The level of urbanization of the Urals in percent. Lesson “Population of the Ural economic region. The ratio of urban and rural population
Urbanization - the process of increasing the role of cities in the development of society, the growth of cities, increasing specific gravity urban population.
The prerequisites for urbanization are:
concentration in cities of industry;
development of cultural and political functions of cities;
deepening the territorial division of labor.
Urbanization is characterized by:
the influx of the rural population into the cities;
concentration of population in large cities;
increasing pendulum migration of the population;
emergence of urban agglomerations and megalopolises.
The development of urbanization goes through the following main stages:
I. Development and growth of cities (growing, as it were, separately). This is a "point" concentration. The city is accumulating potential, complicating its functional and planning structures. Its problems are becoming larger and more acute, but their solution within the city itself is becoming increasingly difficult due to limited territorial resources.
II. Formation of agglomerations. Post-urban stage of settlement development. The emergence of a galaxy of urban settlements on the basis of a large city introduces fundamental changes in the pattern of settlement. Agglomerations are becoming a key form of territorial organization of productive forces and settlement. Agglomeration is selective, but at the same time very common. Agglomerations play a leading role in all developed and in a number of developing countries. A large city finds its complement in them and at the same time acquires new opportunities for solving its problems, including environmental ones. The outstanding potential of a large city is realized more fully.
In social terms, an urban agglomeration is an area in which the weekly cycle of life of a modern city dweller closes. Agglomerations have two fundamental properties: the proximity of the settlements that form them and the complementarity (complementarity) of the latter. A significant economic effect is associated with agglomerations, due to the ability to close a significant part of industrial and other ties within territorially limited agglomeration areas. This is especially important for countries with a large territory. Under the conditions of centralized management of the economy, the agglomeration effect was not used enough: departments preferred to organize ties within their own framework, not paying attention to their economic inexpediency.
The positive properties of agglomerations are combined with their disadvantages. This is explained by the fact that the agglomerations, as it were, accumulated disparate, poorly coordinated private solutions. Their development was not regulated in accordance with a predetermined general plan. The formation of agglomerations can be considered as one of the manifestations of the self-development of settlement.
III. Formation of the supporting frame of settlement. Dispersed concentration. The supporting frame is a generalized urban portrait of a country or region. It is formed by a combination of nodal (cities, agglomerations) and linear (highways, polyhighways) elements. Where they are close enough and the territory is blocked by zones of their direct influence, urbanized areas are formed.
The formation of the supporting frame indicates the manifestation of two main trends in the development of settlement - centripetal and linear. An example of a clearly manifested linear-rapid trend was the formation of an urbanized strip Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod.
Within the Ural Economic Region (UER), a powerful regional system of settlement has developed, the functioning of which is significantly influenced by the demographic situation. The state and structure of the regional system of settlement largely depends on the dynamics of the population in time and space. Under the influence of the current demographic situation, certain rates of socio-economic development of the Urals are largely formed. The demographic situation increasingly determines the development of a network of settlements, the growth rates of urban and rural settlements of various sizes.
In terms of population, the UER ranks second (20,461 thousand people) in the Russian Federation, second only to the Central Economic Region. In the region, there has been an increase in the absolute value of the population, including urban and rural, with a negative balance of natural growth since 1996 (Table 2).
The share of regions and republics in the total population of the UER is not the same. So, in 3 of them (Bashkortostan, Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk regions) 60% of the population of the UER live, and by area they make up 50% of the territory of the UER (Table 3).
Table 2. Dynamics of the population of the WER
| Year | Thousand people |
| 1863 | 4000 |
| 1913 | 8750 |
| as of January 1, 1961 | 18067 |
| as of January 1, 1981 | 19556 |
| as of January 1, 1996 | 19981 |
| as of 01.01.2000 | 20239 |
| as of January 1, 2003 | 20461 |
| as of January 1, 2004 | 20421 |
| as of January 1, 2005 | 20488 |
| as of January 1, 2006 | 20461 |
Table 3. Dynamics of the share of regions and republics in the population of WER,%
| as of January 1, 1980 | as of 01.01.1990 | as of January 1, 2006 | |
| Bashkortostan | 19,8 | 19,5 | 20,4 |
| Udmurtia | 7,8 | 7,9 | 8,1 |
| Kurgan region | 5,6 | 5,45 | 5,5 |
| Orenburg region | 10,7 | 10,7 | 11,1 |
| Perm region including the Komi-Permyatsky Aut. OK. | 15,5 | 15,3 | 15,7 |
| Sverdlovsk region. | 22,9 | 23,25 | 23,25 |
| Chelyabinsk region | 17,7 | 17,9 | 15,8 |
The level of urbanization in the Urals is higher than in the Russian Federation as a whole. But the share of the urban population in the regions of the EER is not the same, so in Bashkortostan it is 64.7%; in Udmurtia 69.7%; in the Kurgan region 54.8%; in the Orenburg region 63.9%; in the Perm region 76.6%; in the Komi-Permyatsky Aut. approx. 30.6%; in the Sverdlovsk region 87.6%; in the Chelyabinsk region 81.3%.
Table 4. Dynamics of the urban population of the UER,%
| Year | % |
| as of January 1, 1961 | 60 |
| as of January 1, 1981 | 72 |
| as of January 1, 1996 | 74 |
| as of 01.01.2000 | 74,7 |
| as of January 1, 2003 | 74,5 |
| as of January 1, 2004 | 74,4 |
| as of January 1, 2005 | 74,48 |
| as of January 1, 2006 | 74,5 |
About 2/5 of the Ural cities are located near mineral deposits, and their whole life is connected with the mining industry. They usually consist of several settlements, the population of which rarely exceeds 50 thousand people. More than 1/10 of urban settlements owe their development to ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The number of metallurgical centers has decreased compared to the beginning of the century due to the development of local deposits, many of them have been transformed into centers of mechanical engineering and metalworking. As a rule, these are also small cities and towns. Small and rare medium-sized urban settlements arose at the enterprises of the timber and paper industries. On the other hand, the chemical industry leads to larger settlements, which is associated with a high concentration of production.
The centers of regions and republics are multifunctional. They represent large industrial formations and the most important transport hubs. Political, administrative, organizational, economic, supply activities are concentrated in them. About 40% of the UER urban population lives in these centers.
Almost 2/3 of urban settlements are located in the mining zone, mainly along the eastern and western slopes of the ridge, forming chains of settlements in places. There are few of them directly in the axial zone of the mountains. There are noticeably fewer of them outside the mining zone, here they are located mainly along the communication lines.
As in other areas, in the Urals there is a process of formation of urban agglomerations around large cities. There is also a process of pendulum migration - the movement of the population to the areas of large cities from places of housing to places of work and back for labor purposes.
With the growth of the absolute number of the rural population in the Urals, its share in the total population is gradually falling. There are significant differences in the rural settlement of different parts of the UER. The north of the district and the mountainous areas are dominated by small settlements, usually located along rivers, where the non-agricultural population predominates. When moving south, the size of rural settlements increases, and their network becomes more rare; dominated by the agricultural population.
The average population density in the district is about 25 people. / sq. km. Moreover, in the Chelyabinsk region this figure is 42 people. / sq. km, and in the Komi-Permyatsky Aut. env. - 4.8 people / sq. km, which indicates significant distortions in the density of population in various areas of the UER.
Since 1993, an unfavorable situation with the natural movement of the population has been developing in the region: the number of deaths begins to exceed the number of births, and, consequently, a natural population decline occurs in the UER.
Again, in different areas of the UER, the situation with the natural movement of the population is different. So in Bashkortostan in 1996, the natural increase (decrease) of the population per 1000 inhabitants was - 1.2; in Udmurtia - 3.8; in the Kurgan region - 5.5; in the Orenburg region - 3.4; in the Perm region - 5.5; in the Komi-Permyatsky Aut. env. - 4.9; in the Sverdlovsk region - 6.5; in the Chelyabinsk region - 5.1. Thus, a narrowed type of reproduction is currently characteristic of UER.
