it is washed by the Black and Azov seas.

In 1991 it ceased to exist.

Story

On December 11–12 (24–25), 1917, the First All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets took place in Kharkov, proclaiming Ukraine a Soviet republic. The congress decided to establish federative relations with Soviet Russia, elected the Central Executive Committee of Soviets of Ukraine, which on December 17 (30) formed the first Soviet government of Ukraine - the People's Secretariat.

In late 1917 and early 1918, workers in Kyiv, Odessa, Yekaterinoslav, and Poltava, led by the Bolsheviks, revolted against the Central Rada. At the same time the peasants revolted. In carrying out Lenin's decree on land, they expelled the landowners and representatives of the counter-revolutionary Central Rada. At the end of February 1918, German troops began a campaign against Soviet Ukraine. For 2 months, a few Red Guard detachments and Red Army units heroically defended the socialist fatherland. Sensitive blows were inflicted on the invaders by detachments of miners and metalworkers commanded by Voroshilov. The fighting forces were too unequal, and a German army of 300,000 armed to the teeth occupied Ukraine.

The initial period of socialist construction in Ukraine under peaceful conditions turned out to be short. Having imposed the predatory Peace of Brest-Litovsk of 1918 on Soviet Russia, the imperialists of Germany and Austria-Hungary used the agreement with the Central Rada of January 27 (February 9), 1918, according to which it agreed to Germany's military assistance against Soviet Russia, and began the occupation of Ukraine. Numerous partisan detachments waged a heroic war against the German garrisons and hetman units, inflicting heavy blows on them. The brave organizer of the guerrilla war against the invaders was the national hero Shchors. The all-Ukrainian railway strike, the June and August uprisings shook the bourgeois-pompshch dictatorship in the Ukraine and weakened the German occupying army. Communist leaflets, penetrating to the German soldiers, explained to them the real reasons for the imperialist. occupation of Ukraine. The German army was revolutionized and was no longer subordinate to its generals. In Germany itself, a revolution was brewing: on 9/XI 1918, the government of Kaiser Wilhelm II was overthrown.

After the defeat of the Central Powers in World War I, Soviet power returned to Ukraine in the spring of 1919. On March 10, 1919, the 3rd All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets adopted the first constitution of the Ukrainian SSR. G. I. Petrovsky was elected Chairman of the CEC.

During 1919-1920, the territory of Ukraine continued to be the scene of hostilities. By the end of 1920, Soviet power was established in most of the territory of Ukraine.

Bourgeois Poland, incited by the Western powers, began the Soviet-Polish War of 1920. Polish troops invaded Ukraine and captured Kyiv on May 6. The 4th All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets, held in Kharkov on May 16-20, 1920, called on the Ukrainian working people to fight against the interventionists. On June 5, the 1st Cavalry Army broke through the front of the Polish troops. On June 12, Kyiv was liberated (see the Kiev operation of 1920). Developing the offensive, Soviet troops liberated Pravoberezhnaya Ukraine and part of Eastern Galicia, where the Galician Socialist Soviet Republic was formed. In September 1920, Poland succeeded in recapturing all of Eastern Galicia and part of Volhynia. In October 1920, an armistice was signed, and then the Riga Peace Treaty of 1921 was concluded with Poland. In October-November 1920, the Red Army expelled Wrangel's troops from the regions adjacent to the Crimea. On November 9, Perekop was taken by storm. On November 13, Soviet troops liberated Simferopol, on November 15 - Sevastopol, on November 16 - Kerch.

The tasks of restoring the national economy were discussed at the 5th All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets (1921). Of great importance for the restoration of the Ukrainian economy was the decision of the 10th Congress of the RCP(b) on the transition to a new economic policy.

In December 1920, an agreement on a military-economic union was signed between the RSFSR and the Ukrainian SSR. Similar treaties were concluded between the RSFSR and other Soviets. republics. These were milestones that led to a closer unification of all Soviet republics, which ended with the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922).

The profound changes that took place in the economy and class structure were legally enshrined in the new constitution of the Ukrainian SSR, adopted by the Extraordinary 14th Congress of Soviets of the Ukrainian SSR (1937). In Ukraine, as in the entire Soviet country, socialism was basically built. There was a collective farm system. In the course of socialist construction, the Ukrainian socialist nation was formed.

