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The number of parking spaces at the apartment building. Design of shops and shopping centers

Parking lots for permanent and temporary storage of ROM
Alexander Kravchenko 8

Dear guys, the main problem in the calculation car parks residential building often becomes terminology about permanent and temporary parking lots. I believe that there is a great need to understand this issue, since the legal division by the expert community of permanent and temporary parking according to the temporary classification is logical but not definitive. According to the definition prescribed in clause 3.16. SP 113.13330.2012
“Permanent storage of cars and other motor vehicles (motorcycles, scooters, sidecars, mopeds, trailers, etc.) is a long-term round-the-clock storage of motor vehicles in parking lots, in parking spaces assigned to specific car owners.”
What specifically determines not the time interval of the parking space, but its belonging to a specific owner. What does this actually mean? Just that the concept of temporary storage depends on the concept of permanent storage.
According to clause 1.1. allowances "Garages-parking"
“In the structure of urban development, parking garages for cars belonging to citizens are located ... in residential areas (district, intra-quarter, yard) ...
…In areas where objects are located that actively attract passenger cars, it is advisable to place parking garages for storing cars for several hours or days (temporary storage)»
That is, it turns out that temporary storage and permanent storage are one and the same. According to the prevailing historical justice, it is customary to consider permanent storage sites sold to specific car owners, and temporary storage sites that do not have a specific owner. The error is that, according to the design decisions, the owner of the temporary parking lots is determined, namely, the organization, institution or residential building (HOA; MUFZ Housing and Public Utilities) for which these temporary parking spaces are directly organized. Thus, according to clause 1.1. benefits "Garages-parking":
“...Parking garages located within residential areas, as a rule, are intended for permanent storage of cars. They can be conditionally divided into district, intra-quarter and yard. During the construction of new residential areas, detailed planning projects and projects of microdistricts, quarters and residential groups are currently provided, in accordance with the current regulatory requirements, plots for the construction of detached multi-storey parking garages. The area allotted for garage construction should provide one hundred percent need of residents for parking spaces for the project period with the reservation of the territory to ensure a promising level of motorization. Mostly sites for new construction are chosen in the territories of communal and public purposes or with difficult terrain.
It can be concluded that temporary storage parking lots are part of the non-sold parking lots for permanent car storage to specific car owners. The number of parking spaces must be 100% in accordance with clause 11.3. SP 42.13330.2011, namely 350 parking spaces per 1000 inhabitants, no more and no less. And this means that the calculation of parking lots of a residential building should be of the following form in accordance with clause 11.19 of SP 42.13330.2011
“In residential areas and adjacent industrial areas, garages and open parking for permanent storage of at least 90% of the estimated number of individual cars with a walking distance of no more than 800 m, and in areas of reconstruction or with unfavorable hydrogeological conditions; no more than 1500 m.
Open parking lots for temporary storage of cars should be provided according to Table 3.37, based on at least 70% of the estimated fleet of individual cars, including,%:
Table 3.37
residential areas - 25 ... "

; for storing l / a departmental affiliation - 3 cars;
; for storage of the taxi fleet - 4 vehicles;
; for storage of trucks - 40 vehicles

3. Definition total number security of closed and open car parks for permanent storage of residents' cars high-rise building(in m / places in accordance with paragraph 11.19 of SP 42.13330.2011): 303 m / places;
Conclusion: the estimated number of m / places of permanent storage for an object for 260 inhabitants is 303x260 / 1000 = 78 m / places

3a. Determination of the total number of provision with closed and open parking lots for permanent storage of cars of residents of a multi-storey building in the pedestrian access zone (in m / places in accordance with paragraph 11.19 of SP42.13330.2011 "): 303x90% \u003d 273 m / places;
Conclusion: the estimated number of m / places of permanent storage for a facility for 260 residents in the pedestrian zone - 273x260 / 1000 = 71 m / places

3b. Determination of the total number of provision with closed and open parking lots for permanent storage of cars of residents of a multi-storey building outside walking distance (in m / places in accordance with clause 11.19 of SP 42.13330.2011);
Conclusion: the estimated number of m / places of permanent storage for a facility for 260 residents outside walking distance - 78-71 = 7 m / places

4. Determining the availability of open parking lots for temporary storage of cars for residents of a multi-storey building in the pedestrian access zone (in parking lots in accordance with paragraph 11.19 of SP 42.13330.2011"): 273x25% = 68 parking spaces;
Conclusion: the estimated number of m / places of temporary storage for a facility for 260 residents in the pedestrian zone - 68x260 / 1000 = 18 m / places

4a. Determination of the availability of open and closed parking lots for permanent storage, excluding temporary parking lots for cars of residents of a multi-storey building in the pedestrian access zone (in m / places in accordance with clause 11.19 of SP 42.13330.2011 "):
Conclusion: the estimated number of m / places of temporary storage for a facility for 260 residents in the pedestrian zone - 71-18 = 53 m / places

And further, in accordance with the design example, see (Calculation of parking lots of a residential building PZU) [http://www.proza.ru/2015/08/03/1082]

Manual for the design of "Parking garages for cars owned by citizens" published by JSC TsNIIPROMZDANII in 1998;
SP 42.13330.2011 Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements” updated edition of SNiP 2.07.01-89* was introduced in May 2011;
SP 113.13330.2012 "Code of rules for car parking" updated version of SNIP 21-02-99*; introduced in January 2013.