Table 5. Indicators of the mechanical movement of the population of the regions and republics of the UER in 2005 (persons per 1000 inhabitants)
| Entry | Departure | Balance | |
| Bashkortostan | 29,6 | 23,8 | 5,8 |
| Udmurtia | 24,9 | 21,6 | 3,2 |
| Kurgan region | 33,7 | 32,2 | 1,5 |
| Orenburg region | 31,6 | 25,4 | 6,2 |
| Perm region | 25,1 | 23,4 | 1,8 |
| Sverdlovsk region. | 28,5 | 25,0 | 3,5 |
| Chelyabinsk region | 26,9 | 24,1 | 2,8 |
If in general to characterize the situation with the mechanical movement of the population of the UER in 2005, then it should be noted that the number of those who arrived in the region and the republic of the district exceeded the number of those who left them. The positive balance of migration made it possible not only to cover the negative balance of natural movement in the WER, but also due to it in 2005 the population increased by 70 thousand people.
Thus, the Ural region has all the signs of urbanization: there is an influx of population from the village to the city; concentration of population in large cities; pendulum migration; the occurrence of agglomerations. This allows us to conclude that the Ural region is urbanized.
6. Features of the Ural urbanization
Ural urbanization is characterized by at least three features:
· It develops on the basis of a mountain-fold belt formed in the Paleozoic as a result of the complete Wilson cycle (rifting → spreading → subduction → collision). In the Mesozoic, young mountains were destroyed, their ancient roots were exposed by erosion-denudation leveling surfaces, and destruction products were accumulated on the outskirts of the Russian platform and the West Siberian plate. Urbanization, which began in the Urals about four centuries ago, is now the most powerful modern process that is transforming the Paleozoic mountain-fold belt.
· The Ural urbanization is ethnically typomorphic: in time and in essence it coincides with the Russian colonization of the Urals, which began in the 15th century.
· The late industrial stage of the Ural urbanization is characterized by a paradoxical combination of modern powerful energy and technological potential and a rudimentary orientation towards the extraction of mineral matter, which predetermines the stable geomorphism of the urbanization process of the Urals.
The geological structure of the Urals is asymmetrical. The main Ural Deep Fault serves as a kind of asymmetry surface, dividing the Urals into paleocontinental (western) and paleooceanic (eastern) sectors (Fig. 4).
In general, the cities of the Urals, according to the genetic nature of the lithogenic basis, can be divided into the following groups:
The cities of the Pre-Urals and the Trans-Urals: they develop within the platform outskirts, the structure of which is determined by two structural floors. In the case of the Russian platform, the first structural stage is the Proterozoic, crystalline (metamorphic and magmatic) basement, and the second is the Phanerozoic (Pz + Mz + Kz) cover of horizontally occurring sedimentary rocks. The first structural stage of the West Siberian Plate is composed of dislocated Paleozoic complexes, and the cover is composed of Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks.
The cities of the Paleocontinental sector of the Ural Mountains transform the mineral matter of the ancient basement of the eastern margin of the Russian platform involved in the Ural deformations.
The cities of the Paleo-oceanic sector of the Ural Mountains transform igneous and sedimentary complexes - the legacy of the Ural Paleozoic Ocean. In fact, this is, in the geological sense, the Ural cities.
The difference between the processes of urbanization of these geostructural zones of the Urals is also manifested to a degree in the nature of the relationship between surface and groundwater.
The cities of the Mountainous Urals are developing in the conditions of open hydrogeological systems. Here, the connections between surface and groundwater are simple and effective, so the transformation of surface water during urbanization is directly reflected in the underground hydrosphere. The cities of the Cis-Urals and Trans-Urals develop in conditions of closed hydrogeological systems and groundwater resources are better protected from technogenic impact (Fig. 5).
Russian colonization, with which urbanization is associated, was refracted in the fundamental asymmetry of the geological structure of the Urals. Starting in the Northern Cis-Urals, urbanization spread first in the Trans-Urals, and then already covered the Mountainous Middle and Southern Urals. Ancient and ancient mining centers, known since the era of copper and iron, determined the geography of Peter's factories and cities. Ural urbanization, originally hydromorphic, due to the mighty impulses of Peter the Great and Stalinist industrialization, acquired geomorphic features: the location of the Ural cities is subject to the symmetry of the geological space, the structure of the Ural mountain-fold belt, and its mineragenic zonality.
Fig.5. Hydrogeological aspects of urbanization
A - open hydrogeological systems (Mountain Urals)
B - closed hydrogeological systems (western margin of the West Siberian Plate).
Aquifers:
B1 - modern alluvium;
B2 – buried alluvium;
B3 - aquifers with recharge area in zone A;
B4 - fresh water protected from degradation;
B5 - mineralized and salty waters.
Transformation sequence water resources due to urbanization:
A® A1® B1® B2® B3® B4® B5
Introduction
“ Cities are a great creation of the mind and human hands. They play a decisive role in the territorial organization of society. They serve as a mirror of their countries and regions. The leading cities are called the spiritual workshops of humanity and the engines of progress.” - Georgy Mikhailovich Lappo gave such an admiring description of the city in his book Geography of Cities.
One cannot but agree with him. Indeed, urbanization and population play an important role in the life of every country.
When writing my work, I would like to consider in more detail the following questions (many of which are already indicated in the table of contents):
what types according to the proportion of the urban population are the republics of bl. zar. (near abroad) and er (economic regions) of Russia, and with which countries of the world they are comparable in this indicator.
what are the reasons for regional differences in the level of urbanization;
at what stage of urbanization according to Gibbs were the republics of bl. salary by the time of the collapse of the USSR (91);
what e.r. Russia has the lowest rate of urban population growth and why;
how the crisis of the 1990s affected the processes of urbanization, and what is the reason for the reduction in the proportion of the urban population in the newly independent states;
where millionaire cities are located, and what is the reason for their concentration in the Volga region and in the Urals;
what types of republics exist and e.r. by population density, what are the reasons for the differences in population density.
The ratio of urban and rural population
The development of the social division of labor led to the formation of two main types of settlements: urban and rural. Accordingly, a distinction is made between the urban population (residents of cities and urban-type settlements) and the rural population (residents of settlements employed by less than 85% in production). The quantitative predominance of the rural population over the urban population is observed in five neighboring countries: Moldova (46%), Turkmenistan (45%), Uzbekistan (39%), Kyrgyzstan (36%), Tajikistan (28%). These countries are classified as rural type. The remaining countries of the near abroad have more than 50% of the urban population.
A more interesting situation is with the economic regions of Russia. There are no rural-type economic regions in this country. The minimum indicator of the share of the urban population has North Caucasus: 56%. But, despite this, the Russian Federation includes several subjects, the rural population of which prevails. Moreover, this list includes not only subjects of little urbanized areas, for example, the North Caucasus: Dagestan (43% of the urban population), Karachay-Cherkessia (37%), Chechnya and Ingushetia (43%), but also subjects of areas with a fairly high level of urbanization . For example, Eastern Siberia (71% of the urban population) and located on its territory: Ust-Orda Autonomous District (0% of the urban population), Altai (26%), Evenki Autonomous District (27%), Aginsky Buryat Autonomous District (32%), Tuva ( 48%). These low rates are offset by significantly higher rates elsewhere in these areas. For example, in the North Caucasian economic region, the most urbanized subject is North Ossetia (70%), and in Eastern Siberia - Khakassia (72%).
The limit of change in the share of the urban population in the regions of Russia is 56-83% and 28-73% in the countries of the near abroad, although the figure often increases in increments of 1%.
Let's compare the economic regions of Russia and neighboring countries with the countries of the world in terms of the share of the urban population -
| Urbanization | e.r. Russia | Country Middle Zarub, | A country in the world that has a comparable percentage of urbanization. |
| 87% | North-West | UK, Qatar, Argentina, Australia | |
| 83% | C.e.r. | Sweden, Bahrain, Venezuela | |
| 76% | North D.-east. | Japan, Canada | |
| 75% | Ural | Czechoslovakia, Iran, Brazil | |
| 73% | Povolzh. | Russia | France, SA, USA |
| 72% | Estonia | Italy, Republic of Korea, Puerto Rico | |
| 71% | Zap.-Sib. East-Sib | Latvia | Norway, Taiwan, Mexico |
| 70% | Volg.-Vyat. | Jordan, Libya | |
| 69% | Lithuania | Peru | |
| 68% | Belarus Armenia | Colombia | |
| 67% | Ukraine | Bulgaria | |
| 61% | C.C.R. | Switzerland, Cyprus, Equatorial Guinea | |
| 57% | Kazakhst. | Greece, Mongolia, Nicaragua | |
| 56% | North-Kav, | Ireland | |
| 55% | Georgia | Austria, Iraq, Ecuador, Tunisia | |
| 53% | Azerbaijan | Romania, Panama | |
| 46% | Moldova | Yugoslavia, Lebanon, Saint Lucia, Morocco | |
| 45% | Turkmen. | Slovenia, Philippines, Costa Rica, Egypt | |
| 39% | Uzbekist. | Guatemala, Ivory Coast | |
| 36% | Kyrgyz. | Albania, Malaysia, Guyana, Somalia | |
| 28% | Tajik. | Portugal, India, Haiti, Namibia |
As can be seen from this table, the economic regions of Russia and neighboring countries are compared in terms of the share of the urban population with a wide variety of countries: from Namibia to Great Britain. Why such a difference? What are the reasons for regional differences in the level of urbanization in the republics of the near abroad and regions of Russia?
