acceptable standard of living for the population. Classification of indicators of the standard of living of the population. The system of statistical indicators of the standard of living of the population

Introduction

Without exaggeration, we can say that the issue of the standard of living of the population is of exceptional importance. First, modern economic science determines the level of development of a country not with the help of its macroeconomic indicators, as was customary before, but with the standard of living of its population. Secondly, the needs of material well-being and security play a dominant role in the hierarchy of social interests of the masses. The inability of the state to meet these primary needs of the population inevitably leads to total dissatisfaction with the policy of the state and the emergence of collective uncompromising opposition. The direction and pace of further transformations in the country and, ultimately, political and, consequently, economic stability in society, largely depend on how the problems of the standard of living of the population are solved. The solution of these problems requires a certain policy developed by the state, the central point of which would be a person, his well-being, physical and social health. That is why all the transformations that one way or another can lead to a change in the standard of living are of great interest to a wide variety of segments of the population.

The purpose of this course work is to highlight the issues of methodology and practice of statistical research on the standard of living of the population. The setting of the goal necessitated the disclosure of such issues as the concept of the standard of living of the population; economic and social indicators of living standards; sources of statistical data on the standard of living of the population; indicators of nominal and disposable incomes of the population; methods of population income dynamics; indicators of statistics on expenditures of the population and consumption of material goods and services; methods for studying income differentiation, the level and boundaries of poverty; human development index.

1. Theoretical part

1.1 The concept of the standard of living of the population

The standard of living of the population in statistics is understood as the provision of the population with those goods and services that are necessary and sufficient to meet both the vital material needs of people (food, clothing, housing, cultural and household items) and socio-cultural (labor, employment, leisure). , health, education, natural habitat, etc.).

In monetary terms, the entire set of goods and services actually consumed during a given time in a household is the cost of living.

In statistics, the following types of standard of living are distinguished:

prosperity (the use of goods and services that ensure the all-round development of a person);

normal level (consumption of goods and services according to scientifically based norms that are sufficient for the full restoration of the physical and intellectual powers of a person);

poverty (consumption of goods and services at the level of the possibility of maintaining a person's working capacity);

poverty (minimum consumption of goods and services at the level of human biological survival).

To obtain the entire set of characteristics in terms of standard of living, all statistical aggregates are examined: the population as a whole; certain social and professional groups; households with different incomes.

The concept of the standard of living of the population, as a rule, has three key aspects: the well-being of the population, the accumulation of human capital and the level of human development. Within the framework of this concept, the standard of living is determined not only by the average per capita income and consumption (well-being level), but also by the degree of social equality (between social groups, gender, generations), as well as the ability of people to participate in the processes of making economic and political decisions that affect their lives. .

Welfare of the population, i.e. the level of provision of the needs of a person (family) with material and non-material benefits - both absolute and relative, in comparison with the standards and norms adopted in a given society (social group). There are two qualitative levels of well-being. First: sustainable satisfaction of the primary needs of a person (family) in the amounts necessary to maintain normal life - in food, clothing, housing, health care, personal security. And secondly, this is material wealth, in which the achieved high level of saturation of primary needs makes it possible to move on to the optimal, individually oriented type of satisfaction of the various needs of the family and each of its members.

For a detailed description of the well-being of the population, the following basic concepts are used:

the level of per capita income, consumption and provision of households with capital goods.

the degree of differentiation of the population in terms of income and consumption.

living wage level.

In the Western tradition, the living wage reflects such incomes that provide a "decent standard of living" in accordance with established standards of consumption. In Russian practice, the subsistence minimum reflects the level of income that provides only the minimum (in the physiological sense) consumption. Accordingly, the subsistence minimum is understood as the cost of a set of food products that meets the medical and physiological requirements of human life support, as well as the consumption of non-food products and services, which is typical for low-income households.

Tab. 1. The subsistence minimum in the I quarter of 2012 on average per capita; per month, rubles

	the entire population	including
		able-bodied population	pensioners
Arhangelsk region
Living wage
including
consumer basket value
from it min. kit:
food
unproductive goods
expenses for mandatory payments and fees

Absolute poverty corresponds to such a level of well-being (of a family, group, stratum) at which incomes do not provide a certain social minimum of consumption accepted in a given society. The World Bank sets the threshold for absolute poverty at less than $1.25 a day. Relative poverty is opposed to absolute poverty. Measures of relative poverty expose the relative poverty line and try it on the income of the population. In the case when the real incomes of the entire population grow, and their distribution does not change, relative poverty remains the same. Thus, the concept of relative poverty is part of the concept of inequality. However, this does not mean that less equality always means less relative poverty, or vice versa.

The standard of living is a concept in the Western tradition that characterizes such a volume and structure of consumption of goods and services that the "average" representatives of a given social group take as a guideline (norm) of consumption (including the cost of housing, transport, medicine, education). In the emerging Russian tradition, “standards” means the minimum amount of consumer goods (services) that society (the state) guarantees to each of its members.

The accumulation of human capital, which characterizes the state of health of the population, its educational, professional and cultural levels from an economic point of view, i.e. from the standpoint of the population's ability to reproduce social capital (including the reproduction of the worker himself as an economic entity).

In the Western tradition, there are three approaches to assessing human capital.

The first approach considers a person not only as a carrier of professional and labor skills, knowledge and abilities that require appropriate investments (the so-called "intangible capital"), but also as an object of investment in him as a socio-biological being (the so-called " tangible capital).

The second, more common approach is to value human capital only as accumulated investment (adjusted for depreciation) in people's skills and education. This is justified by the fact that in market conditions a person sells his abilities, but not himself, so the costs of family reproduction do not turn into capital.

The third approach is to single out, along with the intellectual and socio-biological (“tangible”) components of human capital, its social component. The latter is manifested in the moral state of society, the strength of social, incl. family relations, socio-psychological climate (optimistic or depressive mood), which affects social motivations, labor productivity, the level of labor and entrepreneurial activity, etc. The value of such "social capital" is determined through the assessment of the capitalization of additional income received as a result of the presence (use) of this capital. In the national wealth, human capital in developed countries is from 70 to 80%. In Russia, about 50%.

The level of human development, which characterizes the possibility of realizing a person as an individual and as a member of a given society. This aspect of the standard of living has two elements:

the quality of life of people, taking into account the demographic, medical, environmental and intellectual conditions of their existence and self-realization;

integration of individuals into society: their influence on social processes (participation in governance, democratic procedures, etc.), the presence or absence of discrimination against certain social groups, etc.

The level of development of the human factor (the quality of life of the population and human self-realization), as a rule, is assessed in the following main areas:

life quality index (HDI), reflecting life expectancy, mortality from diseases, environmental conditions, as well as intellectual components - the level of education and cultural development. Education is characterized by an aggregate that includes adult literacy rates and rates of first and two re-employment;

Gender and Generational Equity Index (GDI) - differences in income, availability of political and social benefits for age groups of the population, men and women;

1.2 Economic and social indicators of living standards

The standard of living is a complex indicator that characterizes the well-being and quality of life of citizens or social groups of a particular country or territory. The standard of living is measured using indicators, usually indicators are economic and social indicators. The main socio-economic indicators of the standard of living of the population include: the volume of real GDP per capita; monetary incomes and expenditures of the population; real wages; consumption of basic foodstuffs per capita; natural population growth and average life expectancy; the share of budget expenditures for the development of the social sphere; use of free time. Less common are: the human development index (HDI) - a much broader concept than the gross national income, it takes into account, in addition to economic indicators, life expectancy, literacy and education levels; Big Mac Index: Big Mac prices in different countries.

Socio-economic indicators of the standard of living of the population are formed on the basis of statistical data characterizing the volume, composition, main directions of use and distribution between certain groups of the population's monetary income, as well as, with the involvement of other data, reflecting the final result of economic and social policy in areas affecting various aspects of the welfare of the population.

Socio-economic indicators are expressed in terms of average and median values, rates of change, coefficients of frequency, concentration, differentiation and purchasing power. The calculation of socio-economic indicators is carried out in accordance with the general requirements for the formation of macroeconomic indicators and taking into account the specifics of the system of statistical social indicators.

Below are the main definitions of baselines used in the calculation of socio-economic indicators.

Household disposable income - defined as the income received by households from productive activities, from property, and also as a result of redistributive transactions: adding received subsidies for production and imports and current transfers (except social transfers in kind), and subtracting taxes paid on production and imports and current transfers (including current taxes on income and wealth). Disposable income is a source for final consumption of goods and services and savings.