Calculation of parking lots of a residential building PZU
Alexander Kravchenko 8

In modern conditions, the calculation of parking lots for residential buildings depends on many factors, but it is striking that, regardless of the region, a single indicator of the capacity of the network of streets, roads and transport intersections is currently adopted in accordance with clause 11.3 of "SP42.13330.2011g"

“The capacity of the network of streets, roads and transport intersections, the number of car storage places should be determined based on the level of motorization for the estimated period, cars per 1000 people: 350 cars, including 3-4 taxis and 2-3 departmental cars, 25-40 trucks, depending on the composition of the fleet. Number of motorcycles and mopeds per 1000 people 50 - 100 units should be taken for cities with a population of over 100 thousand people. and 100 - 150 units for other settlements.
The number of cars arriving in the city center from other settlements of the resettlement system and transit cars is determined by a special calculation.
In regional urban planning standards, the indicated level of motorization can be specified (reduced or increased) depending on local conditions.

What confuses me about this indicator is the fact that 350 cars per 1000 inhabitants is most likely the norm for megacities, and secondly, as you will see from the calculation (see below), such a number of cars will be excessive for small plot residential building. For example, earlier in the regional norms of the Rostov region "NGP GOiP RO 2008." this indicator was regulated by 250 l.a. per 1000 inhabitants, which was more realistic than today for this region. The use of such a norm makes one think about what to sacrifice when placing such a number of transport units in parking lots: recreation areas for the adult population, playgrounds for children, sports grounds, and maybe landscaping. At the same time, according to clause 11.3, places for motorcycles or mopeds should appear on the territory, this is again a stone in the improvement garden. And what is the most incomprehensible, some experts use clause 3.4.1.8. "NGP GOiP RO 2013" where the specific size of open parking lots located on the territory is indicated land plot, this is 0.8 m / person. Thanks to this clause, all excess parking lots must be located outside the site, and agreed with the administration (it depends on the expert: consider this the minimum or maximum parking lots on the territory of a residential building). Also at the discretion of the expert left the number of taxis, departmental vehicles, as well as a new indicator - the number of trucks per 1000 inhabitants and the number of cars.
Fortunately, indulgences were left in the regional norms, these are:
- clause 3.9.1.53.1 "NGP GOiP RO 2013"

“In residential areas and adjacent industrial areas, garages and open parking lots should be provided for permanent storage of at least 90% of the estimated number of individual cars with a walking distance of no more than 800 m, and in areas of reconstruction or with unfavorable hydrogeological conditions no more than 1500 m ."

P.3.9.1.53.2 "NGP GOiP RO 2013"

“Open parking lots for temporary storage of cars should be provided according to table 3.37, at the rate of at least 70% of the estimated fleet of individual cars, including,%:
Table 3.37
residential areas - 25
industrial and municipal warehouse zones (districts) - 25
citywide and specialized centers - 5
zones of mass short-term rest - 15
Notes:
1. It is allowed to provide for seasonal storage of 10-15% of the fleet of cars in garages and open parking lots located outside the residential areas of the settlement.
2. When determining the total need for storage space, other individual vehicles (motorcycles, scooters, motorized strollers, mopeds) should also be taken into account, bringing them to the same design form ( passenger car) using the following coefficients: for motorcycles and scooters with sidecars, motorized sidecars -0.5, motorcycles and scooters without sidecars -0.25, mopeds and bicycles -0.1
3. It is allowed to provide open parking lots for temporary and permanent storage of cars within the streets and roads bordering residential areas and microdistricts.
But do not rush to rejoice, experts accept these points as equivalent. This means that this only increases the number of parking spaces, although, logically, temporary parking lots should be taken into account in permanent ones !!!
This discrepancy in my perception and that of the expert is significant, but is not regulated by anything, and therefore I have to follow the lead of the expert.
Total: 90% + 90% x25% \u003d 112.5% of the car park at home.
(Parking lots for permanent and temporary storage of a residential building PZU)[http://www.proza.ru/2015/08/17/930]
In addition to the parking lots of the residential building itself, modern houses provide for rental areas for entrepreneurship. This is another additional load on the location of the fleet of enterprises. Regulated according to SP42.13330.2011, Appendix K.

In addition to all this, the new rules regulate the placement of parking lots for people with limited mobility in accordance with SP59.13330.2012, clause 4.2.1 (this is not final, each expert has a hobby to use his own standard, since there are many of them according to MMGN).