Answering these questions will require a definition of the term “urbanization”. Urbanization is the process of spreading urban lifestyles; it is a process of concentration, integration and intensification of activities, a global socio-economic process.
There are several reasons for regional differences in the level of urbanization by e. R. neighboring countries and e. R. Russia. First, it is the economic and geographical position. The northern republics of the Near Abroad (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus gravitates towards them), as well as the northeastern e.r. Russia (Northern, Northwestern, West Siberian, East Siberian, Far Eastern) are highly urbanized, because natural conditions do not allow the development of agriculture. In these regions, an economic structure based on industry is taking shape. Accordingly, cities - centers are developing labor activity. The same picture is typical for mountainous regions (Urals, Armenia).
On the other hand, such e.r. as Ts.Ch.e.r. and the North Caucasus are in the most favorable conditions for the development of agriculture. These are the granaries of our country. Most of the population of these e.r. busy in agriculture. This is also the reason for the predominance of the rural population in the Central Asian republics, except for Kazakhstan, and in Moldova.
The group of moderately urbanized countries includes Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Azerbaijan. The combination of favorable natural conditions and high availability of resources gave rise to the simultaneous development of both agriculture and industry in these countries. In Ukraine and Kazakhstan, as coal and iron ore deposits were developed, cities were formed and grew. Some agglomerations are also concentrated here: Karaganda, Donetsk, etc. A similar situation has developed in Russia in the Urals and Western Siberia. Georgia and Azerbaijan differ less from rural-type republics than Ukraine and Kazakhstan (only by 4-6%). The inclination towards the republics of the rural type is due to the presence of fertile valleys among the mountain ranges. These valleys are the only lands former USSR where tropical fruits are grown.
Not only the EGP played a role in the level of urbanization.
An equally important reason is the course of the historical process of folding cities. In the Central and Northwestern e.r. historically, urbanization began to develop earlier; The centers of these regions have been capitals at different times and now form huge agglomerations concentrating millions of people. The process of urbanization also began earlier in the Volga region. This e.r. stretched along the largest river. From time immemorial, trade routes passed here, cities were centers of trade and crafts, and the population was concentrated in them.
Urban and rural population growth rates
1. Stages of urbanization according to Gibbs.
Over time, in each country there are some changes in the field of settlement. This is due to a change in the type of population reproduction and a change in the type of economy. The American geographer Gibbs identified 5 main stages of settlement, which all countries of the world have passed or will pass to a certain stage of development. The main criterion for distinguishing the five stages of urbanization is the ratio of the dynamics of the urban and rural population. Based on data on the dynamics of urban and rural population since 1979. to 1991 let us determine at what stage of urbanization each of the republics of Bl. salary..
Population dynamics salary
(1991 to 1979 at the beginning of the year in%)
| A country | All population | Urban | rural |
| Ukraine | 104 | 115 | 88 |
| Belarus | 107 | 131 | 79 |
| Moldova | 111 | 134 | 96 |
| Georgia | 109 | 118 | 99 |
| Armenia | 111 | 115 | 104 |
| Azerbaijan | 118 | 119 | 117 |
| Kazakhstan | 114 | 122 | 105 |
| Uzbekistan | 135 | 131 | 137 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 125 | 123 | 127 |
| Tajikistan | 141 | 127 | 149 |
| Turkmenistan | 135 | 128 | 141 |
| Lithuania | 110 | 124 | 87 |
| Latvia | 106 | 110 | 97 |
| Estonia | 108 | 111 | 101 |
According to Gibbs, the first stage of urbanization has the following characteristics: a pre-industrial way of life, a traditional type of reproduction, a dense and relatively uniform network of rural settlements. At this stage of development of urbanization, the urban population grows slowly, and therefore the proportion of city dwellers may even decrease, with the absolute predominance of the rural population. At this stage of urbanization by 1991. were: Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. Dynamics of urban and rural population since 1979 by 91 testifies to this. Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan were in the transition to the second stage of urbanization.
The second stage of the urbanization of society is manifested during the process of industrialization. At this stage of urbanization, the rural population migrates to the cities in mass flows, but due to natural growth, the share of rural residents in the entire population of the country is still slightly growing.
The urban population is increasing more rapidly. By 91 at this stage of urbanization were the republics: Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Armenia. Moldova and Georgia were in the transition from the second stage to the third.
The third stage of the urbanization of society is characterized by the following features: the demographic transition has already been completed; migration outflow and natural decline leads to a decrease in the rural population. The growth in the share of the urban population causes a predominance over the share of the rural population.
At the fourth stage of urbanization, the urban population continues to grow slowly, and the rural population also slightly decreases. By 91, Russia was in the third or fourth stages of urbanization, as well as Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania. Estonia and Latvia carried out the transition to the fifth stage.
The fifth stage of urbanization is characteristic of post-industrial countries, when social differences between the city and the countryside disappear. All the advantages of the city appear in the countryside. The value of the environmental factor in the minds of the population is increasing. The growth of the psychological factor makes the townspeople move to the countryside. The urban population is decreasing and the rural population is growing. The settlement system again comes to a state of equilibrium. By 1991, none of the republics of Bl. was in this stage of urbanization. salary
Urban population growth rates for the period 1979-1991.
The lowest growth rates of the urban population in Russia for the period 1979-1991. were observed in the Northwestern e.r. (by 11%), in the Urals (by 11%), in the Central (by 12%). This is due to the specifics of the population and economy of these areas.
In the Northwestern economic region, the proportion of the urban population increased quite a bit. This area has an extraordinary structure: in the center - the city of St. Petersburg, 5 million people live, while in the entire area - 8 million. Including the Leningrad region. accounts for 1.7 million, Novgorod and Pskov combined - 1.5 million. Human. In the Northwest, urbanization began earlier than in some other regions of Russia. Industry is highly developed here, agriculture is less developed. All these features influenced the process of urbanization. By the 1980s, the entire potential of the rural population, able to move to the cities, was exhausted in this region; with a small population in rural areas, the maximum influx of population into cities is also small.
For the Ural e. R. characterized by a high level of urbanization, concentration a large number population in large cities. This is largely due to the predominance of large enterprises in the industry of the Urals. Back in the 1960s, the world was going through a crisis associated with the decline of such industries as ferrous metallurgy and metal-intensive engineering. In our country, this crisis was artificially “postponed” with the help of state subsidies and excessive metal consumption of the national economy. Therefore, by the beginning of the 90s, when it was no longer possible to contain the crisis (deterioration of the ecological system, depletion of the main deposits), many enterprises fell into decay, and the number of jobs decreased. Therefore, the influx of people from rural areas to cities gradually decreased.
The process of urbanization in the Central e.r. began, as well as in the North-West earlier than in other parts of Russia. In addition, the countryside of the Central eq. The area is notable for the sparsely populated villages and villages, since podzolic soils are an unfavorable natural condition for the development Agriculture. This determined the initial preference for the city over the countryside by the inhabitants of this region. Therefore, with a small population of rural areas, the natural increase in the rural population is also low, which in turn causes a small influx of rural residents into the cities of this eq. district.
In the e. R. there is a low growth rate of the urban population, due to a small influx of the rural population.
Another reason for the low growth rate of the urban population is the deterioration of the demographic situation in Russia. The decrease in the birth rate has affected with a slight increase in the death rate, which is caused by the unfavorable age structure of the population in large centers and cities. Recall that in the past decades, large cities accounted for the predominant part of the total growth of the country. This is evidenced by the statistics of the following table.
Natural increase per 1000 inhabitants in 1980-1992 in some cities Russian Federation.