Households' actual final consumption - includes expenditure on the purchase of consumer goods and services and the value of individual goods and services received by households from authorities government controlled and from non-profit organizations free of charge in the form of social transfers in kind.

Household final consumption expenditure - includes expenditure on the purchase of consumer goods and services, as well as the consumption of goods and services in kind: produced for oneself (agricultural products of personal subsidiary farms, imputed services for living in one's own dwelling) and received as wages and various types of assistance.

Monetary income of the population - includes wages for work of all categories of the population, pensions, allowances, scholarships and other social transfers, proceeds from the sale of agricultural products, income from property in the form of interest on deposits, securities, dividends, income of persons employed entrepreneurial activity, as well as insurance indemnities, loans, income from the sale of foreign currency and other income.

Monetary expenditures and savings of the population - include the costs of purchasing goods and paying for services, mandatory payments and various contributions (taxes and fees, insurance payments, contributions to public and cooperative organizations, repayment of bank loans, interest on a commodity loan, etc.), purchase foreign exchange, as well as an increase in savings in deposits and securities.

The publication of socio-economic indicators of the standard of living of the population is carried out on a monthly basis in the reports of the State Statistics Committee of Russia "On the socio-economic situation" in accordance with the following list:

per capita cash income - calculated by dividing the total amount of cash income for the reporting period by the number of the current population.

real disposable cash income - are determined based on the cash income of the current period minus mandatory payments and contributions adjusted for the consumer price index.

the average monthly accrued wages of employees in the sectors of the economy is determined by dividing the accrued monthly wage fund by the average number of employees. Social benefits received by employees from state and non-state off-budget funds are not included in the wage fund and average wages.

the average size the assigned monthly pension of a pensioner is determined by dividing the total amount of assigned monthly pensions by the corresponding number of pensioners.

the purchasing power of the population's cash income reflects the population's potential to purchase goods and services and is expressed through the commodity equivalent of the population's average per capita cash income and the ratio of the population's cash income to the subsistence minimum.

the distribution of the population by the level of average per capita cash income characterizes the differentiation of the population by the level of material wealth and represents indicators of the number (or shares) of the population grouped in given intervals by the level of average per capita cash income.

the distribution of the total amount of money income by various groups of the population is expressed in terms of percentages of the total amount of money income that each of the 20 (10) percent groups of the population has.

the income differentiation coefficients of the population establish the amount of excess cash income of high-income groups compared to low-income groups of the population. They differ: the coefficient of funds (the ratio between the average values ​​of incomes within the compared groups of the population or their shares in the total income) and the decile coefficient of differentiation (the ratio of income levels, below and above which there are tenths of the population at different ends of the distribution series of the population by the level of average per capita cash income )

the income concentration coefficient (Gini index) establishes the degree of deviation of the actual volume of the population's income distribution from the line of their uniform distribution.

the subsistence minimum is a cost estimate of the subsistence minimum: a natural set of food products that takes into account dietary restrictions and provides a minimum required amount calories, as well as expenditures on non-food goods and services, taxes and mandatory payments, based on the share of expenditures for these purposes in the budgets of low-income households.

the number of the population with cash incomes below the subsistence minimum is determined on the basis of the distribution series of the population by the level of average per capita cash income and is the result of summing up the number of persons whose cash incomes are below the subsistence minimum.

income deficit is determined on the basis of data on the number and size of incomes of the population with incomes below the subsistence minimum and is calculated as the total value of income necessary to increase it to the subsistence level.

1.3 Sources of statistical data on the standard of living of the population

Government statistics collect information directly from the population and households through a sample survey of households and from large and medium-sized firms reporting on labor and wages. In addition, periodic surveys of wage arrears are carried out for some sectors of the economy, as well as a study of wage differentiation in a sample of firms.

Statistics summarizes information on payments made to the population, on payments received from it, on the basis of departmental reporting. Such data includes:

the balance of monetary income and expenditure of the population, which summarizes information from financial institutions and is built by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;

data on the amount of paid pensions and benefits provided by the State Pension Fund;

the amount of income declared by the population and the taxes paid from them according to the data of the State Tax Service of the Russian Federation (State Tax Service of the Russian Federation). The State Tax Service is creating a register of taxpayers, which will accumulate and summarize information characterizing the income paid, taxes withheld and large expenses subject to declaration in accordance with the law. A sample survey of household budgets is a method of state statistical observation of the standard of living of the population. The survey is conducted by state statistics bodies in accordance with the Federal Statistical Work Program, annually approved by Rosstat in agreement with the Government Russian Federation.

The survey conducted in 2011 will cover 10,000 households, starting from 2014, will be conducted once every 2 years, covering 60,000 households.

Comprehensive monitoring of the living conditions of the population is carried out in order to obtain statistical information reflecting the actual living conditions Russian families and their needs in providing a safe and favorable living environment, a healthy lifestyle, raising and developing children, increasing labor, professional and social mobility, improving housing conditions, establishing and developing socio-cultural ties. The objective of this survey is to obtain statistical data characterizing the quality of life of the population of the Russian Federation, covering the living environment, working conditions, life, and the availability of social services.

Comprehensive monitoring of the living conditions of the population is carried out throughout Russia by a selective method. The size of the sample for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is determined by Rosstat centrally based on the random selection method.

The results of the Comprehensive Monitoring of Living Conditions of the Population are intended to be used in the development of demographic and social policy measures, quantitative measurement of their effectiveness, assessment of the impact on the demographic situation in the country and the standard of living of various groups of the population, improvement of monitoring of the implementation of priority national projects (in particular, the project "Affordable and comfortable housing for citizens of Russia”).

In the Arkhangelsk region, 81 households are subject to survey, located in the cities of Arkhangelsk and Severodvinsk, in rural areas of the Ustyansky district. Data collection is carried out by specially authorized workers (interviewers) by going around the residential premises in which the population lives and filling out observation forms based on a population survey. All members of the household permanently residing at the selected address are subject to the survey. Observation forms are filled in according to the respondents, without presenting any documents confirming the correctness of the answers.

However, information on income is the least reliable due to the variety of sources of income, the presence of unaccounted income from “shadow” economic activities, the time gap between the activities carried out and their payment, and the presence of not only cash income, but also in-kind receipts of food and benefits provided to the population. Therefore, statistics increasingly focuses on the study of expenditures, i.e. studies income through expenditures of the population.

Improving the statistical methodology for studying the income and expenditure of the population contributes to the expansion of international comparisons in this area.

1.4 Indicators of nominal and disposable incomes of the population

One of the most important generalizing indicators of the standard of living is the income of the population. Statistics examines the quantitative characteristics of the formation of the total income of the population, the structure of these incomes, and the distribution between individual groups of the population. In accordance with the methodology of the SNA for calculating the balance of cash income and expenditures of the population, nominal cash income and disposable income of households are calculated.

Nominal money incomes are calculated in the prices of the current period. They do not determine the amount of material goods and services available to the population at the current level of income. These include:

income of persons engaged in entrepreneurial activity;

proceeds from the sale of agricultural products;

pensions, allowances, scholarships and other social transfers;

insurance indemnities, credits and loans;

property income in the form of interest on deposits, securities, dividends;

income of the population from the sale of foreign currency;

balance (money received from transfers), etc.

Unlike nominal spending, household disposable income is the sum of current income used by households to finance final consumption of goods and services. This is an indicator of the volume of economic resources at the disposal of the population to meet the needs of citizens (the maximum amount that can be spent by the population on consumption, provided that over a given period the population does not attract accumulated financial and non-financial assets, does not increase liabilities for the financial part).

Disposable cash income is determined by deducting mandatory payments and contributions from nominal cash income.

Tab. 2. Nominal and real money incomes of the population

Arhangelsk region

Average per capita den. income; per month, rubles

including NAO

Per capita income; per month, rubles

Real money income, in % to the previous year

1.5 Methods of population income dynamics

However, not every rate of growth in money income in the presence of inflation in the economy can indicate an improvement in the standard of living of the population. In order to eliminate the price change factor that leads to a change in the purchasing power of money, the nominal and disposable money incomes (expenditures) of the population are calculated in real terms, adjusted for consumer price indices (composite and sub-indices for individual commodity groups).

Calculation of indicators in real terms is carried out by dividing the corresponding indicators of the current period by the consumer price index (CPI ruble), or by multiplying by the purchasing power of money index (CPI).

Real disposable income of the population is calculated by the formula:

RRD = (LDN - NP) ∙ I p.s.r.