The capital of the Ukrainian SSR from 1919 to 1934 was in Kharkov, after which it was moved to Kyiv.

During the existence of the Ukrainian SSR, with respect to the original borders as of March 10, 1919, the following were transferred from its composition:

• to the RSFSR:
  • 1919: four northern districts of the Chernihiv province, the Semyonovskaya volost of the Novozybkovsky district returned in 1926
• in the MSSR:
  • 1940: left-bank part of modern Transnistria

The composition of the Ukrainian SSR over the years included:

• from the RSFSR:
  • 1920: south West Side The region of the Don Cossacks (Makeevka, Amvrosievka), part of the territories (Taganrog, Mines) were returned in 1924
  • 1920: Stanitsa Lugansk Don region | Don region with adjacent territories to the Seversky Donets river
  • 1925: Putivl uyezd (without Krupetsk volost), Krenichanskaya volost of Graivoron uyezd and two incomplete volosts of Graivoron and Belgorod uyezds of Kursk province
  • 1926: Troitskaya volost of the Valuysky district of the Voronezh province, part of the Donetsk district (North Caucasus Territory) outskirts of the Stanichno-Lugansk region east of the Seversky Donets River)
  • 1945: the village of Darino-Ermakovka and the village of Koshary (Lugansk region) Krasnosulinsky district, Rostov region.
  • 1954: Crimean region
• from Poland:
  • 1939: Western Ukraine, the western part of the Drohobych region was returned to Poland in 1945 (Birchansky district, Liskovsky district, the western part of the Przemyslsky district), 1948 (Medykovsky district) and 1951 (Nizhne-Ustritsky district, in exchange for part of the territories of the Lublin Voivodeship)
• from Romania:
  • 1940: Northern Bukovina, Hertz region
  • 1948: Serpent's Island
• from Bessarabia (disputed. USSR / Romania)
  • 1940: Budzhak, northern part of Bessarabia
• from Czechoslovakia:
  • 1945: Subcarpathian Rus (Transcarpathian Ukraine), the village of Lekarovce with the adjacent territory was returned to Czechoslovakia in 1946
  • 1945: the city of Chop and the adjacent 250 km² of the territory of Slovakia.

After the failure of the August putsch, on August 24, 1991, the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian SSR adopted the Act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine. In order to legalize this act, a new referendum was scheduled in the Ukrainian SSR, which took place on December 1, 1991 and which asked one question: “Do you confirm the Act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine?” As a result, it was announced that 90.32% of the voting citizens of Ukraine supported the Act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine. According to Petr Symonenko, the results of the December 1, 1991 vote are an act of hope for a better future, since people voted for such independence, as defined in the 1990 Declaration of State Sovereignty, that is, for a renewed Union. On this day, the economically and socially powerful Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic turned into a formally independent bourgeois state of Ukraine, mired in debt, corruption, and poverty.

Demonstration in honor of the proclamation of Ukraine by the Soviet Republic. Kharkiv. December 1917.

Political system

The Ukrainian SSR is a socialist state of workers and peasants, a union Soviet socialist republic, which is part of the USSR. The current constitution of the Ukrainian SSR was adopted by the Extraordinary 14th Ukrainian Congress of Soviets on January 30, 1937. The highest body of state power is the unicameral Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR, elected for 4 years at the rate of 1 deputy from 100,000 inhabitants. Between sessions of the Supreme Council, the highest body of state power is the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Ukrainian SSR. The Supreme Council forms the government of the republic - the Council of Ministers, adopts laws of the Ukrainian SSR, etc. The local authorities in regions, districts, cities, towns and villages are the respective Soviets of Working People's Deputies, elected by the population for two years. Ukraine is represented by 32 deputies in the Council of Nationalities of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

The supreme judicial body of Ukraine is the Supreme Court of the Republic, elected by the Supreme Soviet for a term of five years, and operates as part of two judicial chambers (for civil and criminal cases) and a Plenum. In addition, the Presidium of the Supreme Court is formed. The Prosecutor of the Ukrainian SSR is appointed by the Prosecutor General of the USSR for a period of 5 years.

