Associated with the monolithic construction of buildings. Monolithic construction - pros and cons

Monolithic construction - one of the most promising technologies for the construction of buildings, incl. residential. The main advantages of houses built by this method are high speed of construction, flexibility in architectural and planning solutions and high resistance to adverse factors. environment.

By increasing the width of monolithic buildings (compared to others), it is possible not only to save materials, but also to reduce heat consumption for heating a house by 20-30%. A monolithic building has practically no seams, which also increases its heat and sound resistance. In combination with the use of efficient insulation, this allows you to improve the mode of operation of the house in winter time, reduce the mass and volume of enclosing structures (the thickness of walls and ceilings is significantly reduced).

Due to their technological features, monolithic houses are more resistant to the effects of adverse man-made and natural factors. Therefore, they are more durable: if the established design life of modern panel houses is 50 years, then those built using monolithic technology are at least 200.

In this article, we give our analysis of the effectiveness of the introduction of advanced technologies for the rapid construction of housing - monolithic construction in comparison with brick.

Overview of the technology of monolithic housing construction

The idea of ​​​​monolithic construction is simple - the foundations of houses are poured according to the same principle. On the scale of the building, this looks like the erection of structural elements from a concrete mixture using special formwork - directly on the construction site.

The first houses of this type appeared in Russia back in Stalin's times, but the "monolith" has become widespread in the last 10 years. It is expected that in Moscow this year 10-15% more "monoliths" will be built than panel buildings. The reason for this "expansion" was the undoubted advantages monolithic houses compared to panel and brick.

The word "monolith" itself is translated from Greek as a large object, a solid stone block or structure.

This technology, previously used only in industrial construction, is becoming more and more widespread in individual housing construction. Within the framework of this technology, two main directions can be distinguished: the use of collapsible formwork systems and fixed formwork made of expanded polystyrene.

Collapsible formwork is widely used in the construction multi-storey buildings residential and administrative purposes. There are two options for house designs performed in a similar way:

Structures with monolithic external walls, providing for additional insulation of facades (external), or placement of insulation inside the wall when pouring concrete into the formwork.

A monolithic load-bearing frame of a building with external (non-load-bearing) walls made of another material that has better heat-insulating properties than heavy concrete.

This technology is economically (for the cost of 1 m 2 total area at home) is effective only with significant volumes of construction, for example, when building several cottages or a cottage village. With regard to a separately built house, this method of construction does not have significant advantages over a brick house.

The main advantage of fixed formwork systems is their low weight, simple technology and the ability to build without the use of heavy equipment, which makes this technology popular among cottage owners. Non-removable formwork made of expanded polystyrene, which is a hollow polystyrene block consisting of two panels interconnected by jumpers made of polystyrene or other plastic, is widely used. After assembling parts of the wall from such elements, the cavity formed between the outer and inner panels is monolithic with reinforced concrete. Next, the next section of the wall is assembled, and the technological cycle is repeated. The advantage of this method is the possibility of obtaining in one technological cycle a multilayer wall structure with sufficient heat transfer resistance, and the formwork itself plays the role of a heater.

Expanded polystyrene is a combustible material, so special attention should be paid to the choice of finishing materials, both external and internal. For interior decoration usually used plasterboard sheets glued to polystyrene, or plaster materials designed to work on expanded polystyrene; the facade of the house is plastered or lined with slow-burning panel or tile materials.

The available statistics allow us to conclude that the construction of a building box using the described technology turns out to be cheaper than building a brick box by approximately 10 - 20% (depending on the design decision of the house and the accepted facade finishing option).

Heavy concrete has a low vapor transmission coefficient, as a result of which the issue of ensuring good air exchange and ventilation of the internal space in houses made of this material is particularly acute. As you know, the vapor transmission coefficient characterizes the ability of a material to pass gas and steam. In this regard, the best of the materials listed above is wood, so the comfort of living and the microclimate in wooden houses taken as a standard. Wooden walls provide additional intake of outside air (the house "breathes"). In houses with monolithic walls, this component is reduced to a minimum, which entails the need for constructive measures aimed at compensating for this shortcoming, up to the organization supply and exhaust ventilation, while usually only exhaust ventilation. Similar problems can arise when using polystyrene foam as a heater, which also has a low vapor permeability coefficient. Typically, firms offering fixed formwork technology from polystyrene solve these issues during the development of the project. Neglecting their recommendations means degrading the performance of such housing in advance.

Simplified, the technology of building a house in a monolithic way can be represented as follows. Directly on the construction site, special forms are mounted - formwork, repeating the contours of the future structural element, for example, walls, columns, and so on. According to the project, reinforcement is installed in the formwork of any kind and concrete is poured. Now two monolithic technologies are used: with panel formwork and with tunnel formwork. The latter makes it possible to obtain whole blocks of apartments and simultaneously build internal walls and ceilings - any in height, width and length. After that, it remains to build only the outer walls. Such houses can hardly be called elite in the full sense of the word because of their small footage: the area of ​​​​a one-room apartment in such a house is not so impressive - from 35 m.