Similarly, the real total income (ROI) of the population is calculated - as total income (VDI) adjusted for the purchasing power of money:

To characterize the dynamics of these indicators, the corresponding indices are constructed, for example, the index of real disposable income:

ILND∙IdLRD∙Ip.s.r.

Consequently, the rate of change in real disposable income depends on three factors: the growth rate of nominal income, changes in tax rates, and changes in the purchasing power of money.

1.6 Indicators of statistics on household expenditures and consumption of material goods and services

The monetary expenditure of the population is the use of the population's income for the purchase of goods and services and various types of payments: mandatory payments and trade union dues, the purchase of foreign currency, as well as the increase in savings in deposits and securities: At the same time, the SNA distinguishes between expenditure on final consumption and actual final consumption.

Household final consumption expenditure includes:

expenses for the purchase of consumer goods (except for houses and apartments);

expenses for payment of consumer services;

inflow of in-kind products produced by households for their own final consumption;

Consumption of products received in kind by households as wages;

Services for living in one's own dwelling (the sum of the current costs of maintaining the dwelling and the cost of its depreciation).

Population expenditure indicators make it possible to analyze the cost characteristics of household consumption. Along with cost indicators, the system of consumption indicators includes natural indicators of consumption of material goods and services by the population. In this paper, the most important of them will be considered.

The volume of actual household consumption is the real value of final consumption, which is provided both by real income and by social transfers in kind provided to the population by government bodies and non-profit organizations serving households.

The goods consumed by the population satisfy various needs. According to their importance, they are divided into essential goods (food, housing, etc.), less necessary goods (books, televisions, washing machines etc.), luxury items (delicacy foodstuffs, especially fashionable clothes, jewelry, expensive furniture, etc.).

A growing role in the consumption of the population is played by a variety of services provided to the population and satisfying human needs.

In the volume of services produced for own final use, two types of services are taken into account: for living in one's own dwelling - they are estimated approximately, in the amount of the cost of providing living in a dwelling and household services produced by employees (servants, cooks, gardeners, etc. .), and the cost is determined by the remuneration of these workers, including all types of compensation in kind (food, housing, etc.).

There are material services (industrial - repair of clothes, shoes, household items) and intangible (cultural, educational, medical, etc.).

The main indicator of consumption is the level of individual consumption as the average consumption of certain types of goods and services per capita. It is calculated as the ratio of the annual volume of consumed goods and services by type to the average annual population both in general and for individual social groups, income groups, age, nature of occupation, etc.

This indicator often appears in international comparisons, although in Lately in statistical publications, the indicator of gross domestic product per capita is increasingly indicated.

Comparison of the actual consumption of individual goods with the standard allows you to determine the level of satisfaction of the needs of the population in this product.

The coefficient of satisfaction of the need for the i-th product has the form:

,

where is the actual consumption of the i-th product on average per capita;

Normative level of consumption of the i-th product on average per capita;

The coefficient of satisfaction of the needs of the population for all consumer goods and services:

,

where p - the price of the goods; - the number of actually consumed goods; - the number of actually consumed services; - the actual tariff for a particular service; n - standard consumption of a certain product per capita; n - the standard for the consumption of a certain type of service per capita;

Average population for the period.

The difference between the numerator and denominator of this indicator determines the cost of the total underconsumption of goods and services compared to its normative level.

The dynamics of total and per capita consumption is studied using indices. For certain types of goods, individual consumption change indices are calculated:

Total consumption of the i-th good:

per capita consumption of the i-th product:

,

where , - the average population in the reporting and base periods, respectively;

the difference between the numerator and denominator of the indices shows the absolute change in the total and average per capita consumption of the i-th product, respectively:

.

Service statistics make it possible to determine both the total and per capita consumption of individual services by the population, and for this, their valuation is most often used (primarily, market services).

Consumer consumption of services is measured in the same way as consumption of goods. At the same time, comparability of prices (tariffs - t) for services in the reporting and base periods should be ensured as a result of using a comparable (base) price or applying the deflation method.

The dynamics of the general consumption of goods and services by the population is characterized by the aggregate consumption volume index:

where , , , - the amount of goods and services consumed in the reporting and base periods, respectively;

The price of goods and the tariff for a certain service in the base period.

To study the dynamics of consumption of certain groups of goods or services, the average harmonic index of physical volume of the following type is used:

,

where - individual price indices for individual goods and services.

To study the dependence of consumption on income, in practice, the coefficient of elasticity of consumption on changes in income is used, which shows how much the consumption of goods and services increases (or decreases) with an increase in income by 1% (A. Marshall's formula):

,

where are initial income and consumption;

Their increments over a certain period (or during the transition from one group to another.

If the elasticity coefficient is negative, then with the growth of income, the consumption of "low-value" (low quality) goods decreases.

If the elasticity coefficient is greater than 1, then consumption is growing faster than income.

If the elasticity coefficient is equal to 1, then there is a proportional relationship between income and consumption.

If the coefficient of elasticity is less than units.

1.7 Methods for studying the differentiation of incomes of the population of the level and poverty lines

The process of stratification of society necessitated the introduction into statistical practice of a set of indicators that are widely used in international statistical practice to analyze the socio-economic differentiation of the population.

The most important tool for such an analysis is the construction of the distribution of the population according to the level of average per capita monetary income, which makes it possible to carry out a comparative assessment of the well-being of individual groups of the population. Particular attention is paid to low-income social groups, since this aspect of the study is necessary for the development of a targeted social policy of the state.

In the absence of complete statistical accounting of the income of all types of households, simulation methods are used to build the distribution of the population according to the level of average per capita monetary income. The initial premise for constructing the corresponding model is that the distribution of those employed in the economy by wages and the entire population by average per capita monetary income is subject to the law of lognormal distribution. Based on this hypothesis, the empirical distribution constructed on the basis of data from sample budgetary surveys is transformed into a distribution series corresponding to the average value of the grouping characteristic in the general population. Such an average value, i.e. per capita cash income is calculated using the balance of cash income and expenditures of the population.

To find the distribution frequencies of the population by income, the log-normal distribution function is used, which has the following form:

where xi - average monthly income of the i-th member of the sample;

N- the average size of the sample for the period under review.

To characterize the distribution of the population by income, a number of indicators are calculated:

modal Income, those. income level most common among the population;

median income - a measure of income in the middle of the ranked distribution. Half of the population has an income below the median, and the other half - above;

decile coefficient of differentiation income of the population (Kd), characterizing how many times the minimum income of 10% of the richest population exceeds the maximum income of 10% of the poorest population:

where d 9 and d 1 - respectively the ninth and first decile;

funds ratio (K^, defined as the ratio between the average incomes of the population in the tenth and first decile groups:

where D 1 and D 10 - respectively, the total income of 10% of the poorest and 10% of the richest population;

income concentration coefficient Gini (K), characterizing the degree of inequality in the distribution of incomes of the population. It is calculated by the formula:

Where p i - proportion of the population with an income no higher than their maximum level in the i-th group; given table. 21 8 can be determined: 1 = 0.129; 2 = 0,129 + 0,167 = 0,296; 3 = 0.296 + 0.174 = 0.470 etc.; p8 = 1.

q i - income share i-th group in the total income of the population, calculated on an accrual basis; is calculated similarly to p i , but not for the population indicator, but for the monetary income indicator.

The Gini coefficient varies from 0 to 1. Moreover, the more its value deviates from zero and approaches one, the more income is concentrated in the hands of certain groups of the population.

To graphically illustrate the degree of unevenness in the distribution of income, a Lorenz curve is constructed, from which it is also possible to calculate the Gini coefficient as the ratio of the area between the lines of uniform and actual distribution to the sum of areas S1 and S2, which is equal to ½.

The Lorenz curve establishes a correspondence between the population and the amount of total income received.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) noted in a recent report that income inequality in Russia remains quite high. According to Rosstat, the indicator of income inequality - the Ginny coefficient - in 2010 increased to 0.420% from 0.395% in 2000.

In a statistical study of the level and limits of poverty, first of all, an income limit is established that ensures consumption at the minimum allowable level, i.e. the value of the subsistence minimum is determined, with which the actual incomes of individual segments of the population are compared.

Tab. 3. Population with cash incomes below the subsistence level and the deficit of cash income

Arhangelsk region
Population with cash incomes below the subsistence level:
thousand people
as a percentage of the total population
Shortage of money income:
as a percentage of the total monetary income of the population

Based on data on the incomes of the poor, the indicator is calculated income deficit, equal to the total income of the population, missing to the subsistence level.