The table shows that in the largest cities of the Russian Federation by 1991. there was a natural decrease in the population, although in general a small increase remained in urban settlements.
Crisis of the 90s. years. Reducing the share of the urban population.
The crisis of the 1990s was reflected in a decrease in the proportion of the urban population of Russia and many republics of the Near Abroad. In this case, what is happening is not at all explained by the fifth stage of urbanization, as it happens in last years, for example, in the USA. During the years of crisis, the population is particularly acutely confronted with material problems. Residents of the southern regions, previously employed in industry, find it easier to maintain a certain standard of living in rural areas, because in the southern regions, agriculture is highly developed and brings a certain income. Most of all, the process of deurbanization affected Tajikistan (3%) and Kyrgyzstan (2%). Of the countries of the Near Abroad, today, these are the republics where the share of agriculture is especially large. Geographically, these are the southernmost republics Central Asia. With the collapse of industry in the cities, the return of workers to the cultivated lands for centuries is natural.
The decline in the urban population in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Georgia is also explained by geographic location these republics and the possibility of improving life through employment in rural areas.
In Russia, a similar situation has developed precisely in the southern regions, hence in recent years there has been a small increase in the rural population in comparison with the above-mentioned republics.
Largest cities
Cities-millionaires of Russia and bl. salary
| A country | Economy District Rep.bl. salary | Millionaire City | Number of thousand of us. for 1994. |
| Russia | Ural | Ekaterinburg | 1371 |
| Chelyabinsk | 1143 | ||
| Ufa | 1092 | ||
| Permian | 1086 | ||
| Volga region | Samara | 1255 | |
| Kazan | 1092 | ||
| Volgograd | 1000 | ||
| Western Siberia | Novosibirsk | 1418 | |
| Omsk | 1161 | ||
| Central | Moscow | 8793 | |
| Nizhny Novgorod | 1428 | ||
| North - West | Saint Petersburg | 4883 | |
| Sev-Kavk | Rostov-on-Don | 1023 | |
| Ukraine | Kyiv | 2637 | |
| Kharkiv | 1618 | ||
| Dnepropetrovsk | 1187 | ||
| Odessa | 1106 | ||
| Donetsk | 1117 | ||
| Belarus | Minsk | 1613 | |
| Georgia | Tbilisi | 1264 | |
| Armenia | Yerevan | 1202 | |
| Kazakhstan | Alma-Ata | 1147 | |
| Uzbekistan | Tashkent | 2694 |
Let us consider in more detail how million-plus cities are located on the territory of Russia.
First, we note that most of them are concentrated in the European part of Russia. Only Novosibirsk and Omsk are located beyond the Urals. This is due to the small number of people living here, therefore, with all the maximum influx of residents to various cities, only Omsk and Novosibirsk became millionaires. Not in small degree this location of the leading cities is also determined by a more developed network of roads in the European part of Russia. After all, many millionaire cities are at the intersection of railways and rivers. These are all the millionaire cities of the Volga region (the Volga river), Siberia (the Irtysh and the Ob river) and Rostov-on-Don (the Don river), smaller rivers flow through the rest of the millionaire cities of Russia, but nevertheless they pass one of the main branches of the railway network. (For the countries of the Western Europe, such a tendency of the location of millionaire cities at the intersection of rivers and railways is observed only in Ukraine: Kyiv and Dnepropetrovsk on the Dnieper River.)
Secondly, let's pay attention to the fact that most of the millionaire cities are located in groups, in neighboring areas of the same er. . Moscow, St. Petersburg, Rostov-on-Don stand apart. What is it connected with? This is due to the fact that Moscow and St. Petersburg significantly outnumber the nearby cities in terms of population. They have no competitors that could attract a population of impressive size: the largest city near St. Petersburg (5 million people) - Novgorod - inhabits 233 thousand people, and the largest city near Moscow (8 million people) - Yaroslavl - 635 thousand people (Nizhny Novgorod, located in the Central E.R., is separated from Moscow by the Vladimir region.) As for Rostov-on-Don, this leading city is alone in its region due to the predominance of the rural population there, i.e. in the North-Kav. e.r. and above lying Ts.Ch.E.R., with the maximum shares of the rural population in Russia, there is no inclination to resettlement in cities. The inhabitants of these regions are employed in agriculture.
What is the reason for the concentration of millionaire cities in the Volga region and the Urals?
In the territorial structure of Russia, the Volga region and the Urals are the most important transit territories through which the main West-East ties pass. These areas formed the core of the supporting "framework" of settlement and the territorial structure of the national economy in the form of large centers different types and highways connecting them. This played a huge role in the development of millionaire cities. Let's consider each region separately.
The Volga region is not only a transit territory, but also a redistributor of cargo flows between regions of Russia. A powerful economic axis is the Volga River - a historical path between the forested North and the grainy South. The crossing of the Volga by railways is extremely important for the development of the leading cities of the Volga region. An equally important role was played by the choice of location, natural conditions, and the geometry of natural landscapes. Millionaire cities occupied the characteristic places of the Volga valley: Kazan - where the Volga abruptly changes the direction of the flow, from east to south, strictly 90, Samara - at the extreme bulge of the Volga to the East - Samarskaya Luka, Volgograd - at the extreme ledge of the Volga channel to the west (this city also radiates three railway lines - towards the Center, Donbass and the Black Sea region.
But the cities of the Volga differ not only in their characteristic position on the Volga. It was very important for their economic rise as transport and industrial centers that, where they were located, the Volga crossed the border of natural landscape zones and provinces. The position on the border of territories with different natural prerequisites for the development of the economy, on the mighty river, at the points of its characteristic bends, created a powerful foundation for the economic and geographical position of the Volga millionaire cities.
The Urals is a set of nodes of different sizes in mountain nests, most of which are “strung” on two main meridional axes - Cis-Ural (Ufa and Perm are located here) and Trans-Ural (Ekaterinburg and Chelyabinsk are located here). Million-strong cities are based in the centers of rapidly developing industrial areas, on the axes of inter-areal ties, at the points of contact between different zones, differences in economic potentials. In the Urals, the following are especially developed: the military-industrial complex, mechanical engineering, and non-ferrous metallurgy. The largest cities carry the functions of city-factories. The combination of transit territory and its oversaturation with industry led to the formation of 4 cities of millionaires (the maximum for Russia).
Population of the territory
Types of republics and e.r. by population density.
| e.r. Russia | Population density h/km | Country Bl. salary | Population density h/km |
| (Russia) | (9) | ||
| Central | 63 | Moldova | 130 |
| North Caucasus | 48 | Armenia | 113 |
| C.Ch.er. | 46 | Ukraine | 86 |
| Northwest | 42 | Azerbaijan | 82 |
| Volga-Vyatka | 32 | Georgia | 78 |
| Volga region | 31 | Lithuania | 57 |
| Ural | 25 | Uzbekistan | 50 |
| West Sib. | 6 | Belarus | 49 |
| Northern | 4 | Latvia | 42 |
| East Sib. | 2 | Tajikistan | 40 |
| Far Eastern | 1 | Estonia | 35 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 22 | ||
| Turkmenistan | 9 | ||
| Kazakhstan | 6 |
There are three various types countries and e.r. by population density: densely populated, with an average population density, sparsely populated.
The first type of countries include those republics bl. salary in which the population density is 100–75% of the maximum for this region: Moldova, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Georgia. To densely populated e.r. Russia can be attributed to the Central e.r. and North Caucasian (distribution according to the above principle)
The second type of countries include those republics bl. salary in which the population density is 75–25% of the maximum for this region: Lithuania, Uzbekistan, Belarus, Latvia, Tajikistan and Estonia. To the type e.r. with an average population density can be attributed to the C.Ch.er., North-West, Volga-Vyatka, Volga, Ural.
The third type includes Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan, in which the population density is 25–0% of the maximum in bl. salary The type of sparsely populated includes the North-Western er., Northern, East Siberian, Far Eastern.
Natural and economic features of territories and their population.
The population of territories depends on their natural and economic features. Based on these differences, geographers divide the territory of the countries of Bl. salary and Russia into five zones.
The zone of continuous settlement, or the main strip of settlement, is characterized by a developed network of settlements, a variety and maturity of settlement forms, and concentrates the vast majority of large cities and large urban agglomerations, industrial centers. Hence the high population density of the main strip, covering the European part of Russia without the North and the sparsely populated regions of the Caspian lowland, passing through the south of Siberia and the Far East.