“In individual parking lots in the area near or inside buildings, service facilities, 10% of places should be allocated (but not less than one place for the transport of disabled people, including 5% of specialized places for vehicles of disabled people in a wheelchair, with the number of places:

Up to 100 inclusive 5% but not less than one place;
From 101 to 2000 - 5 seats and an additional 3%
From 201 to 1000 - 8 seats and an additional 2%;
1001 - place and more than 24 places plus at least 1% for every 100 places over, "

Also, according to the expert's remark, the general lack of cars / places is determined within the boundaries and outside the site to determine the specific number of places required to be agreed with the owners of adjacent lands where the missing places are located.

Design example

Initial data:
- total area apartments - 9075.6 m2;
- housing standard - 35 m2;
- number of inhabitants - 260 people.
- the level of estimated mobilization - 350 cars per 1000 inhabitants (clause 11.3 "SP42.13330.2011g")
- office space - the number of employees 50 people;
- the project provides for underground car parking, under a residential building, for 51 cars / places, including 6 cars / places for the disabled, including 4 cars / places for the disabled in a wheelchair
- the project provides for open parking lots for 28 cars within the boundaries of the land allotment.
including 4m / seats for the disabled in a wheelchair
- the project provides for open parking lots for temporary storage of cars for 14 spaces outside the land allotment.
- the project provides for open parking lots for storing motorcycles and scooters without a sidecar for 26 units / places within the boundaries of the land allotment

1. Determination of the estimated number of cars (for the storage of vehicles) - at the level of estimated mobilization of 350 vehicles per 1000 inhabitants (clause 11.3 "SP42.13330.2011g"): 350-3-4-40 = 303 vehicles (p 11.3 "SP42.13330.2011"), of which:
- for storage l / a departmental affiliation - 3 a / m;
- for storage of the taxi fleet - 4 vehicles;
- for storage of trucks - 40 vehicles

2. Determination of the availability of parking lots for storing a motorcycle park for residents of a multi-storey building (in units / places in accordance with clause 11.3 of "SP42.13330.2011")
Conclusion: the estimated number of motorcycle park units for a facility for 260 inhabitants is 100x260/1000=26 units/places

3. Determination of the availability of closed and open parking lots for permanent storage of cars for residents of a multi-storey building (in m / places in accordance with clause 3.9.1.53.1 of the “NGP GOiP RO 2013”): 303x90% \u003d 273 m / places;
Conclusion: the estimated number of m / places of permanent storage for an object for 260 inhabitants - 273x260 / 1000 = 71 m / places

4. Determination of the availability of open parking lots for temporary storage of cars for residents of a multi-storey building (in m / places in accordance with clause 3.9.1.53.2 of the “NGP GOiP RO 2013”): 273x25% \u003d 68 m / places;
Conclusion: the estimated number of m / places of temporary storage for an object for 260 inhabitants - 68x260 / 1000 = 18 m / places

5. Determination of the provision of open parking lots for temporary storage of cars for service personnel of built-in premises:
- for office premises (local government institutions), where 50 people work, according to SP42.13330.2011, Appendix K - 7 cars / places are accepted for 100 places, according to the calculation 7x50/100 = 4 cars / places;
Conclusion: the estimated number of m / places for temporary storage of vehicles for staff working in the building - 4 m / places.

6. Determination of the required availability of parking lots for motorcycles and scooters without sidecars for a multi-storey residential building with built-in office space- 26 units/places
Conclusion: The shortage of parking lots for the motorcycle park is 26-26=0 units/space.

7. Determination of the required provision of temporary parking lots for a multi-storey residential building with built-in office space: 18 + 4 = 22 parking spaces
Conclusion: the shortage of parking lots for temporary storage of cars is
22-14=8 m/seat.

8. The required provision of parking lots for permanent storage of cars for a multi-storey residential building with built-in office space is 71 parking spaces
Conclusion: the surplus of parking lots for permanent storage of cars is
51+28-71= 8 m/seat.

9. Determination of the required provision of parking lots for a multi-storey residential building: 71+22=93 cars/places;
Conclusion: the required provision of parking lots for a multi-storey residential building with built-in office space (total): 93 cars / places.

10. Definitions of availability of parking for disabled people in accordance with SP59.13330.2012 p. 4.2.1. from the number of parking lots at least 10%: 93x10/100=10m/places, including 5% of specialized places for disabled vehicles in a wheelchair with the number of cars/places less than 100 units: 93x5=5 m/places

According to the project, the number of units of the motorcycle fleet in the amount of 26 units / seats was adopted. The project provides for the placement of the motorcycle fleet within the boundaries of the land plot in full.

According to the project, parking lots are accepted within the boundaries of the land plot:
- open 28 cars/places;
- closed 51 cars/places;
-total 79 cars/places.
The deficit is: 93-79=14
The shortage of parking lots for temporary storage is solved by placing 14 parking spaces outside the allotment boundary.

In view of the constantly growing level of motorization, providing the designed facilities with the necessary amount of parking spaces became an important task for the architect.