To analyze the dynamics of the poverty level in the country, two indicators can be calculated: depth of poverty index(/,) And poverty severity index (1 g).

Poverty Depth Index:

where N is the total number of surveyed households;

P- the number of households with incomes below the subsistence level; - their serial numbers; mini - the average per capita subsistence minimum for the i-th household, calculated taking into account its gender and age structure;

D i- average per capita income of the i-th household with incomes below the subsistence level.

An integral indicator calculated annually for cross-country comparison and measurement of living standards, literacy, education and longevity as the main characteristics of the human potential of the study area. It is a standard tool for general comparison of living standards in different countries and regions. The index is published by the United Nations Development Program in Human Development Reports and was developed in 1990 by a group of economists led by Pakistani Mahbub-ul-Haq. However, the conceptual structure of the index was created thanks to the work of Amartya Sen. The index has been published by the UN in its annual Human Development Report since 1990.

When calculating the HDI, 3 types of indicators are taken into account:

life expectancy - evaluates longevity.

the level of literacy of the population of the country (average number of years spent on education) and the expected duration of education.

standard of living, measured in terms of GNI per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) in US dollars.

A generalized system of indicators has been developed and scientifically substantiated, characterizing the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of socio-economic differentiation social development, including:

coefficient of differentiation of the human development index, which characterizes the degree of difference in the socio-economic development of the analyzed countries, regions within the country, social groups;

coefficient of differentiation of the index of health (longevity), showing how much the state of health in one country, region is better than in another;

coefficient of education index differentiation. This indicator determines the degree to which the level of education of the population in one country (region or other object of study) exceeds the level of education (literacy) of the population of another country;

income index differentiation coefficient, which determines the degree of economic differentiation of the analyzed countries or regions;

coefficient of differentiation of the mortality index, as an indicator of differences in the health status of the compared countries or regions;

coefficient of differentiation of the level of vocational education, reflecting the differences in the degree of enrollment in second and third stage education in the countries or regions studied.

The Human Development Index is a simple arithmetic average of three indices

One of the main indicators of the social characteristics of the population is its literacy. b, determined for persons aged 9 years and older as the proportion of those who can read and write (d Г) both in general and separately for urban and rural population. Along with this, the population over the age of 15 is distributed according to the level of education, and for greater clarity and comparability - per 1000 people. The total share of students in primary, secondary and higher education is also determined. educational institutions(d Y) for persons under 25 years old, which, together with the literacy rate, gives the international education level index is determined by the formula

,

and the second - life expectancy at birth (I OL) according to the formula

,

where X m , X M - respectively, the minimum and maximum possible life expectancy, years.

By world standards, X m = 25 years, and X M = 85 years. Hence, for international comparisons, one must take

0 \u003d 85 (1 - K "ms).

And the third index takes into account the size of the per capita GDP in the country, determined by the formula

In 2010, the family of indicators that measure the HDI was expanded, and the Index itself underwent a significant adjustment. In addition to the current HDI, which is a composite measure based on country averages and does not take into account internal inequalities, three new indicators have been introduced: the Human Development Index adjusted for socio-economic inequality (HDI), the Gender Inequality Index (GII) and Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).

Depending on the HDI value, countries are usually classified according to the level of development: very high (42 countries), high (43 countries), medium (42 countries) and low (42 countries) level. List of countries by Human Development Index, included in the Human Development Report 2011 of the United Nations Development Program, compiled on the basis of 2011 estimates and published on November 2, 2011. The list covers 185 of the 193 UN member countries, as well as Hong Kong (China ) and the Palestinian territories. 8 countries - members of the UN are not included due to lack of data. The official publication of the report took place on November 2, 2011. The report was compiled based on data from 2011. Russia took 66th place instead of the previous 65th, but at the same time, two countries (Seychelles and Antigua and Barbuda) were ahead of it, which were absent in the 2010 report, so Russia's place in the HDI actually remained the same, although nominally the country's HDI increased from 0.751 to 0.755.

2. Practical part

Based on the data presented in the table, find the modal income.

Modal income () is the income level that occurs most frequently in the population (having the highest frequency).

It is calculated by the formula:

where is the lower limit of the modal interval. Modal is called the interval having the highest frequency; - the value of the modal interval;

The frequency of the interval preceding the modal;

The frequency of the interval following the modal.

In our case, the modal interval is the fifth interval - from 10400 to 13600 rubles. Calculate the modal income using the formula:

RUB 12181.82

Task 2. The average monthly salary, net of taxes, in the base year was 740 c.u. e., in the reporting 840 c.u. That is, prices for consumer goods and services increased in the reporting period compared to the base period by 25%. Payments of transfers (in the prices of the respective years) per worker and employee amounted to 100 USD in the base year and 150 USD in the reporting year.

Determine: a) the index of total income of workers and employees at current prices; b) the index of real incomes of workers and employees.

The total income of the population is the total amount of cash and in-kind income from all sources of income, taking into account the cost of free and preferential services provided to the population at the expense of social funds.

Real income of the population are characterized by the amount of consumer goods and services that the population can purchase with disposable (final) income to meet their personal needs. Real incomes are nominal incomes adjusted for the consumer price index:

Since the purchasing power index of money is equal to the reciprocal of the consumer price index ( I p):

Then:

The distribution of total cash income by quintile groups of the population is characterized by the following data:

Population group	In % of total population	Cumulative population, in%	Volume of income, %	Cumulative income, in %

population, %

Conclusion

Issues such as the statistical assessment of the standard of living of the population, the main indicators of the standard of living, and statistical methods for studying the quality of life were considered. The standard of living is one of the most important social categories that characterizes the structure of human needs and the possibility of satisfying them. The most important components of the standard of living are the income of the population and its social security, its consumption of material goods and services, living conditions, and free time.

The most important task of living standards statistics is to identify patterns of changes in the well-being of the population. To do this, studies are conducted covering both the entire country and its regions, socio-demographic groups of the population and Various types households. This will make it possible to trace the differences in the standard of living depending on economic, national, climatic and other characteristics, as well as on the incomes of the population. The results of the study can be either general or specific, related, for example, to assessing the consumption of specific goods by the population and the availability of various services.

Raising the standard of living is not only a result economic growth, but also its condition. In modern Russia, the most urgent problems of improving the standard of living are providing employment, strengthening the social security of the population, and fighting poverty. Although the decline in the living standards of the population is an inevitable consequence of such large-scale transformations, the depth of the fall is a regulated process.

At present, there is a problem of improving the standard of living of the population, reducing the number of people living below the "poverty line", reducing the difference between the incomes of the most wealthy and the least wealthy segments of the population. The concept of poverty in most cases is quite subjective. Both the principles for defining this concept and the quantitative expression of the minimum level of income below which a person is classified as poor are ultimately determined by the decision of the authorities based on the specific socio-economic situation and the material and financial capabilities of the state.

A timely statistical study of the standard of living of the population can guide the economic actions of the government, preventing possible negative social consequences of ill-conceived economic policy.

income population poverty subsistence

Bibliography

1. Political psychology. Textbook for higher education. M., 2001, pp. 253-254.

2. Course of socio-economic statistics. Textbook for high schools. / Ed. prof. M.G. Nazarov. M. - Finstatinform, 2002. - 976 p.

3. Economic statistics. 2nd ed., add.: Textbook, ed. Yu.N. Ivanova. - M.: INFRA-M, 2002. - 480 p. - (Series "Higher education").

3. The standard of living of the population - as it is understood today. Zherebin V.M., Ermakova Ya.A. // Questions of statistics. 2000. No. 8

4. Social statistics: Textbook, ed. Corresponding Member I.I. Eliseeva. - 3rd ed. revised and additional - M.: Finance and statistics, 2003.-480 p.

Socio-economic statistics - Program Disciplines - Obraztsova O.I. - 2004

Theory of Statistics: Textbook. allowance for universities. - M.: Audit, UNITI, 1998.

Website of the Territorial Body of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Arkhangelsk Region. [Electronic resource]/ Located on the website http://arhangelskstat.ru/default.aspx

8. Wikipedia. [Electronic resource]: universal Internet encyclopedia. Located on the website http://www.wikipedia.org

INTRODUCTION

The current stage of radical economic reforms is accompanied by cardinal transformations in the social structure of Russian society. The pace of socio-economic transformation differs sharply in the regions of the Russian Federation. Against the backdrop of a comprehensive Russian crisis in society, there was a deep drop in the standard of living of the bulk of the Russian population.