Here we also include the European republics of Bl. salary
From the north and south, the main strip of settlement is bordered by zones that differ sharply in natural conditions.
The zone of the Far North is characterized by focality of settlement. There is a low population density, which is explained by the severity of the climate, the scattered settlements, a rare network of railways, and a small number of large industrial enterprises.
The arid zone of focal forms of settlement includes vast desert and semi-desert territories to the south of the main zone of settlement, also sparsely populated and also with extreme, although different in nature, conditions. It covers the Northern Caspian, Western Kazakhstan and most of Central Kazakhstan, Northern Turkmenistan, Karakalpakstan. These areas are characterized production type agriculture (transhumance-livestock), a developed fuel industry, the sparseness of large base settlements located near permanent sources of water supply.
The zone of oases and industrial areas was formed at the junction of the mountainous and plain parts of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. It includes areas with the highest in the republics bl. salary density of the rural population, all major Central Asian cities. The national economic basis is characterized by a combination of developed agriculture on irrigated lands and the leading branches of the processing industry, supplemented by the extractive industry. It represents, therefore, the main strip of settlement of the southeastern macroregion (discontinuous in places).
The mountain zone in the extreme south of Bl. salary differs in very peculiar forms of settlement: here the outflow of the agricultural population is combined with some influx of the population in connection with the following main types of development: industrial, hydropower, recreational.
Conclusion
Coming to the conclusion of my work, I would like to say that the e.r. of Russia and bl. zar., are very different from each other. These or those features of these territories attract the population. Everyone chooses the place where he will live according to his taste, but nevertheless “... the improvement of cities as a living environment and places of concentration of various activities, the rational organization of urban networks in accordance with the geographical, cultural, historical, socio-economic characteristics of the territory is an important task in Russia and in other countries of the world.” (G.M. Lappo)
Bibliography
Alekseev A.I. Socio-economic geography of Russia. M. 1995
Alekseev A.I., Nikolina V.V. Population and economy of Russia. M.1995
Geography: encyclopedia. M.1994
Cities of Russia: encyclopedia. M. 1994
The demographic situation of Russia “Free Thought” No. 2-3, 1993
Zayonchkovskaya Zh.A. Demographic situation and settlement. M. 1991
Kovalev S.A., Kovalskaya N.Ya., Geography of the population of the USSR. M. 1980
Lappo G.M. Geography of cities. M. 1997
Ozerova G.N., Pokshishevsky V.V. Geography of the world process of urbanization. M.1981
Pertsik E.P. Geography of cities (geo-urban studies). M.1985
Pertsik E.P. Human environment: foreseeable future. M.1990
countries and peoples. M.1983
Countries of the world. Brief political and economic reference book. M. 1996
Economic and social geography of Russia. Edited by Professor A.T., Khrushchev.M.1997
UDK 94 (470.5) "18/19" (045) E.Yu. Kazakova-Apkarimova
FROM "VILLAGE" TO "CITY": URBANIZATION AND URBANISM IN THE REGIONAL DIMENSION (BY THE MATERIALS OF THE URALS OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH - BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURIES)
The article analyzes the essence and content of the initial process of Russian urbanization and the formation of urbanism during the period of imperial industrialization, reveals the features of urbanization in the Urals and the formation of an urban lifestyle in cities of different administrative status and socio-economic and socio-cultural types in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. The key to the study is an anthropologically oriented approach. The sociological concepts of Western urbanists used in the work are refracted in a historical study using relevant sources, which gives the work a scientific novelty. We are talking about the problem of the perception of urbanism by contemporaries themselves and the reflection of this problem in their written testimonies. The process of gradual transformation of the Ural "villages" into "cities" is shown, in which even the most progressive urban settlements of the Urals were characterized by rural features. As a result of industrialization and urbanization, especially in late XIX- the beginning of the 20th century, significant changes in the culture of the Ural cities are due to increased socio-cultural heterogeneity, an increase in the importance of urban features with a symbiosis of rural and urban elements, the interaction of civilizational components of the Western and Eastern types due to the Eurasian position of the Ural region.
Key words: urbanism, city, Ural, contemporaries, culture, innovations, social organization.
The essence and content of the process of urbanization in the industrial era is currently being studied at an interdisciplinary level. Sociological and economic concepts are complemented and verified by a historical approach, since urbanization is a historical process of increasing the role of cities in the development of society. The process of urbanization in individual countries and in regions within one country has its own characteristics. Sociologist D. Harvey believes that a complete analysis of this process involves identifying the foundations of the formation of consciousness in everyday life.
The consequences of the industrial revolution and the images of the new capitalist system in Russia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, gradually erasing the traces of patriarchy and changing the way of life of the urban population, were clearly observed by contemporaries. Invaluable assistance in deepening the scientific understanding of the evolution of the urban lifestyle of the population of the Urals is provided by sources of personal origin and subjective historical documents identified in the Ural periodicals of the pre-revolutionary period and conveying the very process of transformation of urban settlements from "villages" into real "cities" (with the corresponding modus vivendi). Even G. Simmel wrote that the concentration of economic, social and professional activities is a hallmark of a large city and gives rise to a fast pace and unique style of city life, a variety of economic, professional and public life.
Such a city, where “life is visible”, appears in the description of P. A. Kropotkin Yekaterinburg in 1862: “There is enough movement on the streets, there are quite a few people. There are very nice buildings, a lot of stone, good streets, factories on the outskirts, a lot of hands are busy with them, and a lot, moreover, is occupied at home by cutting. P. A. Kropotkin emphasized that trade was going well in the city, and the inhabitants did not complain about boredom, on the contrary, they said that “life is fun”, finally, the presence of a pedagogical society in the city testified that “the activity in it is not only industrial and trade".
S. A. Keltsov, being an employee of Moskovskie Vedomosti, accompanying the Grand Dukes Mikhail Nikolaevich and Sergei Mikhailovich on a trip to the Urals and, covering this trip in the newspaper, criticized provincial Perm: “You get off the main three streets a little to the side and immediately from the Perm-provincial city you get into the Perm-village and positively suffocate in the dust, since only three streets and one and a half lanes are covered with pavements in Perm; all other streets and lanes are almost in their original state.
The symbiosis of urban and rural features comes through in the description of the provincial city of Ufa by Sergei Yakovlevich Elpatevsky, given by a revolutionary of the seventies. Renowned writer, publisher
cisst and memoirist, he served here in the 1880s. political link. In his “Memoirs for fifty years” (1929), in the chapter devoted to the cultural and social life of Ufa, we read: “The city was then, 40 years ago, quiet, thoughtful, affectionate. Streets stretched out, overgrown with grass, and one could see the field where they went out. And on the street, houses are one-story, less often two-story, with gardens and gardens, where lilacs, jasmines, dahlias grew magnificently - low houses with windows, with shutters locked at night with iron bolts. In the middle of the city there was a square - a huge one, not deserted on market days, not paved, where, according to legend, a peasant drowned with a horse and cart, who risked driving through the square at night. Almost all the streets flowed into the square, and the entire Ufa civilization was located around the square - long rows stretched, there were large houses, even three floors, there was a post office, and a pharmacy, and chambers, and the Nobility Assembly and the "Grand Hotel" with numbers. There was a sign "Lady's Tailor", and a hoop entwined with hay, even without a sign, told intelligent people that this was an inn. The city was flowing around the wonderful Belaya with bluish clear water, the most joyful river that I have seen in Russia, and on the other side flowed, pouring into the Belaya, the gloomy Ufimka.
The peripheral position of the Ural region affected. In the perception of an eyewitness Ufa in the 1880s. looked provincial and backward: “Provincial, ancient, long forgotten by central Russia blew from the city. There was no district court, and the ancient Chambers were in charge of justice, the zemstvo was young, opened later than in central Russia, had just begun to understand local affairs and had not yet had time to create a zemstvo atmosphere. Mail, especially in winter, arrived infrequently and not always accurately: there was no local newspaper, and the news of the Moscow newspapers lost much of its novelty by the time it reached Ufa. The last steamboat took away a troupe of actors, who played by their years in the city garden, took away the last belated kumys, navigation was closed for a long winter, and the city became completely quiet until the first joyful whistle from the river in the spring, when the city ran to meet the first steamboat.