SP 42.13330.2011 "SNiP 2.07.01-89* Urban planning. Planning and Development of Urban and Rural Settlements” sets the level of motorization of 350 cars per 1000 inhabitants, including 3-4 taxis and 2-3 departmental cars. Therefore, the number of individual cars per 1000 inhabitants is 343 cars.

The actual level of motorization is even higher: 400-600 cars per 1000 inhabitants.

Layout of parking spaces

In terms of quantity and placement requirements, parking spaces can be divided into 3 types:

parking places for permanent storage of individual vehicles - for the stay of vehicles belonging to the permanent population of the city, at the place of registration of vehicles;

parking spaces for temporary storage - for temporary stay in the parking lots of vehicles belonging to visitors to objects of various functional purposes;

parking spaces guest storage- designed for parking cars of visitors to residential areas.

The number of parking spaces for permanent storage of individual vehicles is determined based on the level of motorization. At least 90% of parking spaces for permanent storage of individual vehicles must be placed within walking distance. The radius of pedestrian accessibility of garages and open parking lots is no more than 800 m, and in areas of reconstruction or with unfavorable hydrogeological conditions - no more than 1500 m.

The number of temporary storage spaces can be determined in two ways, depending on the calculation tasks.

To determine aggregated indicators, SP 42.13330.2011 “SNiP 2.07.01-89* Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements” gives an enlarged coefficient - at least 70% of the estimated fleet of individual cars.

For each specific facility, the number of temporary storage spaces can be calculated according to Appendix K to SP 42.13330.2011 “SNiP 2.07.01-89* Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements”:

Norms for calculating parking lots
Recreational areas, recreation facilities, buildings and structures Unit of account Number of parking spaces per unit of account
Recreational areas and recreation facilities
Beaches and parks in recreation areas 100 one-time visitors 15-20
Forest parks and nature reserves The same 7-10
Short-term recreation centers (sports, skiing, fishing, hunting, etc.) « 10-15
Coastal bases of the small size fleet « 10-15
Rest houses and sanatoriums, sanatoriums, recreation centers for enterprises and tourist bases 100 vacationers and service personnel 3-5
Hotels (tourist and resort) The same 5-7
Motels and campsites « Estimated capacity
Public catering, trade and public services in recreation areas 100 seats in the halls or one-time visitors and staff 7-10
Horticultural partnerships 10 sites 7-10
Buildings and constructions
Management institutions, financial and legal institutions, meanings:
republican 100 employees 10-20
local Same 5-7
Scientific and design organizations, higher and secondary special educational establishments« 10-15
Industrial enterprises 100 working in two adjacent shifts 7-10
Hospitals 100 beds 3-5
Polyclinics 100 visits 2-3
Sports buildings and structures with stands with a capacity of more than 500 spectators 100 seats 3-5
Theatres, circuses, cinemas, concert halls, museums, exhibitions 100 seats or one-time visitors 10-15
Parks of culture and recreation 100 one-time visitors 5-7
Shopping malls, department stores, shops with more than 200 sales area 100 sales area 5-7
Markets 50 trading places 20-25
Restaurants and cafes of citywide importance 100 seats 10-15
Hotels top class Same 10-15
Other hotels « 6-8
Stations of all types of transport 100 passengers of long-distance and local communications arriving at the rush hour 10-15
End (peripheral) and zone stations of high-speed passenger transport 100 passengers per rush hour 5-10

The distance of pedestrian approaches from parking lots for temporary storage of cars varies depending on the purpose of the facility:

to the entrances to residential buildings -100 m;

to the passenger premises of railway stations, entrances to places of large trade and public catering establishments - 150 m;

to other institutions and public service enterprises and administrative buildings -250 m,

to the entrances to parks, exhibitions and stadiums - 400 m.

The number of parking spaces for guest storage of individual vehicles is not established by regulatory and technical documents. However, they can be established by the Local Urban Design Regulations for each city separately.

It should be noted that the Local Urban Planning Regulations may contain more stringent requirements for the availability and placement of parking spaces: a higher level of motorization, smaller walking distances, higher standards for the provision of parking spaces for temporary and guest storage.

Some regions may contain requirements for the placement of a certain percentage of parking spaces strictly within the boundaries of the land plot of the facility.

Parking spaces must be placed in accordance with SanPiN 2.2.1 / 2.1.1.1200-03 "Sanitary protection zones and sanitary classification of enterprises, structures and other objects", containing regulatory gaps from parking lots and parking garages to buildings for various purposes and recreation areas.

Gap from car storage facilities to building sites
Objects to which the gap is calculated Distance, m
Open car parks and parking lots with a capacity of cars
10 and less 11-50 51-100 101-300 over 300
Facades of residential buildings and ends with windows 10 15 25 35 50
End faces of residential buildings without windows 10 10 15 25 35
Territories of schools, children's institutions,
vocational schools, technical schools, recreation areas,
games and sports, children's 25 50 50 50 50
Territories medical institutions
stationary type, open
general sports facilities
use, places of recreation for the population
(gardens, squares, parks) 25 50

Please pay attention to the following notes:

For guest parking lots of residential buildings, gaps are not established.