In the system of macro parameters, “population income” is one of the most generalizing indicators economic development country and the well-being of the people. The basis of the law - the trend of continuous growth of the people's well-being - lies in the fact that the improvement of life is an urgent need for economic development itself. The income of the population is the basis for raising the standard of living, and at the same time acts as a source of improvement and development of production for the further growth of the living standards of people.

It is necessary to monitor the social and labor sphere, which is a state system of continuous monitoring of the actual state of affairs in the social and labor sphere for the timely identification and systematic analysis of the changes taking place in it, the prevention of negative trends leading to the formation and development of various centers of social tension, as well as for short-term forecasting of the development of the most important processes in this area. One of the main areas of monitoring the social and labor sphere is the monitoring of incomes and living standards of the population. It is intended to become an important tool for the development of state social policy.

Our well-being directly depends on the correct social policy of the state, which, in turn, depends on whether there is enough information and how fully it shows the problems in modern Russian society.

In this paper, the following concepts will be considered:

Standards of living;

The quality of life of the population;

The role of the state in determining the quality of life of the population.

The object of the study is the population of the Russian Federation, and the subject will be the direction of the state in the social policy of the country.

The purpose of the work is to characterize the state policy in relation to the level and quality of life of the population.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

Disclosure of the concepts of the level and quality of life of the population;

Analyze government policy.

STANDARDS OF LIVING: ESSENCE, MINIMUM SOCIAL STANDARDS

The goal of social development is to improve the standard of living of the population.

The standard of living is an economic category and a social standard that characterizes the degree to which the physical and social needs of people are met. The main components of the standard of living are: health, nutrition and income of the population, housing conditions, household property, paid services, the cultural level of the population, working and rest conditions, as well as social guarantees and social protection of the most vulnerable citizens.

Social guarantees - a system of society's obligations to its members to meet the most important needs. The state, giving guarantees, announces that the society assumes the obligation to create conditions for each member of the society for the implementation of its economic activity and income.

Social protection is a system of measures taken by society to ensure the necessary material and social status of citizens.

These components are characterized by quantitative indicators, indicators and indices and are drawn up in the standard of living indicator system.

In the process of reproduction, mutual economic and social factors such as health, education, housing, nutrition, social security and others. The decisive role for the population is the standard of living, and for production - the efficiency of labor.

GDP and national income per capita, as well as the productivity of social labor are indicators of the general economic, and the standard of living is an indicator of social development.

The current understanding of the essence of "standard of living" focuses on the fact that the standard of living is important not in itself, but in relation to the needs of the population.

Specifically, the analysis of the standard of living is determined by the content of such quantities as: the consumer basket and the cost of living. IN general view the standard of living of a country or region in terms of average life expectancy of the population, unemployment, structural personal consumption expenditures and calorie consumption of basic foodstuffs. The level of qualification of employees, the number of students and students per 1000 people, as well as the level of development of social infrastructure (for example, the number of hospital beds per 1000 people, the availability of schools, cultural and sports facilities, housing) are taken into account.

The standard of living must be considered in conjunction with general economic indicators, as well as indicators that link general economic and living standards - incomes of the population, consumer demand, trade, prices, state budget, credit. For example, the income of the population is a key factor determining the standard of living.

It is necessary to single out the components of the standard of living - certain types of human needs, the satisfaction of which is the main part of the standard of living in general (for example, nutrition, health, education). The set of components covers the entire scope of human needs.

From them, a system of indicators of the standard of living is formed. According to the UN recommendation, the standard of living is measured by a system of indicators characterizing health, consumption, employment, education, housing, social security and others.

The productivity of workers, the price of labor power, as well as its implementation in labor, that is, the production of consumer goods, depend on the standard of living. The development takes place in the direction of the central general productivity. An increase or decrease in the standard of living of the population and labor productivity inevitably drives the economy forward or backward.

In many countries, to assess the standard of living, the “well-being of society” indicator is used, which symbolizes the minimum level of consumption and is an indicator of the poverty line.

The subsistence minimum is the value of the total consumption of a person or family, determined on the basis of the minimum consumer basket. The "basket" gives the structure of consumption, the expenses of the poor, contains a set (minimum norms) necessary for physiological survival. This set and the living wage itself depends on the level of socio-economic development of the country and is adopted by the principle of distribution. Currently, this economic category does not make sense, since more than 40 million Russian citizens (30) are far below the poverty line.

At the current level of production, not only can it not raise the poverty line, but also make up the difference between the "bottom" and the minimum consumer budget.

The consumer budget is the balance of income and expenses of an average family, which characterizes the standard of living of various groups of working families.

The minimum consumer budget is formed on the basis of consumption traditions, the conjuncture of the consumer goods market, and represents a living wage calculated from average per capita incomes. Therefore, this is a relatively higher standard of living.

The content of the food basket is used to calculate the minimum subsistence level.

The food basket (a set of one person's food per month) is calculated based on minimum food consumption norms that correspond to physical needs, calories and ensure adherence to traditional basic nutritional skills.

The cost of the minimum consumer basket, that is, its content in monetary terms, is the minimum consumer budget.

The minimum consumer budget, or the subsistence minimum budget, is calculated per capita and for its main socio-demographic groups in the whole of the Russian Federation and in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The living wage budget is an indicator of the consumption of essential material goods and services at a minimum level, calculated on the basis of minimum consumption norms for essential foodstuffs, goods and services. The most rational minimum consumption budget should be approximately the following proportions: food should be - 41.1, non-food products - 39, services - 13.2, taxes and fees - 2.7.

QUALITY OF LIFE INDICATORS

There are integral and particular approaches to the knowledge of the quality of life. The integral approach assumes the behavior of two types of assessments: objective (based on official statistics, without involving generalizing information based on various kinds of public opinion polls) and subjective (based on the opinion of the population).

I. V. Bestuzhev - Lada focuses the category “quality of life” on such an assessment of the degree of satisfaction of material needs, which cannot be directly measured quantitatively, but requires complex methods of indirect qualification on various scales. Therefore, an assessment should be made of the content of work and leisure and satisfaction with them, the level of comfort in work and life, the quality and fashion of clothing, the quality of food, housing, residential and environment, the functioning of social institutions, the quality of the level of satisfaction of the need for communication, knowledge, creativity and other needs aimed not only at self-preservation, but also at self-satisfaction and self-organization of the individual.

The health of the population, as a rule, can be one of the main criteria for the effective functioning of the economy, because its role is enhanced due to:

An increase in the role of the human factor in the economy of the national economy, where health acts as the main property of labor resources, characterizing the quality of the labor force used by society for the reproduction of material and spiritual benefits;

An increase in the direct and indirect costs of society in production, where the health of the population is the subject and product of labor in many sectors of the national economy;

The need for a quantitative measurement of the well-being of the population, in the assessment of which health is manifested as a consumer good and as its main component.

D. Pringle uses a system of quality of life indicators based on the use of a number of statistical estimates that characterize the level of employment, the state of health of the population, and the level of crime. At the same time, the author points out that many of the constituent elements of the quality of life are not quantitatively measurable (for example, satisfaction).

Among such “not measurable elements”, other authors also include individual attachments and preferences, a person’s satisfaction in his ability to control any situation. These and similar elements combined together make it possible to paint a picture of the subjective face of a person's perceived quality of life.

After analyzing the existing approaches to understanding the essence of the concept of "quality of life" of the population, the authors came to the conclusion that a holistic picture of the quality of life can be created on the basis of combining two groups of criteria into a whole.

The first group consists of estimates based on statistical information. With a certain degree of conditionality, these criteria can be called objective.

The second group consists entirely of assessments based on sociological surveys of the population, in which respondents are asked to express their attitude to certain aspects of their lives, so it seems quite reasonable to classify them as subjective.

In general, it is necessary to carefully approach the measurement of quality of life by subjective indicators. The main reason for this approach lies in the fact, as M. Adamitz and K. Pornalk correctly believe, that the conditions that give people's judgments sufficient credibility include freedom and the ability to avoid hoaxes. Therefore, in order to avoid a mystified idea of ​​the surrounding reality, it is possible, in society, to achieve a certain level of development. This level assumes the presence of a number of conditions, among which are the following:

The basic material needs of consumption are satisfied to the extent that the stage of satisfaction of "refined, modified personal needs" begins. Spiritual and aesthetic needs should come to the fore;

A middle class of sufficient size has developed in the country, concentrating in itself a significant part of the nation's intellect, the well-being of which is beyond doubt;

A person who assesses the quality of life has a certain practice of using alternative options. It is known from research that less family or the individual has alternatives to compare. The less they value the quality of life;

Stability of the socio-political situation in the country, sustainable economic growth.