The building of the Session Hall of the Supreme Council of the Ukrainian SSR in Kyiv.

Economy

The Ukrainian SSR is the largest after the RSFSR in terms of population and the most economically developed union republic. The structure and specialization of its national economy is inextricably linked with the economies of all the other Union republics. During the years of socialist construction, especially in the post-war decades, the standard of living of the population has steadily risen. The national income of the republic in 1975 increased 1.7 times as compared with 1965 and reached 65.6 billion rubles. Real per capita income increased 1.6 times between 1965 and 1975. Payments and benefits received by the population from public consumption funds more than doubled (from 7.4 billion rubles in 1965 to 14.9 billion rubles in 1974).

Administrative-territorial division

The Ukrainian SSR was divided (1976) into 25 regions and 477 districts; had 394 cities and 892 urban-type settlements. Includes 3 large economic region: Donetsk-Pridneprovsky, South-West, South.

Nature

The diversity of the republic's nature is determined by its position in the southwest. USSR in the subzone of mixed forests, forest-steppe and steppe zones, as well as within the Ukrainian Carpathians and the Crimean mountains. From the west to the east, the Ukrainian territory extends from the Carpathians to the Central Russian Upland for more than 1,300 km, and from the north to the south, from the river. Pripyat to the shores of the Black and Azov Seas is almost 900 km.

The shores of the Black Sea are predominantly low-lying and dissected by bays (Tendrovsky, Dzharylgachsky, Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky) and estuaries (Dnestrovsky, Khadzhibeysky, Kuyalnitsky, Tiligulsky, Bugsky, Dneprovsky), in the south of the Crimean peninsula they are steep and mountainous. northern shores Sea of ​​Azov are flat and distinguished by the presence of sandy spits (Obitochnaya, Berdyansk, and others); the Arabat Spit extends to the west of the Sea of ​​Azov, separating the salty Sivash Bay from the sea.

Relief

The relief of the Ukrainian SSR is dominated by low-lying and flat spaces with heights of 100–200–300 m. Only in the southwest. a segment of the Carpathian arc rises, the highest point of which is the city of Hoverlya, 2.058 m, is also the highest point of the entire Ukrainian SSR. The northern, central and southern parts of the republic are occupied by the Polesskaya, Dnieper and Black Sea lowlands (the eastern part of the latter is called the Azovskaya); in the east and south-east, in the region of the Donetsk Ridge and the Azov Upland, the terrain rises to 300-350 m more than m. m.

Minerals

The Ukrainian SSR is rich in minerals. The Donetsk coal basin occupies the first place in terms of its importance, the Ukrainian part of which accounts for about 4/5 of the total reserves of the basin out of 88.8 billion tons. In Ukraine there are also deposits of brown coal, Ch. arr. in the central part of the right bank of the Dnieper (geological reserves are estimated at 5-6 billion tons). In Polissya and in the northern regions of the forest-steppe there are significant reserves of peat (1.4 billion tons). Oil shales have been discovered in the vicinity of Kamenetz-Podolsk. Oil was discovered near the city of Romny. To Yu.-V. from Melitopol along the coast of the Sea of ​​Azov, a gas-bearing region stretches for 100 km.

The Ukrainian SSR is one of the richest iron ore regions of the Union. On its territory is located the Krivoy Rog iron ore region with reserves of St. 1 billion then. Huge deposits of ferruginous quartzites (over 50 billion tons) are also located here. A large magnetic anomaly has been discovered in the vicinity of Kremenchug; very iron found here High Quality. Magnetic anomalies have also been discovered in the south of Ukraine, in the Orekhovsky district, and elsewhere. On the territory of the Ukrainian SSR, there is the largest not only in the Soviet Union, but also in the world, the Nikopol manganese deposit with reserves of over 500 million tons of manganese. From other metals highest value has a Nikitovsk mercury deposit in the Donbass; antimony is also found there. Lead, zinc and silver have been found in the Nagolny Ridge. In the Donbass, in the region of Artemov-ska-Slavyanska, there are inexhaustible reserves of rock salt. The Ukrainian SSR also contains phosphorites (main sample in the northwest), kaolin, refractory clays, and mineral Construction Materials and etc.