The gap from ground parking garages, closed-type parking lots is taken on the basis of the results of calculations of the dispersion of pollutants in the atmospheric air and the levels of physical impact - therefore, it can be reduced relative to the standard.

Ground parking garages, parking lots, parking lots with a capacity of over 500 cars should be located on the territory of industrial and municipal storage areas.

The gap from the territories of underground parking garages is not limited. The requirements related to underground garages apply to the placement of bunded parking garages.

For underground, semi-underground and bunded parking garages, only the distance from the entrance-exit and from ventilation shafts to the territory of schools, children's preschool institutions, medical institutions, residential buildings, recreation areas, etc., which should be at least 15 meters.

In the case of placing underground, semi-underground and bunded parking garages in a residential building, the distance from the entrance-exit to the residential building is not regulated. The gap sufficiency is substantiated by pollution calculations atmospheric air and acoustic calculations.

On the operated roof of the underground parking garage, it is allowed to place recreation areas, children's, sports, play and other facilities, at a distance of 15 m from ventilation shafts, entrances and exits, driveways, provided that the operated roof is landscaped and the MPC is provided at the mouth of the release into the atmosphere.

Ventilation emissions from underground parking garages located under residential and public buildings, should be arranged 1.5 m above the roof ridge of the highest part of the building.

The gap from the passage of vehicles from parking garages, parking lots, parking lots to normalized objects should be at least 7 meters.

Almost all major cities of Russia, from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok, have already faced the problem of an increasing number of cars. As Vladivostok residents themselves joke, there are two and a half cars per family: two personal cars are always present, and the third - that is, it is not, they take it for sale, so it turns out half. Overloaded transport routes and interchanges, hourly traffic jams and sidewalks and even lawns in the yards densely packed with cars are becoming commonplace. The problem is acute not only in Moscow and St. Petersburg, but also in other large cities, especially those with a radial layout. The heavy legacy of the town-planning situation of the Soviet era is having an effect, when a large number of personal cars simply did not count. But even if car owners are used to “cramming” their favorite horse into a free nook near the office or at home and have learned not to be indignant at the same time (or at least not to be indignant every day), before shop they would like to see convenient parking. Score is a place where buyers are invited, where they are expected and ready to provide them with all kinds of conveniences and pleasures in exchange for the money spent. "No parking - no trade" It is difficult to disagree with this statement today. On the parking lot you can't save and hope that "No one in our city has", or that visitors will look for places along the roadway. Buyers don't want the problem parking shifted to their shoulders: they can simply turn around and leave for a more convenient place.

Shoppers see parking at the same moment as facade, and often the impression of shop. An empty parking lot makes the buyer doubt that the store is popular. And, having experienced difficulties in finding a place in an inconvenient parking lot, a person may enter the store in a bad mood. How about buyers coming to score, rate parking? First, they are concerned about the safety of personal transport. Moreover, if in Krasnoyarsk for the most part they are afraid of theft, then in Moscow they are also afraid of damage. After all, when the cars are placed too closely, and the aisles are narrow, you can, leaving the store, find a dent in the wing or door. We often hear from owners shopping centers the desire to arrange a cafe or food court in such a way that visitors can sit by the window and look at their car. But is this the best business for the visitor from a commercial point of view? When a visitor has the opportunity to enjoy a beautiful landscape, panorama or historical buildings, this can become an additional factor in the attractiveness of the shopping center. There is nothing interesting in the window - you can then look at the shops located next to food court, admire new products or a seasonal collection, and after tasting coffee with cakes, go inside or remember this store. And when a visitor has to look at his car, this means that they are trying to shift the task of protecting cars in the parking lot onto the shoulders of buyers, anxiety will settle in his soul, and he will not be able to fully devote himself to the process of shopping and entertainment. Again, we remind you that the task commercial architecture- to create a good mood, because in good mood spend more, and come to pleasant places more often. As the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius said, “no one gets tired of receiving benefits, benefits and pleasure for themselves”.

Another thing that buyers think about when entering a parking, is the convenience of movement. It should be convenient both when the buyer is inside the car and when he leaves it. To what place shop or shopping center the buyer will get there, how he will deliver the purchased goods to the car, whether he will be able to take them out on a cart or drive closer to load bulky purchases, whether it will be easy to find his car later - all these are significant factors for the buyer. So let's talk about how shop organize parking properly.

Standards and calculated indicators.