Modern Russian reality does not yet satisfy any of the above conditions. Therefore, when studying the quality of life of the population of our country at the present stage, an approach should prevail, which, with a certain degree of conventionality, can be called objective. Criteria and assessments of the quality of life should be based on a system of indicators that objectively reflect the socio-economic situation.

QUALITY OF LIFE CRITERIA

The study of the quality of life of the population involves the addition of criteria-based assessments with a system of scientific justification and systematic, organized observation. Data collection and analysis.

The different planning of the concept of "quality" of life is due to the variety of indicators. The latter can characterize a single element of the quality of life or the whole set. Relevant metrics include:

Health

The ability to lead a healthy lifestyle at all stages of the life cycle;

Impact of health impairment on individuals;

Individual development through training

The acquisition by children of the basic knowledge and skills, as well as the values ​​necessary for their individual development and successful activities as a member of society;

The possibility of continuing self-education and the ability to use these skills;

The use and development by individuals of their knowledge, skills and mobility, required for the realization of their economic potential and, if desired, enabling their integration with the economic process;

Preservation and development of cultural development by the individual in order to contribute to the well-being of members of various social groups;

Employment and quality of working life

Availability of profitable work for those who aspire to get it;

The nature of labor activity;

Satisfaction of the individual with his work life

Time and leisure

Choice of your pastime

Ability to purchase goods and use services

Personal opportunity to purchase goods and use services;

The number of people experiencing material deprivation;

The degree of equality in the distribution of goods and services;

The quality, choice and availability of goods and services produced in the private and public sectors;

Protecting individuals and their families in the event of economic hardship;

Personal security and legal authorities

Violence, persecution, and harassment inflicted on the individual;

Fairness and humanity of legal bodies;

The degree of trust placed by the individual in the legal authorities;

Social opportunities and social activity.

The degree of possible participation in public life, in certain public institutions and decision-making. Statistical assessment of the standard of living of the population involves the use of a system of indicators that can measure the level and degree of satisfaction of people's needs for material goods (food, clothing, footwear, cultural and household items, housing), household services in the broadest sense (including transport services). , communications, household services, as well as in medical services) and cultural services (including those provided by cultural and art institutions).

Therefore, the indicators used to characterize the standard of living can be divided into three types with some degree of conventionality:

Synthetic cost indicators (GNP, consumption fund, total income of the population);

In-kind indicators that measure the volume of consumption of specific material goods (provision of personal property, food consumption, the number of passengers transported).

Indicators demonstrating the proportions and structure of the distribution of wealth (distribution of the population by income groups, indicators of concentration and differentiation of consumption incomes).

The All-Russian Center for the Living Standards of the Population of the Russian Federation and its Regions refers to them:

• Average per capita cash income (including average per capita income, average monthly salary, average pensions);

• Subsistence minimum (including for food products, non-food products, paid services to the population, purchasing power, per capita monetary income of the population);

• consumer spending per year.

The most important elements of life are housing, social and consumer services, characterized by the following main indicators: the average provision of housing per inhabitant, the degree of provision of the housing stock with modern amenities, the structure of the housing stock by form of ownership (state, municipal, cooperative, private), supply of water by public water pipelines to the population for household needs per inhabitant, the number of passenger-kilometers of public transport per inhabitant. This should also include the main indicators of the development of education, health care, culture, and recreation.

POLICY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION TO ENSURE THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE POPULATION

The Government has defined clear goals in all areas of the economy and social sphere, which began to be implemented in 1999-2001 and will remain the most important areas of the Government's activity both in the short and medium term.

The most important priority of government policy in the social sphere is to increase investment in human capital, primarily education and healthcare. Since 2000, the federal budget has been increasing the amount of funds allocated to these areas every year. In this regard, one of the most important measures in education will be to increase the efficiency of the use of funds allocated for education from the budgets of all levels, to continue the experiment on the introduction of a unified state exam, in healthcare - to dismantle the program of compulsory medical and social insurance.

Important priorities of the Government's policy in the field of labor relations, employment and migration are the creation of modern labor legislation that meets the requirements of a dynamically developing market economy, the harmonization of interests of both employees and employers, and the creation of a civilized system for resolving labor disputes. The main step in this has already been taken - the Labor Code has been adopted. Important tasks are to put it into practice and encourage employers to improve labor protection.

In the context of the prevailing negative demographic trends (population aging, reduction in the share of the able-bodied population in the near future), the most important priority of government policy is to ensure a stable system of pension provision for the population with an increase in the real income of pensioners.

In the field of social support, among the most important priorities of the Government's activities have been and remain the reduction of poverty, strengthening the targeting of social support, ensuring effective protection of socially vulnerable families that do not have the ability to independently solve social problems, improving the efficiency of social services for the population, and solving problems of homelessness. In 2000 and 2001, the Government's policy in this area was aimed at increasing real incomes, supporting low-income families - wages of state employees and pensions of pensioners were repeatedly indexed.

In the field of economic modernization, the priority areas are measures to increase the investment attractiveness of the Russian economy, the final solution of the land issue, the continuation of the reform of natural monopolies, the creation of conditions for the widespread development of small businesses, and the implementation of banking reform. To stimulate the process of investment inflow, it is necessary to take a set of additional measures to improve the investment climate.

The adoption in 2001 of a number of amendments to corporate legislation, the development of bankruptcy and nationalization laws should strengthen the legislative foundations of the system for protecting the rights of owners.

In the coming years, the reform of corporate legislation is to be continued. Other important tasks are the adoption of measures to develop the stock and money markets, and the insurance services market. Their solution will make it possible to attract significant foreign financial resources to the economy, as well as, for the most part, the currently unused savings of Russian citizens.

The continuation of the tax reform launched in 2000-2001, aimed at further simplifying the tax system and reducing the tax burden, eliminating tax incentives, will the most important factor improving the investment climate. In the near future, a number of taxes will be reformed, including a simplified taxation system for small businesses and a real estate tax.

The process that directly affects the investment climate is the debureaucratization of the economy. The adoption in 2001 of a package of laws on the debureaucratization of the economy was a real step towards stimulating the development of small businesses. To make a breakthrough in this direction, the Government will implement programs to support small businesses and provide legal, information, technical and financial assistance.

In 2001, the main step was taken to resolve the land issue - the Land Code was developed and adopted, which regulates the circulation of non-agricultural land. One of the most important tasks in 2002 should be the adoption of a law on the circulation of agricultural land.

In addition, a number of normative acts are to be adopted to ensure the implementation of these two basic laws.

To date, the Government and the Central Bank have agreed on a strategy for the development of the banking sector of the Russian Federation. Its implementation will become one of the Government's priorities.

CONCLUSION

The problem of quality of life is a priority for solving socio-economic problems of any level.

The analysis showed that the concept of "quality of life" is a complex derivative of historical, geographical, economic, social and other factors that determine the position of a person in society. In the practical application of the concept of quality of life, it is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of "quality of life", "way of life", "conditions" and "standard of living". The quality of life shows the effectiveness of people's lifestyle. The level and conditions of life are structural components of the quality of life.

In accordance with the concept of quality of life, the main socio-economic goals of the country's development are formulated - ensuring the proper level and quality of life of the population and the comprehensive development of the individual. The population is considered as a consumer of goods and services created in the country, and the quality of life is considered as an indicator of its provision with infrastructure services and a measure of satisfaction of spiritual, intellectual and aesthetic needs.

The quality of life of the population is affected by state policy, regulation of economic processes.

State regulation of the economy requires high professionalism. Years of reforms have shown that in the period of transition to the market, competent regulation is especially important, since the state is the root cause of changes in the functioning of the economy. Decisions made by the government influence decisions made at the micro level.

The main task of the state is to keep golden mean» in the sphere of influence on the market economy, to enable small businesses to develop, to eliminate the increased taxation of citizens with low incomes.

In general, it is difficult to overestimate the role of the state in the economy. It creates conditions for economic activity, provides social protection for low-income segments of the population and promotes the development of market relations, which positively affects the measurement of the quality of life of the population.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Labor Code of the Russian Federation. No. 206-FZ of July 17, 2009 [Text].

Animtsa E.G., Yolokhov A.N., Sukhikh V.A. The quality of life of the population of the largest city. Part 1 - Yekaterinburg: Publishing house of the Ural State University of Economics, 2000 - 262 p.

Animitsa E.G., Yolokhov A.N., Sukhikh V.A. The quality of life of the population of the largest city. Part 2 - Yekaterinburg: Publishing House of the Ural State Economic University, 2000. - 300s.