Let us cite the testimonies of contemporaries about some small towns in the Ural region. The county towns of the Perm province (excluding, of course, Yekaterinburg), according to the expert on the Kama region D. Zelenin, “did not stand out in anything” and were “even downright bad.” Traveler D.N. Peshkov, passing Okhansk in 1890, wrote in his travel notes (diary) that “the city is more like a village”. A. I. Firsov echoed him, traveling around the cities of the Kama region already after a considerable time (in 1907-1908): “This miserable town of the Perm province, which has less than 2 thousand inhabitants, would be more befitting to be a village than it was in the beginning” . A. I. Firsov and Osu called "Bad town". The ethnographer D. Zelenin wrote about Osa that it was a county town (since 1781), at the beginning of the 20th century. it had 4.5 thousand inhabitants, their main occupations were the production of matting, sacks and ropes, the alloying of timber and flax; the trade of the city was insignificant, the annual turnover of the city pier did not exceed 0.5 million rubles. There were no secondary institutions in the city, there was a women's gymnasium, a religious school and a city four-year school. An eyewitness called another county (since 1781) city of the Perm province - Okhansk, with a population of less than 2.5 thousand people, even "more miserable, compared to Osa". The rural component of the life of this settlement was striking. The main occupation of the inhabitants was agriculture. Other occupations of the population were: shipping, fishing, partly trade in bread and flax. "Bad county town", according to the local historian, was Solikamsk with a population of just over 4 thousand people. In addition to the salt mines, the townspeople worked in the mines. D. Zelenin also spoke unflatteringly about Cherdyn.
Among some district towns of the Vyatka province, contemporaries also named those that were more like rural settlements. The “Votyatskaya capital”, the city of Glazov, before the opening of the Vyatka vicegerency in 1871, was a simple village, becoming a county town of the Vyatka province, it evolved slowly. According to contemporaries, Glazov at the beginning of the XIX century. remained "small, like another village", the town almost did not change in the future. Only with the construction of the railway "quickly began to improve", trade turnover increased five times (traded in bread, flax, tows and skins). The city had only seven streets, one church and a women's gymnasium. Malmyzh, having received the status of a county town in 1780, remained a modest settlement. At the beginning of the XX century. it had up to 4 thousand inhabitants, "seemingly a city" was an "ordinary large village" .
So contemporaries noted the peculiarities of Russian urbanization, which were later emphasized by the researcher V.P.
HISTORY AND PHILOLOGY
the official status of the city, which in fact are rural settlements) and "true" (characterized by "trade and fishing briskness") cities, which was due to the administrative approach to the processes of urban formation in imperial Russia. These observations have received theoretical and specific historical understanding in modern historiography, including on the materials of the Urals. Conducted, in particular, comparative analysis evolution of some county towns with mining settlements in the Perm province in the second half XIX -early XX century, the latter, according to some indicators of socio-economic and demographic development, could outstrip the former. A vivid example of such a contrast is the two settlements of the Verkhotursky district - the county town of Verkhoturye and the industrial settlement of Nizhny Tagil: the predominant occupation of the population of the first by arable farming contrasted with the lively industrial activity of the inhabitants of the second; the sparseness of the population in the first (4 thousand) lost to the same indicator (over 25 thousand) of the second.
LN Mazur rightly emphasizes that, in addition to the economic and demographic side, urbanization includes social meanings associated with a change in lifestyle. An important consequence of urbanization is the formation of a new system of sociocultural relations. In the urban environment, technical, cultural and political innovations are taking place, new standards of living conditions, work, recreation and behavior are emerging that correspond to the modern understanding of the “urban lifestyle” and its implementation within the boundaries of the contact space, which is constantly expanding. The city is also transforming the rural environment.
Theorist of urbanization A. S. Akhiezer emphasizes that the essence of urbanization in the historical process can be understood “only if urbanization is considered primarily as a process of formation and spread of urban culture” . Particularly attractive to contemporaries was the culture of the larger cities of the Ural region.
So, S. Ya. Elpatyevsky writes about the craving of Ufa residents for musical culture: “Music floated from small houses to quiet streets. I was amazed when, in a modest apartment of an official, clerk, employee, I met a piano or a piano, a violin, and found out that the children of people living on 50-60 rubles. per month, take systematic music lessons. There were circles where music was a serious content of life. I got into one of these circles shortly after my arrival and began to receive invitations to quartets, which would do honor to the capital.
The heterogeneity of urban culture is emphasized in the sources of personal origin. S. Ya. Yelpatievskii reconstructs the culture of various strata of Ufa society: the upper and lower classes, the middle urban strata. The tops of Ufa society, in turn, were sharply divided into two layers - into people in tailcoats and uniforms and people in undercoats. About the first, the author of the memoirs writes: “There were tailcoats - bureaucracy: the heads of individual units, advisers to different chambers, officials for special assignments. There were no prominent officials from the local authorities, the majority were associated with St. Petersburg, either people who were starting their careers or sent to live until retirement. It was a vicious circle, with separate interests, ideas, customs, way of life, where the townspeople were not allowed. Somewhat apart from the same circle adjoined the Poles-officials.
Narrating the life of this circle, a contemporary notes that she “was a skolnik from St. Petersburg”: “Family evenings were not particularly common, balls with dances were only in the Nobility Assembly, the favorite form of receptions was a rout [solemn party. - E.K.-A.]. There it was pronounced like this: "at the reception." Men in tailcoats, chapeau claque [cylinder hat. - E.K.-A.] in hand, ladies in decollete defiled in six or seven rooms of a miserable Ufa house, exchanged courtesies, reported St. Petersburg news, half known. Occasionally one of the guests sat down at the piano, occasionally someone's daughter sang romances, two or three card tables were arranged. There were no real dinners - the architecture of the "rout" would have been broken - they ate a la fourchette [with a fork. - E.K.-A.], and it was a special chic to put out countless all sorts of intricate sandwiches and cold dishes.
About the second category of tops, an eyewitness wrote: “And there were underwear. Provincial and district zemstvo councils wore undershirts, starting with the chairman of the provincial council A. A. Dashkov, noble landowners wore undershirts. They visited each other in undershirts, they sat at zemstvo meetings in undershirts, in undershirts they came to the club. This was neither Slavophilism nor simplification, it was a kind of uniform, a uniform, a liberal costume that distinguished a zemstvo, a native person, from an official. To sub-
rich Bashkir landowners adjoined the girls. “There was between tailcoats and undercoats,” wrote S. Ya. Elpatyevsky, “if not enmity, then sharp alienation, mutual semi-contempt.”
About social contrasts in the provincial city of Perm, in the review of the publicist V. L. Dedlov-Kigna (1897) we read: “What else is there in Perm? Of course, government offices educational establishments, numerous streets of small and darkened houses of burghers and artisans, and two, three "palazzos" of rich merchants... Such is Perm, the door to Siberia. Merchant's palazzo, common people's shack and government office. Outer Order, science, art, and even religion, propagated by the bureaucracy, the profiting merchant and the mass of the population chewing their meager chewing gum.
V. L. Dedlov saw the symbiosis of European and Asian, wealth and poverty, having visited the county town of Sarapul a year earlier (in 1896): “Sarapul is the first of the transitional European-Asian cities I visited. I recognize in him these characteristic features of the transitional zone. Great wealth - and, next to it, amazing poverty. Small palaces of merchants - and a homeless, drunken barefoot team, wandering along the piers, coastal taverns and sleeping under fences. These palaces and rich churches are buried in the impenetrable mud of unpaved streets. You can only drive along the streets, but not walk, because the sidewalks are the most insidious traps.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the Ural cities changed noticeably. D. Zelenin saw technical progress in the development of Perm:<^отя и медленно, однако Пермь подвигается вперед. Построена железная дорога на Вятку и вместе с нею чудный мост через Каму. Мост этот высится около самой Перми и составляет, в сущности, главную достопримечательность города. Это какой-то узорчатый гигант (до 400 саж. длины), на который, кажется, глядел бы и не нагляделся» . О Перми начала XX в. Д. Зеленин писал, что город выглядел «совсем по-европейски». Бросались в глаза разбросанные по городу церкви, театр (где можно было услышать и оперу). В городе издавались газеты «Пермский край» и «Пермские губернские ведомости», развивалось краеведение (показательными были труды А. Дмитриева и «Труды Пермской Архивной Комиссии»). В городе действовал книжный магазин «Ольги Петровской», магазин пользовался популярностью у населения. Увеличилась численность учебных заведений, автор путеводителя перечислял: мужская и женская гимназия, реальное училище, духовная семинария, горнозаводское и техническое училища, торговая школа, женская прогимназия, мужское и женское духовные училища. В Перми имелись типичные для губернского города учреждения: «окружной суд, контрольная палата, контроль Пермской ж. д., управление Пермской ж. д., духовная консистория, отделение казанского общества путей сообщения, управление 21 местной бригады, управление государственными имуществами Пермской г., управление почтово-телеграфного округа, биржа» . Навестив губернский город Пермь, известный публицист В. А. Поссе тоже почувствовал в нем «залог великого культурного будущего» .