Climate

The climate is temperate, predominantly continental, much warmer and milder than in the adjacent eastern regions of the RSFSR. Along with an increase in the continentality of the climate from west to east, latitudinal zonality is observed: from north to south, the difference between summer and winter temperatures increases, the thickness and duration of snow cover decrease, the amount of precipitation and relative humidity. Average January temperatures vary from -7° to -8°C in the northeast. up to 2-4 °С on the southern coast of Crimea; July from 18-19 °С in the S.-W. up to 23-24 °С in the south-east. The duration of the frost-free period ranges from 150-160 days in the north to 200-210 days in the south, and up to 270 days on the southern coast of Crimea. The winds change according to the seasons of the year: in winter in the northern half of the republic, western winds bring moisture, in the south - northeast and east dry and cold. In summer, northwest winds are most frequent; however, in the southern half, east and southeast winds are also frequent, sometimes dry winds. The annual amount of precipitation varies from 600-700 mm in S.-3. up to 300 mm in the southeast, 1000-1200 mm falls in the Crimean mountains, up to 1200-1600 mm in the Ukrainian Carpathians; The maximum precipitation falls on most of the republic, mainly in the spring and summer months. In the south, in the wall zone, moisture is insufficient, and in some years there are droughts.

Inland waters

The total length of the river network is about 170 thousand km. The density of the river network reaches its greatest value in the Ukrainian Carpathians, on the Donets Ridge, and in western Polissya. Out of 22,523 rivers with a length of more than 4 km, 117 rivers have a length of 100 km or more. Most of the republic's rivers belong to the basins of the Black and Azov Seas, and only about 4% of the territory has a drain into the Baltic Sea. The most important water artery is the Dnieper with tributaries: the Pripyat, Desna, Teterev, Ros, Suda, Psyol, Vorskla, and others. its basin covers the northern and central parts (about 50% of the entire territory). The southwestern slopes of the Central Russian Upland and the northern ones of the Donetsk Ridge belong to the basin of the right tributary of the Don - the river. Seversky Donets; from the southern slopes of the ridge, small rivers flow into the Sea of ​​Azov. Rivers Z. and Yu.-Z. The republics belong to the basin of the Southern Bug and the Dniester. Transcarpathia is irrigated by the upper reaches of the river. Tisa (left tributary of the Danube). On the territory of the Chernivtsi region, the river originates. Rod. In the extreme southwest, along the border with Romania, the Danube (the estuarine part) flows.

The rivers of the southern, steppe part of Ukraine partially dry up in summer (with the exception of the main rivers), and the lower Left Bank of the Dnieper (to the west of the Molochnaya River) has no permanent flow. Melt waters (50-80%) play the main role in the feeding of lowland rivers, while rain waters play the main role in mountain rivers. Plain rivers have a pronounced spring flood, low summer low water, a slight autumn flood, and low winter low water. The average annual flow is from 1 to 4 l/s per 1 km2. In winter, most rivers are covered with ice; the duration of freeze-up is on average from 2 to 3.5 months (during long thaws, rivers are sometimes free of ice in winter). Stocks water resources The Ukrainian SSR, taking into account the water coming from the territories of the BSSR and the RSFSR, is about 95 billion m3, including The groundwater 3.2 billion m3. Major rivers are used for navigation; on many rivers (Dnieper, Dniester, Southern Bug, etc.) there are hydroelectric power stations.

For water supply to industrial enterprises and cities, channels have been created: Seversky Donets - Donbass, Dnieper - Krivoy Rog, under construction (1976) Dnieper - Donbass. The North Crimean Irrigation Canal is in operation (1st stage).

There are more than 7 thousand lakes (the area is from 0.1 km2 and more; the total area is over 2 thousand km2); the most widespread are lakes in the floodplains of the Danube (Yalpug, Katlabukh), Dnieper, Desna, Pripyat. On the coast of the Black and Azov Seas there are lakes Sasyk, Shagany, Alibey and lakes-estuaries - Kuyalnitsky, Khadzhibeysky. There are many karst lakes in the Volyn Polissya (Svityazskoye, Pulemetskoye, etc.). In the Ukrainian Carpathians, the most significant lake is Synevyr. There are more than 23,000 artificial ponds and reservoirs (including Kremenchug area 2250 km2, Kakhovskoye - 2155 km2, Kievskoye - 922 km2, Dneprodzerzhinskoye - 567 km2, etc.).