The required number of seats store parking and shopping centers is determined at the rate of 1 parking place per 15-25 m2 of retail space. Such a standard exists in Moscow (MGSN 1.01.-99 - "Norms and rules for the design, planning and development of the city of Moscow", table 9.3.2). For a more accurate calculation, an adjustment is made, and takes into account store type (shopping center) and features of visiting it by motorists. The number of seats is affected by the following factors:

Sales area size. Number of parking spaces can be increased, for example, up to 1 place per 10-15 m2 retail space. This calculation applies to large trade enterprises – hypermarkets and cash&carry located on the outskirts or outside the city limits. For small shops, With trading floor from 500 to 1000 m2, the number of parking spaces obtained by calculation can be reduced by 2.5 times.
Store specialization. Availability in mall businesses that attract a large number of buyers and / or “delay” visitors inside for a significant time require more parking spaces. Such enterprises are, for example, a cinema, restaurants, sports and entertainment facilities. More than two hours can take shopping in hypermarket, cash&carry or selection of necessary goods in hardware store.
Uniformity of demand and visits to the store. Score may experience significant peak loads - an influx of end users or professional buyers. So at this time shop parking must accommodate everyone, otherwise buyers, a couple of times not finding a place on parking lot learn to go to other shops.
Distance from residential or office areas, stations and public transport routes. Obviously, when it is difficult or impossible to get to the store on foot or by bus, the number of parking spaces should be sufficient.

AT shopping malls and multifunctional complexes accurate calculation of the number of seats on parking lot is done by selecting functions and counting places for each of them. So, for catering establishments, the number of seats at the tables is taken into account, and 1 parking space accounts for 6-12 seats (MGSN 1.01.-99). clarifications, similar trade enterprises, are produced depending on the type restaurant or Cafe: for restaurant luxury class requires 1 parking space for 6-7 seats in the hall, for a first class restaurant - 1 parking space for 10-12 seats at the tables, for Cafe- 1 parking place for 11-12 seats. When the complex has an office function, parking calculation are carried out according to the number of employees, and 1 parking place should be for 3-5 people. This normative value already takes into account visitors to office buildings. Since it can be difficult to determine how many workers will move into offices and offices, you can calculate by the number square meters total area of office premises: 1 parking place per 50-60 square meters, depending on the distance from metro stations.

Parking Availability Ratio shows what percentage parking spaces from required for this retail space In stock. For example, score has a sales area of 3500 m2. The required number of parking spaces is 140. The project has the ability to accommodate only 110 cars, respectively, the availability parking will be 78.6%. This means that out of every five cars of potential buyers, one will not find a place for itself. in the parking lot of this store. Therefore, one can imagine lost profits.

In Moscow in the central planning zone or at reconstruction of existing stores reduction of the estimated number is allowed parking places by 10%. Opportunity to alleviate the situation in case of insufficient provision shop or shopping center parking is focused on working with customers who can come on foot or come by public transport. Such work includes selection (lack of bulky goods or trade in samples with home delivery) and two options pricing strategy. The first is a bet on expensive goods, with the expectation that the number of buyers and their cars will be limited. We have already talked about the risks when choosing such a strategy. The second is more democratic store image, not frightening "horseless" visitors. A promising second path may be for the former Soviet department stores, occupying places in the city center at public transport hubs and traditionally visited not only by residents, but also by guests of the city. An example of such a center is store "Permian" In Perm, "TSUM" in Novosibirsk and many others. Recruitment work can also be carried out among employees of nearby offices.

In reality construction of commercial facilities in Moscow and a number of other large cities, such a negative practice has become widespread: with low security parking offices are included in the premises, and parking consistent with office standards, which are significantly lower than trading. You can agree on anything, but in the end they deceive themselves ...

In foreign practice, for example, in the USA and Canada, the indicator is used parking index.

Parking index (parking index) is the number parking spaces per 1,000 square feet of GLA (Gross Leased Area). 1000 square feet equals 93 square meters.
The value of this indicator depends on:

From the size of the area and the type of shopping center . In the US, the following values are accepted:
- 4 - for shopping centers with GLA size from 25,000 to 400,000 sq. feet
  (2,350 - 37,200 sq. meters).
- 4.5 - for shopping centers 400,000 – 600,000 GLA
  (37,200 - 55,800 sq. meters)
- 5 - with a GLA size of more than 600,000 sq. feet
  (55,800 square meters)

In Canada for district shopping center an index of 3.9 is considered acceptable, for an interregional index - 5.5. Thus, we see that the larger commercial facility, the greater the number of parking spaces should be per 1000 square meters. Recall the classic Reilly formula - large size retail space attracts buyers from a larger area, and they can go a long way to get into score or shopping center.

From the specialization of trade and service enterprises . Yes, in mall, where there is hypermarket or multiplex cinema, the index value can be 6 or even 7. In the USA, it is believed that for 3 seats in a cinema there should be one seat per parking lot. Slightly different situation in Russia and in the countries former USSR: the main visitors of cinemas are young people who do not yet have the opportunity to acquire cars.

Advantage multifunctional complexes from an urban planning point of view, it is that they allow more economical use of urban space, regulate the flow of people and cars. This also applies to space. parking which can be used by visitors during the day stores, and in the evening - entertainment venues
(see fig. 46).