By the 1897 census, there were already up to 46 thousand people in Perm, and a decade later - more than 70 thousand. A contemporary argued: “Now a foreigner has moved to the Urals, but he doesn’t like to joke, and Perm won’t have to sleep.” At the same time, the Uralian believed that the foreigner would stir up the industry, renew factory work, and fellow countrymen themselves would take over the cultural work. Permyak argued that at the beginning of the 20th century. in this regard, there was already a solid backlog: “In our city administration there are people who can in no way be called “progressives”, and despite this, we already have electric lighting, water supply, telephones, and soon there will be sewerage, trams, etc. This is not enough. We have a scientific and industrial museum, from which a people's university will develop; we have a handicraft-industrial bank, from which a mighty engine will develop for all kinds of artels, consumer societies, etc.; we already have several cooperatives, and we are on the eve of the creation of the Ural Union of Consumer Societies.
Quite objectively, in his book Across Europe and Russia, V. A. Posse wrote about Yekaterinburg in 1907 as a “very original city”, listing its cultural achievements, technical innovations and material “conveniences” against the background of some conspicuous shortcomings: “.County town and "capital of the Urals". "Distance of enormous size" with state institutions separated from each other by whole versts; wide streets with beautiful buildings, electric lighting, telephones, theaters, pleasure gardens, but not only there is no tram, but also the most primitive horse-drawn tram, there is no running water, and at the same time there is no watering of the streets, so that on summer days not only the poor are pedestrians, but even the rich, riding on their trotters, positively bathe in the dust. Three large progressive newspapers, several learned societies, libraries named after Belinsky and Reshetnikov, and along with this "all-class drunkenness." .
HISTORY AND PHILOLOGY
It is noteworthy that the European city (European urbanism) was a litmus test, a starting point in assessing the standard of living and civilization of Russian cities. V. L. Dedlov, looking from “this belfry”, writes about the Ural cities: “We crossed the Urals on April 30, 1896 by rail from Perm to Yekaterinburg and Tyumen. The railway goes around Yekaterinburg, and the city seems to be a European and lively city from a distance. Bell towers, big houses, gardens. This last city, at least from a distance, resembles a European one.
V. Dedlov describes the cities of the Southern Urals differently, in particular, Orenburg: “Endless, flat as a table plain. Sands everywhere, salt marshes here and there, wormwood, saxaul, camel caravans, winds, scorching heat in summer and unbearable cold in winter. This is how Orenburg seemed to me, with which I knew only from the biography of Taras Shevchenko, and from Pushkin's The Captain's Daughter. The very name of the city sounded unpleasant. In the middle of the Asian desert, and suddenly the German city of Orenburg. The author is a little creepy on the "threshold of Asia." V. Dedlov gives a detailed description of Orenburg, comparing it with Damascus. He also tried to find signs of urban subculture when meeting with another steppe town - Troitsk: “From above, the whole of Troitsk is in full view with its stone one- and two-story houses, seven churches and six mosques. Of the signs of culture in the semi-Tatar, semi-merchant Troitsk, there are only beautiful, clean merchant houses-mansions. A newspaper is as difficult to get as a pineapple, there are not even bathhouses, not even hotels, not even a place for swimming.
The criterion of well-being seemed to contemporaries an important parameter of the life of the Ural cities. The author of the guide "Kama and Vyatka" called Yelabuga "one of the most comfortable cities in the Vyatka province." The city, before the provincial Vyatka, acquired electric lighting. “Plumbing, three secondary schools (a real school, a women’s gymnasium and a women’s diocesan school), a well-arranged almshouse, the richest churches - all this is not so usual in our county towns,” wrote the author of the guide, D. Zelenin, emphasizing that Yelabuga owed much of its well-being to the private initiative of the entrepreneurs Sta-heevs. Electric lighting, plumbing, real and diocesan schools, and an almshouse were arranged at their expense. The city was famous for its "significant" trade.
"One of the best cities on the Kama" D. Zelenin called the city of Sarapul. “From the river, the view is very beautiful: regular rows of stone buildings, white churches scattered throughout the city, a lot of gardens. Near the city rises a huge "Startseva Hill", on which, most recently (1900), the monastery of St. John the Baptist arose.
This connoisseur of the Kama region wrote about the “comparative culture” of Sarapula, pointing to the presence in the city of a district court, a bishop’s (vicar) department, a specific office, two secondary educational institutions (a real school and a female gymnasium), two Sunday private schools, and a private gymnasium A.N. .Pelce. The following were published in the city: "Sarapulsky sheet of announcements", "telegrams of the Russian Telegraph Agency". Here in 1835 the first public library in the Vyatka province was opened. Many streets were paved, and in 1899 a government telephone network was opened. The city was decorated with "Pushkin Square". The city had up to 10 thousand inhabitants. The city was distinguished by "quite significant trade", the presence of rich merchants, as well as "shoe craftsmanship", delicious "sarapul bread". From the Sarapul merchants, a tourist could purchase “several postal forms with views of the city of Sarapul”, according to D. Zelenin, “their existence once again spoke of the comparative cultural level of the city.”
It seemed fair to the researcher of the Kama region to also single out the city of Kungur "in contrast to most of the other county towns of the Perm province" - "a very lively, industrial and comfortable city", where "it's worth a trip" .
Kungur had its own special “smell”: there were many factories in the city and in the county, especially tanneries, “the city even got a specific smell of leather from them.” By the way, Perm also had its own special smell. Tourists were struck by the "eternal smoke" over the city, there was a smell of burning in the air (thanks to the proximity of the Motovilikhinsky state-owned cannon factory). About Kungur, D. Zelenin wrote that the city was distinguished by "significant" trade, during the year three "big fairs" were held in it. In 1877, at the expense of Gubkin, a technical school was opened in the city. In 1903 a vicar episcopal chair was established here.
Spiritual components, the degree of religiosity remained the core features of the national, in particular, urban culture of the Russian provincial city at the time under consideration. D. Zelenin first of all emphasizes that the city of Slobodskoy was famous for its old
In particular, a wooden church in the name of the Archangel Michael (with an ancient icon of the Archangel Michael in the iconostasis), built in 1614 by the Monk Tryphon of Vyatka, was a monument of antiquity. In total, for 10 thousand inhabitants in the city there were 9 churches and two "rich monasteries" (women's and men's). At the same time, a contemporary noted that in terms of his factory activities, Slobodskoy "was significantly higher than the city of Vyatka." However, the inhabitants of Vyatka were also distinguished by their religiosity, an eyewitness told of their special reverence for the miraculous icon of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker and the icon of the Archangel Michael in the cathedral, as well as the image of the Tikhvin Mother of God. Church antiquity was rich in Cherdyn, for example, in the Resurrection Cathedral there was a very ancient and revered icon of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. The “modest and patriarchal town” of Kotelnich was distinguished by religiosity. The main Kotelnich holiday on the first Sunday after St. Peter's Day was the feast of "All Saints", when icons were brought from the surrounding villages to the city and a religious procession was arranged. "The main attraction of Kotelnich" was the Alekseevskaya Fair (held annually from March 1 to March 20), "the liveliest and most famous fair in the Vyatka province."
In the eyes of contemporaries, an important urban function was to provide residents with the opportunity for cultural leisure and creative self-expression. It was the absence of such opportunities that upset the official who ended up in Okhansk, “in this slum”, “and the city, if I may say so!”.