The Danube Delta in the Kiliysky district of the Odessa region.

Soils

The flat part is characterized by zoning of the soil cover. In the northern part, various types of soddy-podzolic soils predominate, occupying about 70% of the total area of ​​Ukrainian Polissya; Meadow-marsh and peat-bog soils are also widespread. The forest-steppe part is dominated by various types of gray forest soils, podzolized and typical chernozems (humus content up to 4-6%), covering more than half of its area. IN steppe zone- ordinary and southern chernozems, and along the sea coast, dark chestnut soils (humus content up to 3.5-5%) that require irrigation (especially in the south of the zone) predominate. In the Ukrainian Carpathians, the soil cover varies from soddy-podzolic soils in Ciscarpathia to podzolized forest burozems in the belt of beech forests and mountain-meadow and mountain-peaty soils in the meadows. In the mountainous Crimea, predominantly brown forest and mountain-meadow soils are common, and on the southern coast of Crimea - red-brown and brown.

Vegetation

Vegetation sowing. and s.-v. part belongs to the forest, in b. h. to middle-European. strip; forests have been preserved in significant masses only in Polesie, rich in swamps, and consist of oak, linden, maple, aspen and conifers - pines, fir. The most characteristic are Western European forms - beech, hornbeam, broad-leaved linden. The border of the forest strip goes from the state. border on 3. along the 50th parallel, then to Kyiv and to the north-east. along the river Seim. Next is the transitional forest-steppe belt, followed by a wide strip of steppes, forb and feather grass, followed by the Crimean steppes, changing to the south-east. dry steppes.

Animal world

In the forests of Polissia there are: bears, elk, roe deer, wild boar, wolf, fox, lynx, badger, squirrel, 3 species of dormouse, etc.; of birds, grouse, hazel grouse, capercaillie, tits, woodpecker, oriole are typical. In the forest-steppe zone, the following are common: deer, wild boar, wolf, marten, ferret, ground squirrel, hamster, hedgehog; from birds - gray partridge, magpie, oriole. The steppe zone is characterized by: ground squirrels (speckled, small, European), jerboa, hamster, mouse; various types of larks, quail, etc. The hare is ubiquitous. In the Carpathians there are bear, wild boar, lynx, forest cat. European deer and roe deer live in the forests of the Crimean Mountains and the Carpathians. The villages are characterized by the white stork. In rivers and lakes are found: catfish, perch, pike, ide, crucian carp, carp, etc. Commercial fish of the Black Sea - mackerel, mullet, etc.; Sea of ​​Azov - herring, anchovy, flounder.

reserves

In order to protect, rationally use, restore, and increase the natural resources, flora, and fauna, a network of state reserves has been created in Ukraine. In 1975 there were 9 ( with total area 126.7 thousand ha). In the steppe zone there are reserves: Askania-Nova (Kherson region), Chernomorsky (Kherson, Nikolaev, Odessa regions), Ukrainian steppe reserve (Donetsk, Zaporozhye, Sumy regions), Lugansk (Voroshilovgrad region); in the forest-steppe zone - Kanevsky (Cherkasy region), in the zone of mixed forests - Polessky (Zhytomyr region), in the Ukrainian Carpathians - Carpathian, in the Crimea - Yalta mountain-forest and Cape Martyan. The Azov-Sivash (Kherson region) and Crimean protected hunting farms, as well as the Dnieper-Teterevsky and Zalessky reserved forest hunting farms were organized.

Population

The main population is Ukrainians (35,283.9 thousand people; here and below, 1970 census data). Live (thousand people) Russians (9126.3), Jews (777.1), Belarusians (385.8), Poles (295.1), Moldovans (265.9), Bulgarians (234.4), Hungarians (157.7), Romanians (112.1), Greeks (106.9), Tatars (76.2), Armenians (33.4), Gypsies (30.1), Gagauz (26.5) and others.