Bulletin of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation and the Russian News Agency "Novosti", Standard of living and employment of the population, development of social sectors, Measures of socio-economic policy of the government of the Russian Federation in the near future // Bulletin of Economics - No. 14, July, 2002 – pp.7-11, 11-13, 49-51.

Lives and major socio-economic categories Coursework >> Economics

The components are included in this concept what indicators can be measured level life population etc. concept "level life population" applies to everything...

SOCIAL STATISTICS

The very first events. studied by statistics were questions of population as a biological population, i.e. issues of fertility, mortality., availability. These phenomena are now being investigated by population statistics.

Unlike population statistics, social statistics focuses on various aspects of living conditions.

Among the most significant areas of research are: the social and demographic structure of the population and its dynamics, the standard of living of the population, culture and education, moral statistics, public opinion, and political life.

Social statistics received "independence" one of the last. Despite the fact that it has a specific object of study, it is closely related to other areas of statistics.

UZH is the main indicator of social statistics.

The standard of living is understood as the provision of the population with the necessary material goods and services (well-being). The monetary value of goods and services that are actually consumed by an average statistical family during a certain period of time and correspond to a certain level of satisfaction of needs is the standard of living. If the life expectancy also includes the living conditions of the population (work, life, leisure, health, education), then the term quality of life is used.

UJ can be

the highest (goods without limitation); rich - (VTsIOM - $ 6000)

normal (rational consumption according to scientifically based standards that guarantee the full restoration of physical and intellectual strength); (average 5-6 cost of living)

· poverty (consumption of goods and services at the subsistence level as the lower limit of labor force reproduction) - the proportion of the population below the subsistence level (1999 - 34.1%);

· Poverty - below the physiological minimum (the minimum allowable set according to biological criteria to maintain human viability). According to the ILO definition, these are persons whose total income is 2 times lower than the subsistence minimum.

The main direction of social development is the increase in life expectancy.

Russia has never been one of the leaders in SL. Modern Russia is somewhere in the middle in terms of indices of social development and quality of life.

2. MEASUREMENT

There are various methods and various systems indicators of SL with different structure consumption. It is necessary to develop a unified methodology and structure so that it is possible to compare different periods time.

In the system "the main indicators of the standard of living in a market economy, developed by the Ministry of Economy in 1992, 7 sections are presented, covering 39 indicators:

1. General indicators (Criterion of standard of living, cost of living index, GDP, consumption fund, personal consumption fund per capita).

2. Income of the population (real income, disposable income, average income, average salary, average pension, allowances, scholarships).

3. Consumption and expenditures of the population (total consumption of goods by the population. Cash expenditures. Consumer expenditures, consumption of basic foodstuffs. Purchasing power of the average salary, pensions).

4. Monetary savings of the population.

5. Accumulated property and housing. (Property value. Availability of durable items. Housing conditions).

6. Social differentiation of the population. (Distribution by size of per capita, average total income. Consumption of the population with different levels of income. Structure of consumer spending. Dynamics of the cost of the actual and standard consumer basket, income differentiation coefficients..).

7. Low-income segments of the population.

Now ROSSTAT is working on a system of basic indicators of the standard of living. The following areas are expected -

1 macroeconomic indicators,

2 - characteristics of demographic and migration processes in society,

3- main characteristics of the state of health,

4- labor market,

5- income of the population,

6- socio-economic heterogeneity,

7- expenses, consumption and property of the population,

8- conditions and quality of life,

9 - consumer market of goods and services,

10- indicators of the time budget

One of the most important tasks of social statistics is the development of a generalized integral indicator of life expectancy.

According to UN experts, statistics has not yet discovered a rational way to combine established indicators into a single, comprehensive indicator. There are separate offers.

There is increasing recognition of the assessment of achieved LS by comparing its actual indicators with normative ones. For example, you can use the following calculation method:

1. By individual groups of goods and services to calculate individual SL equal to actual consumption per 1 person / standard consumption, with each actual consumption d.b.< нормативного (индивид.УЖ <= 1);

2. Calculation of the weighted average SL indicator from individual SL, where weight is the share of the cost of each actual consumption in the total cost of the normative set of goods and services.

It is difficult to study the dynamics of SL because the methodology, the territory of the country, the state structure, the structure of consumption were changing. To be able to compare indicators, it is necessary to recalculate at least the main macro indicators according to modern methodology.

At the moment, there are separate indicators of life expectancy without a qualitative analysis of them in dynamics. Some approximation to the generalized assessment of life expectancy in international practice has such an indicator as GDP per capita. Because in time it cannot be compared, then they resort to its relative characteristics: by comparing it with the US indicator. This is a common practice in international statistical comparisons.

A group of scientists commissioned by the UN rated the existence of people as more or less prosperous according to the following 12 parameters:

n Daily calories per person 2500 to 4000

n one set of kitchen utensils per household

n three changes of clothes and three pairs of shoes per person

n one hundred milliliters of purified water per day

n housing with an area of ​​at least 6 sq.m.

n full adult literacy and at least six years of education for children

n one radio per household

n one TV per 100 inhabitants

n one bike per household

n ten doctors and five hundred hospital beds per 100,000 inhabitants, $100 a year for medicines

n a job that makes it possible to support a family

n social security system for the sick, the disabled and the elderly

3. INCOME AND EXPENDITURE STATISTICS

Monetary income of the population - the main source of satisfaction of the personal needs of the population. They consist of - wages, - social transfers (pensions, scholarships, etc.), - property income in the form of interest on deposits, securities, dividends from business activities, from the sale of foreign currency, insurance compensation, loans a..)

The definition of income proposed in the UN SNA by J. Hicks is taken as the basis. Income is the maximum amount that can be spent on consumption during a certain period, provided that the equity capital of an economic entity does not decrease during this period.

Income can be:

cumulative- the total amount of cash and in-kind income, taking into account social funds,

nominal income.- the amount of accrued income,

disposable income - nominal income minus mandatory payments.

Also, total income. and RFP can be real, because they depend on the dynamics of prices for consumer goods. Real Income characterizes the amount of consumer goods that can be purchased with the final income of the population.

Purchasing power(PS)- the number of goods and services that can be purchased on average per capita income

Task. The nominal average monthly wage increased from 468 to 495 rubles, and payments from public funds per worker - from an average of 153 rubles. to 170 rubles, prices for goods and paid services increased by 3%.

Determine how the real salary has changed, taking into account payments.

Decision: (495+170)/ (468+153)=1.07 - change in nominal salary taking into account payments

Change in salary = 1.07/1.03 = 1.04 - change in real salary was 4%

About poverty statistics judges by the number and proportion of the population with incomes below the subsistence level.

To assess the level of concentration (not only income, but also other indicators, for example, the distribution of cities by population), graphical and analytical methods are used.

In a graphical representation, a Lorenz curve is built. With an analytical approach in world practice, the income concentration coefficient (Gini index) and the decile income concentration coefficient (DCR) are most widely used.

For the considered data (January-March 1999) we construct the Lorentz curve and calculate the Gini coefficient and DCD.

Population groups by income level	Population in %	Share of total income by group	Cumulative Totals	Income under even distribution
Population shares pi	Shares of total income qi
first (lowest income)	20%	6,1%	20,0%	6,1%	20,0%
second	20%	9,4%	40,0%	15,5%	40,0%
third	20%	13,1%	60,0%	28,6%	60,0%
fourth	20%	18,2%	80,0%	46,8%	80,0%
fifth (with the highest income)	20%	53,2%	100,0%	100,0%	100,0%
Total	100%	100%

Gini coefficient

G=(0.2*0.155+0.4*0.286+0.6*0.468+0.8*1)-(0.4*0.061+0.6*0.155+0.8*0.286+1*0.468 )

The standard of living is one of the most important social categories. The standard of living is understood as the level of well-being of the population, the consumption of material goods and services, and the degree of satisfaction of expedient vital needs. The standard of living of the population is determined by the level of income in comparison with the subsistence minimum and the consumer budget, the level of wages, the development of social infrastructure, government policy on income regulation, the influence of trade unions, the level of scientific and technical progress and other factors.

The cost of living is the monetary value of goods and services actually consumed in the average household over a certain period of time and corresponding to a specified level of satisfaction of needs. In a general sense, the term "standard of living of the population" is the concept of "quality of life". Therefore, the quality of life also includes the satisfaction of spiritual needs, conditions of life, work and employment, life and leisure, health, life expectancy, education, natural habitat, etc.