In his eyes, "the famous Shchedrin Poshekhonye, perhaps" seemed "a capital compared to Okhansk." An eyewitness complained to the traveler A. I. Firsov: “I came here six months ago, and still I can’t even get used to the local customs. There are not people here, but some savages. That's who you will not call cultured people. There are no mental requests, literature is an empty phrase for us; what's going on in the world is none of our business. In gossip, gambling, drinking vodka and beer passes all the time. In the summer, the public at least often arranges picnics - of course, with a fair amount of drunkenness, and in the winter they sit intensely in the porters. Imagine, there is not even a club in the city. No, this is not Europe, but some kind of Papuan. If they don’t transfer me from here soon, I feel that I’ll either hang myself or get drunk. ”
The city of Osa also had modest cultural opportunities. Someone Antonych wrote in the Supplement to the Vyatka Provincial Gazette (1901): “There are two churches in the city - a cathedral and another in a cemetery. There is a women's gymnasium, a club. There is also a fire tower, but it is wooden in the first place, and in the second it is so dilapidated that it threatens to collapse every second. What in the city deserves the attention of visitors is the garden in which the cathedral is located. The only entertainment of the Osinians, like any similar city, is gossip and card games, accompanied by a decent drink.
Another contemporary on the pages of the Permyak newspaper a decade later wrote about the cultural life in the city of Osa: “We have the People's House Society, which at first arranged lectures, performances, etc., but then fell asleep, as they say, " the sleep of the righteous." And when it will return to life again, only God knows. Meanwhile, in winter, the residents of Osa need more than ever reasonable entertainment.
V. A. Posse, having spent a week in Perm, met some cultural workers and saw “the germs of many truly cultural undertakings” and “fruitful creative work” in the provincial city, largely due to the emergence of numerous public organizations. V. A. Posse reproduced the opinion of a familiar Permian: “There is no need to neglect anything; every "meeting", club, society can be used for cultural work, without which not one of the conquests made by great impulses can be consolidated.
D. Zelenin considered it important to list public organizations in Perm in his guidebook: “a branch of the Imperial Russian Technical Island, a branch of the Ural Island of natural science lovers with a museum, a medical society, a music circle, a society of lovers of fine arts and sciences, an island of lovers Dramatic Art, the Island of the Public Library named after D. D. Smyshlyaev, the Island of hunters, cyclists, water rescuers, etc.” . This sign of urbanism as a special social organization (self-realization of the city dweller through organized groups, the presence of many voluntary organizations in cities, as numerous as people have many needs and interests) was pointed out by the theorist of urbanism Louis Wirth.
In the future, the influence of the city on the reproduction of social relations and the formation of a new type of person became an important part of the urban discourse of the humanities, which was also reflected in specific historical studies on the history of the Ural cities. IN
HISTORY AND PHILOLOGY
in particular, we are talking about the development of democratic ideals in cities and the formation of a sphere of civic activity. It is not surprising that V. A. Posse, in his essay on his stay in Perm, writes a lot about people, naming, for example, P. N. Serebrennikov and I. G. Ostroumov, noting their fruitful educational activities at the head of the Council of the Scientific and Industrial Museum. V. A. Posse especially singles out P. N. Serebrennikov, arguing that he was known and loved by the entire Perm Territory. His work in the Nativity of the Theotokos guardianship deserved special praise, under which a folk canteen and a women's parish school operated. The guardianship sought not only “to make a person a better worker, but also to make a worker a better person”, choosing the motto: “everyone who was born human should be educated in everything that is humane.”
The considered material allows us to conclude that the cultural and civilizational appearance of the Ural city in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. has undergone significant changes. Contemporaries observed and willingly wrote about the new socio-cultural and economic features of urban life. In some cities, these signs were more noticeable, in others, rural features were preserved longer (especially in cities of rural origin, like Okhansk or Glazov). The administrative status has helped cities such as Perm (provincial city) and Yekaterinburg (the “mining capital of the Urals”) become leaders in the regional urbanization process. Accumulating progressive activities, the cities were the creators of the new in the fields of economy, technology, science, education and culture, which attracted contemporaries.
Historical sources testify that during the period under review, the Ural cities evolved noticeably: the population increased, industry and trade, science and art successfully developed, the cities gradually improved, providing guests and the residents themselves with material amenities and the latest achievements of urban civilization. The introduction of technical innovations into the everyday life of citizens in the second half of the 19th - early 20th century. became a noticeable feature of the time, due to scientific and technological progress. It is significant that this progress and signs of an urban lifestyle in the minds of the townspeople were largely associated with European influence. The formation of a new urban way of life was manifested in the transformation of the social organization of cities associated with the democratization of culture and the genesis of citizenship. The urban environment provided the townspeople with ample opportunities for self-realization, the city gave rise to a new type of personality - an active public figure, a "cultural worker", a citizen. The city provided residents with the opportunity to choose the forms of spending their leisure time.
In the culture of the Ural city, especially at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, significant changes were observed due to the growth of the urban population, increased social differentiation and sociocultural heterogeneity, an increase (under the influence of scientific and technological progress) of the importance of proper urban features with a symbiosis of rural and urban elements. , the close interweaving of elements of traditional and modern culture in the everyday life of citizens, the interaction of civilizational components of the Western and Eastern types, due to the Eurasian position of the Ural region.
LIST OF SOURCES AND LITERATURE
2. Zelenin D. Kama and Vyatka: a guide and ethnographic description of the Kama region. Yuriev, 1904.
3. Elpatevsky S. Ya. Memories for fifty years. Ufa, 1984.
4. Along the Kama and the Urals: travel notes of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Perm, 2011.
5. Apkarimova E. Yu. Power and society in the Ural province in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. // Ural Historical Bulletin. 2005. No. 10-11.
6. Akhiezer A. S. The city is the focus of the urbanization process // The city as a socio-cultural phenomenon of the historical process. M., 1995.
7. Wirth L. Selected Works in Sociology. M., 2005.
8. Gramolin A. I., Corridors E. A. Yekaterinburg - Sverdlovsk - Yekaterinburg. History of city government (1745-1919). Documentary and publicistic essays. Yekaterinburg, 2003.
9. Simmel G. Big cities and spiritual life // Logos. 2002. No. 3-4.
10. Kazakova-Apkarimova E. Yu. Formation of civil society: urban estate corporations and public organizations in the Middle Urals in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Yekaterinburg, 2008.
11. Lappo G. M. Russian city - a symbiosis of urban and rural. URL: http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0221/analit06.php
12. Mazur L. N. The Russian village in the conditions of urbanization: a regional dimension (the second half of the 19th-20th centuries). Yekaterinburg, 2012.
13. Savchenkova V. M. Concepts of the city and urbanization in Western sociology: theoretical and methodological analysis: dis. ... cand. sociological Sciences. M., 2005.
14. Shmakov A. Letters from Lausanne. Literary essays. Chelyabinsk, 1980.
Received 11/27/14
E. Yu. Kazakova-Apkarimova
FROM "VILLAGE" TO "CITY": URBANIZATION AND URBANISM IN THE REGIONAL DIMENSION (THE URALS CASE OF THE SECOND HALF OF XIX - THE BEGINNING OF XX CENTURY)
On the basis of regional material, the paper analyzes the essence and the content of the initial process of urbanization and the formation of Russian urbanism in the period of imperial industrialization, identifies urbanization features in the Urals and the formation of an urban lifestyle in cities of various administrative status and socio-economic and socio-cultural type in the second half of XIX - early XX c. A key approach in this study is an anthropologically oriented approach. Sociological concepts of Western urbanists are used in this paper; their interpretation in historical research with the use of appropriate sources determines the scientific novelty of the paper. The investigation is largely devoted to the problem of perception of urbanism by contemporaries and the reflection of this problem in their written testimonies. The author shows the process of gradual transformation of the Urals "villages" to the "cities", while stressing that even the most progressive urban settlements of the Urals were characterized by rural features at that time. As a result of industrialization and urbanization, especially in the late XIX - early XX century, there were significant changes in the culture of Ural cities due to increasing socio-cultural heterogeneity, growing importance of proper urban characteristics under symbiotic rural and urban elements, interaction of civilizational components of Western and Eastern styles which is due to the Eurasian position of the Ural region.
Keywords: urbanism, the Urals, contemporaries, culture, innovations, social organization.
Kazakova-Apkarimova Elena Yurievna
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Leading Researcher
Institute of History and Archeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences 620990, Russia, Yekaterinburg, st. Sofia Kovalevskoy, 16 E-mail: [email protected]
Kazakova-Apkarimova E.Yu. Doctor of History, Leading researcher
Institute of history and archeology, Ural branch of RAS
620990, Russia, Ekaterinburg, S. Kovalevskoy st., 16 E-mail: [email protected]