Having defined required amount places, calculate how much area is required for parking. To park one car, the area required is:

20 m2 with a transverse arrangement of machines;
23 m2 when placed at an angle.
25 m2 for large vehicles. With a large area parking and availability stores for professional buyers building and finishing materials, cash&carry) should provide space for large vehicles - minibuses, vans, semi-trucks. For example, in Germany, up to 20% of the parking area is allocated for them. The dimensions of the place for such transport are 6 x 2.5 m.

In countries where heavy traffic has led to the popularity of small cars, places are sometimes allocated for small cars. On the parking lots there are also places for bicycles, mopeds, motorcycles. Places for bicycles are relevant for those stores, which are located close to summer cottages and cottage villages. True, such places need reliable protection. There are even special devices that lift bikes up, and you can get it like a coat in the wardrobe - for a token.

The above calculated values include driveways and U-turns inside parking, but do not include entrances to it. Making a simple calculation, we will see that the area parking approximately equal to retail space. It should be noted that at the stage of the detailed design, when developing a detailed scheme for landscaping, the number of places, as a rule, is reduced due to various landscaping elements. Therefore, it is recommended to take the value with a margin. When calculating the number of seats for underground parking a value of 35 m2 for one car is usually used. The columns “eat up” the usable space: if the distance between the axes of the columns is 6 m, only 2 cars can fit in the area between the columns.

Parking location.

parking may be on the ground, underground, on the roof of a building, or adjacent to a building ( multilevel parking). It's obvious that ground parking more convenient for visitors and cheaper for the owner. Its shape and configuration matters. When the setting of the building on the site is determined and parking place, we must take into account the following:

how much parking visible to visitors approaching shop;
is it easy to control and protect parking;
how long will visitors have to walk to the entrance from the most remote points on parking lot.

It turns out that the best option – parking rectangular shape located in front of the building. Slightly smaller than rectangular L-shaped parking , it should be turned towards the stream, and the entry point should be in the corner. U-shaped parking around the building is already much worse, and the most unfortunate solution - separate pieces parking located in different locations. English retail architecture specialist Nadine Beddington advises placing parking so that the distance from the most remote places to the main stores did not exceed 200 m.

It is important to note that at night, special attention should be paid to lighting the perimeter. ground parking, its remote areas and "pockets". The minimum illumination for open parking should not be below 50 LK (lux).

Attitude to underground parking a number of visitors are negative. We met a couple of places where it was frankly scary - it was dripping from the ceiling, it was damp, dark, God forbid, they would hit you on the head and take away your purchases along with the keys to the car. The main concerns of visitors are related to the risk of damage to cars. Even underground parking comfortable, such as hypermarket "Southern" in Tyumen, visitors go there only after making sure that there is not a single place on earth. But of course in the city center where space is limited, underground parking- an informed decision.

Rooftop parking or at several levels can be significantly, even several times cheaper than underground. This is due to the lack of expensive underground work: waterproofing, complex air exchange systems. To rooftop parking visitors are more relaxed, because there is enough space there, and there are no columns, as underground. However, the main obstacle to the entrance to the top may be too high a slope of the ramp and a small turning radius with a small width. Longitudinal and transverse slopes of ramps in MGSN are not standardized, they must be accepted in the project "according to technological requirements". In foreign practice, the following ramp slope values are used:

10-12% - conventional straight ramps;
8.5% - screw ramps;
15% - American steep ramps.

If the slope of the ramp is calm, for example, 10-12%, the visitor, following the arrow, may even be surprised that he was on the roof. In Germany, ramp slopes for passenger cars must not exceed 30%. Some Russian ramps in shopping malls clearly go beyond these requirements and are a "fun" attraction. It is especially curious to observe the expression on the faces of female drivers when, having circled the ground in search of an empty seat, they fearlessly point their car up. Go ahead guys! God will not give out - the pig will not eat! And on the way back, your car, loaded to capacity with products from supermarket, yet it will fit into the turn and will not fly off the ramp, as in an American action movie. True, for people who are cautious and impressionable, one visit to such shopping center may be sufficient.

Permissible slope ground parking according to American standards - 8%. This means that for 1 meter of horizontal projection there is 8 cm of ascent or descent. With more slope parking made in the form of terraces, separated by retaining walls, which must be perpendicular shop facade. A spectacular technique is the decoration of the dividing walls with green spaces. AT last years in general, the tendency to improve parking with the help of trees. parking acquires a more picturesque appearance, it is more pleasant for customers to walk from the car to shop, and in summer the cars do not overheat, remaining in the shade of trees. This trend reflects general development"green" marketing. The disadvantages of "green" parking, in general, are not very serious. For the owner, this is a slight decrease in capacity parking(of course, with proper designing), for visitors - falling leaves, bird droppings and the danger of falling branches in squally winds and hurricanes.

Upon entry to multi-level parking visitor shop worries about where he can find a place, and whether he will have to circle. In open areas, with good lighting, the view is much better. An electronic notification system about the number of free places, including at each level, removes the search problem. For the convenience and safety of the movement of cars between levels, the paths (ramps) of ascent and descent can be separated. If a shopping center contains super or hypermarket, buyers should be able to climb each level parking with carts.