There are four living standards of the population:

1) prosperity (consumption of goods that ensure the complete formation of a person);

2) normal level (reasonable consumption according to scientifically proven standards, enabling a person to restore his physical and intellectual strength);

3) poverty (extremely insufficient consumption of goods for normal life);

4) poverty (the minimum consumption of goods that does not allow satisfying the most elementary physiological and social needs and makes it possible only to maintain human viability).

As a result of the transition to a market economy, there was a sharp decline in the standard of living of the population, and the differentiation of the population in terms of income increased. Raising the standard of living is a priority direction of social development.

The well-being of the people is the main criterion for progress. Since in a market economy the main condition is universal consumption, the consumer is the central figure around which everything revolves. Therefore, it is impossible to produce what will not be consumed.

The most important elements of the standard of living are the incomes of the population and its social security, its consumption of material goods and services, living conditions, and free time.

Generally speaking, living conditions can be divided into working, living and leisure conditions. Working conditions include factors of the working environment and the labor process (sanitary and hygienic, psycho-physiological, aesthetic and socio-psychological) that affect the worker's performance and health. Living conditions are the provision of housing for the population, its well-being, the development of a network of consumer services (baths, laundries, photo studios, hairdressers, repair shops, funeral services, rental offices, etc.), the state of public catering and trade, public transport, medical service. Leisure conditions are directly related to the use of people's free time. Free time is a part of non-working time that is used completely at one's own discretion, i.e. for the development of the individual, to better meet her social, spiritual and intellectual needs.

Three aspects of the standard of living study are likely:

1) in relation to the entire population;

2) to his social groups;

3) to households with different amounts of income.

Introduction…………………………………………………………………......................
1 Standard of living: concept, indicators, factors…………………………….
1.1 The concept of the level and quality of life………………………………..............
1.2 Main indicators of living standards………………………………………..
1.3 Factors that determine the standard of living…………………………...……
2 Analysis of living standards in the Republic of Belarus…..…………………..............
2.1 Dynamics of living standards in the Republic of Belarus……………………….
2.2 The role of the state in improving the standard of living in the Republic of Belarus..
2.3 Prospects and problems of improving the standard of living of the population in the Republic of Belarus……………………………………………………………...
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………
List of used sources…………………………………………..
Annex A Indicators of the dynamics of the standard of living of the population in the Republic of Belarus………………………………………......

INTRODUCTION

LIVING STANDARD, LIVING STANDARD INDICATOR, GDP, GDP PER CAPITA, POPULATION INCOME, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI), QUALITY OF LIFE, UNEMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT RATE.

Object of study the level and quality of life of the population.

Subject of study- Dynamics of the standard of living of the population in the Republic of Belarus.

Goal of the work: assess the standard of living in the Republic of Belarus and consider government measures to improve the standard of living of the population.

Improving the standard of living of the population is the most important task of the economic and social policy of any state. The priority of sustainable development of society, the main factor of reproduction is the man himself. Under these conditions, the role and importance of forecasting the standard of living of the population as the most important instrument of state regulation of social processes in the country, aimed at developing human potential, increases. The study of the standard of living of the population is a topical direction in the analysis of the socio-economic development of Belarus, since raising the level of well-being, improving the living conditions of various segments of the population are among the most important long-term priorities of the country's socio-economic development.

Socio-economic indicators are an integral part of social programs. They make it possible to assess the effectiveness of economic and social policies pursued by government bodies, and are used as a tool to measure the degree to which goals are achieved and the impact of economic reforms on the standard of living of the population. Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the chosen topic is relevant, because our well-being directly depends on the correct social policy of the state.

The object of this course work is the standard of living of the population of the Republic of Belarus.

The subject of the work is indicators and factors of the level and quality of life, the need and ways to improve the standard of living of the population of the Republic of Belarus.

The aim of the work is to study and comparative analysis of the main indicators of the standard of living of the population of the Republic of Belarus.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set:

1. define the level and quality of life;

2. to characterize the main indicators used in the analysis of the standard of living of the population;

3. to analyze the dynamics of the standard of living of the population and the factors of its growth in the Republic of Belarus.

The work of many economists has been devoted to the study of questions of raising living standards. A significant role in the development of their methodological foundations was played by the works of K. Marx. Research in this area was carried out by S.L. Brew, J.M. Keynes, F. Kotler, A. Maslow, S. Fisher, E. Engel, V. Pareto.

We also used data from the Bankovsky Bulletin, information and analytical Internet portals, minfin.gov.by, statistical and regulatory data from the Ministry of Statistics, the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus.

Standard of living: concept, indicators, factors

The concept of the level and quality of life

The standard of living of the population is one of the most important social categories. The concept of “standard of living of the population” is used all over the world. In world practice, this term was first proposed in 1954 by the UN Committee of Experts, and it was recommended that the standard of living of the population be understood as the actual living conditions of the population, grouped into 12 components. Along with the material and cultural conditions of life, the composition of the standard of living included health, employment, working conditions, the accumulation fund, and human freedoms.

During the existence of the Soviet Union, the concept of “standard of living of the population” was considered in a narrow and broad sense. The category "standard of living" in the narrow sense was understood as the achieved degree of material well-being and cultural development of the working people, reflected in the consumer budget of the population. In a broad sense, the standard of living was considered as the level of development and the degree of satisfaction of the needs of the population. In this case, we are talking not only about living conditions, but also about the life and development of people's abilities in comparison with their needs and interests.

The decline in the standard of living of the population in recent years has led to an increase in interest on the part of the state, the public and science in this problem. Disputes over the definition of the category "standard of living of the population" and its place and significance in the system of social relations continue at the present time. There are many definitions of the standard of living of the population used in official materials and scientific literature. Various approaches and methods have been developed for determining indicators that reflect economic and social aspects. Along with the concept of “standard of living of the population”, such concepts as “lifestyle of people”, “quality of life”, “lifestyle”, etc. are considered.

The study of various scientific assessments of the category "standard of living" made it possible to dwell on the following definition. The standard of living of the population is understood as the provision of the population with the necessary material and spiritual goods and services, the level of their consumption and accumulation, as well as the degree of satisfaction of socially recognized needs corresponding to the given socio-economic development of the country.

1. natural-material content (classification of consumed goods into material and spiritual);

2. reflection of the achieved level of provision and consumption of goods and services;

3. Characteristics of the level of satisfaction of people's needs for these goods and services.

The structure of the main components of the standard of living makes it possible to identify it with the level of well-being. The monetary value of the goods and services actually consumed in the average household during a certain period of time and corresponding to a certain level of satisfaction of needs, is the cost of living.

Four levels of living can be distinguished:

1. prosperity (the use of benefits that ensure the comprehensive development of a person);

2. normal level (rational consumption according to scientifically based standards, providing a person with the restoration of his physical and intellectual strength);

3. poverty (consumption of goods at the level of maintaining working capacity as the lower limit of labor force reproduction);

4. Poverty (the minimum allowable set of goods and services according to biological criteria, the consumption of which only allows to support human life).

The quality of life is a complex characteristic of the level, as well as the objective and subjective conditions of life of the population, which determine the physical, mental, socio-cultural development of a person, group or community of people.

The quality of life of the population of a given territory or state is determined by a number of economic, social, demographic, technogenic, geographical, environmental, political and moral factors.

Among the objective factors are:

food consumption;

employment rate;

Living conditions;

Development of the service sector;

education;

Social Security.

The main subjective factors are satisfaction with work and living conditions, the social status of the individual, the financial situation of the family and family relationships. Thus, the concept of quality of life includes all aspects of the interaction between man and the environment.

All indicators that quantify the various components of the quality of life can be conditionally divided into positive and negative.

Positive factors:

1. GDP per capita;

2. life expectancy;

3. maternal mortality rate;

4. share of public spending on health care;

5. the number of disabled people;

6. duration of the working week;

7. number of kilocalories consumed per capita, etc.

Negative indicators reflect a low quality of life, but are of great importance for analyzing its dynamics in countries whose population is still the vast majority in the world. These are indicators such as the number of cases of malnutrition, recorded primarily for children under 5 years of age; the proportion of families in the entire population that do not have access to safe water, which is calculated primarily for rural areas; the number and proportion of the population under 40 years of age; proportion of the population without access to health care or other basic social services.

This group of negative indicators also includes the level of environmental degradation in marginal areas, a comparison of the share of military spending in GDP with the share of military spending in the total state spending on education and health, which reveals the real burden of the population and the potential burden that reduces both the quality of life and its opportunities. raises.

Figure 1 - Classification of quality of life