Organization of traffic in the parking lot.

How store entrance and transitions to other floors, entrance to parking the visitor should find easily. It is necessary to inform visitors about where and when to turn to enter the parking lot in advance. The sign must have an arrow and the distance to the turn. Particularly relevant are clear indications for those stores, which parking located in front of the building.

What confuses me about this indicator is the fact that 350 cars per 1000 inhabitants is most likely the norm for megacities, and secondly, as you will see from the calculation (see below), such a number of cars will be excessive for a small area of a residential building. For example, earlier in the regional norms of the Rostov region "NGP GOiP RO 2008." this indicator was regulated by 250 l.a. per 1000 inhabitants, which was more realistic than today for this region. The use of such a norm makes one think about what to sacrifice when placing such a number of transport units in parking lots: recreation areas for the adult population, playgrounds for children, sports grounds, and maybe landscaping. At the same time, according to clause 11.3, places for motorcycles or mopeds should appear on the territory, this is again a stone in the improvement garden. And what is the most incomprehensible, some experts use clause 3.4.1.8. "NGP GOiP RO 2013" where the specific size of open parking lots located on the territory of the land plot is indicated, this is 0.8 m / person. Thanks to this clause, all excess parking lots must be located outside the site, and agreed with the administration (it depends on the expert: consider this the minimum or maximum parking lots on the territory of a residential building). Also at the discretion of the expert left the number of taxis, departmental vehicles, as well as a new indicator - the number of trucks per 1000 inhabitants and the number of cars.
Fortunately, indulgences were left in the regional norms, these are:
- clause 3.9.1.53.1 "NGP GOiP RO 2013"

P.3.9.1.53.2 "NGP GOiP RO 2013"

“Open parking lots for temporary storage of cars should be provided according to table 3.37, at the rate of at least 70% of the estimated fleet of individual cars, including,%:
Table 3.37
residential areas - 25
industrial and municipal warehouse zones (districts) - 25
citywide and specialized centers - 5
zones of mass short-term rest - 15
Notes:
1. It is allowed to provide for seasonal storage of 10-15% of the fleet of cars in garages and open parking lots located outside the residential areas of the settlement.
2. When determining the total need for storage space, other individual vehicles (motorcycles, scooters, motorized strollers, mopeds) should also be taken into account, bringing them to one design type (passenger car) using the following coefficients: for motorcycles and scooters with sidecars, motorized sidecars -0.5, motorcycles and scooters without sidecars -0.25, mopeds and bicycles -0.1
3. It is allowed to provide open parking lots for temporary and permanent storage of cars within the streets and roads bordering residential areas and microdistricts.
But do not rush to rejoice, experts accept these points as equivalent. This means that this only increases the number of parking spaces, although, logically, temporary parking lots should be taken into account in permanent ones !!!
This discrepancy in my perception and that of the expert is significant, but is not regulated by anything, and therefore I have to follow the lead of the expert.
In addition to the parking lots of the residential building itself, modern houses provide for rental areas for entrepreneurship. This is another additional load on the location of the fleet of enterprises. Regulated according to SP42.13330.2011, Appendix K.

Design example

Initial data:
– total area of apartments – 9075.6 m2;
- housing standard - 35 m2;
– number of inhabitants – 260 people.
- the level of estimated mobilization - 350 cars per 1000 inhabitants (clause 11.3 "SP42.13330.2011g")
- office premises - the number of employees 50 people;
– the project provides for underground car parking, under a residential building, for 51 cars / places, including 6 cars / places for the disabled, including 4 cars / places for the disabled in a wheelchair
– the project provides for open parking lots for 28 cars within the boundaries of the land allotment.
including 4m / seats for the disabled in a wheelchair
– the project provides for open parking lots for temporary storage of cars for 14 spaces outside the land allotment.
– the project provides for open parking lots for storing motorcycles and scooters without a sidecar for 26 units / places within the boundaries of the land allotment

1. Determination of the estimated number of cars (for the storage of vehicles) - at the level of estimated mobilization of 350 vehicles per 1000 inhabitants (clause 11.3 "SP42.13330.2011g"): 350-3-4-40 = 303 vehicles (p 11.3 "SP42.13330.2011"), of which:
- for storage of l / a departmental affiliation - 3 vehicles;
– for storage of the taxi fleet – 4 vehicles;
– for storage of trucks – 40 vehicles

6. Determination of the required availability of parking lots for motorcycles and scooters without sidecars for a multi-storey residential building with built-in office space - 26 units / places
Conclusion: The shortage of parking lots for the motorcycle park is 26-26=0 units/space.

According to the project, parking lots are accepted within the boundaries of the land plot:
– open 28 cars/places;
– closed 51 cars/places;
– total 79 cars/places.
The deficit is: 93-79=14
The shortage of parking lots for temporary storage is solved by placing 14 parking spaces outside the allotment boundary.