Panel formwork is less fast, but more mobile. With its help, you can build frame-type buildings without beams. This opens up a lot of possibilities: you can build a building with any facade, any number of floors (and even different floors) and plan the apartments as the customer needs - any area and any number of rooms. The buyer of such an apartment has many options. You can buy it without partitions and trim. In this case, a lot of opportunities open up in the layout and decoration of the apartment exclusively to your own taste. You can make your suggestions and wishes regarding the interior, the number of rooms, partitions at different stages of building a house. Even if the buyer wants a multi-level apartment.

Next, a system of insulation, communications is installed (all electrical wiring in monolithic houses also done at the time of the formation of walls and ceilings, which minimizes the possibility of damage). External walls can be any - and brick, and panel, and hinged. The advantage of such houses is that they can be built even in the most densely populated city center, where panel or brick construction is simply not possible. Monolithic technology suggests the possibility of combining a monolith with a brick, to which everyone is so “attached” with their soul. In addition, the combination of concrete monolith - brick provides monolithic houses with 100% sound insulation.

As you know, it is worth doing fundamental repairs in panel or brick houses only after it shrinks, and for this, several years must sometimes pass. All this is irrelevant for a monolith: you can equip an apartment in such a house right away, while counting on many years to come. The same applies to the exterior design of the entire building. Precipitation does not affect monolithic houses; there are no joints between slabs, which are traditionally considered the weakest point in panel houses.

Everything new, especially today, when everyone strives to take care of their health, it is customary to carefully check for environmental friendliness and compliance with sanitary requirements. Requirements increase when it comes to a residential apartment. The entire world experience of monolithic construction suggests that monolithic housing does not give any negative influence on human health. Proof of this is the fact that today monolithic houses are being built in everyone, including the most highly developed countries of the world, including France, Great Britain, the USA, Sweden and many others. Not to mention the capitals - Moscow and St. Petersburg. Many of them are home to extremely wealthy people who are known to be very sensitive about their health. It should be assumed that their choice is not accidental.

If, in ecological terms, we compare monolithic housing construction and panel housing construction, then they practically do not differ in any way. And there, and there is the same concrete, in a monolithic house it is even less. Just one is poured in production, and the other - directly at the facility. In order to maximize the environmental situation in the apartment, monolithic houses are lined with bricks. This is not only beautiful, but also regulates the humidity inside the house: brick absorbs moisture better than concrete.

And one more important question: the cost of apartments in monolithic houses. The cost of a meter of living space in a monolithic house has long been comparable to the cost of a meter in a panel house. AT recent times apartments in panel houses are even more expensive. The cheapest, and therefore the most affordable monolithic houses, where the outer walls are formed from concrete panels. Sometimes, to save money and offer buyers more affordable housing, drywall is used to form the interior walls. But few people are attracted to living in a room with almost absolute acoustics, so buyers are forced to build brick walls on their own.

Comparing monolithic housing with brick, the following can be noted. Due to the porous structure of the brick, the best heat and sound insulation.

The most widespread are two types of bricks: ceramic (clay) and silicate, made from a lime-sand mixture with various additives.

Silicate brick is not very popular, because it absorbs moisture well and, as a result, has a relatively low frost resistance. In addition, silicate brick differs from ceramic brick in increased density and lower thermal insulation characteristics, wall structures are heavier, which requires the construction of a foundation of increased strength.

Clay bricks can be solid or hollow in structure. The voids in the material are organized during its formation and can be through or non-through. Hollow bricks are lighter than solid bricks, and their masonry has better thermal insulation properties. The reduction in the weight of the brick, due to the presence of voids, makes it possible to produce stones of a larger size than the standard one (250x125x65 mm). The use of one-and-a-half (250x125x88 mm) and double (250x125x138 mm) bricks makes it possible to reduce the consumption of masonry mortar, as well as to reduce the time required for the construction of walls.

A solid brick wall that meets the requirements of SNiP II-3-79, even when using only hollow large-format bricks, should have a thickness of 0.8 - 0.9 m. At the same time, the structural strength of the enclosing structures of a 1-3-story building is achieved when significantly thinner walls. There are several ways to minimize the amount of material used while maintaining structural strength and the required thermal insulation characteristics of the structure.

The use of large-format blocks of porous ceramics with specially organized voids. The presence of micropores reduces the density and improves the thermal insulation characteristics of ceramics. Wherein strength characteristics such products are sufficient for the construction of load-bearing wall structures. The use of such materials allows you to meet the latest requirements construction heat engineering with a wall thickness of 51 - 64 cm.

The use of well masonry with subsequent filling of the resulting cavities with an effective insulation. Between the outer (facade) masonry, the thickness of which, as a rule, is 125 mm, and the inner (bearing), the thickness of which is chosen from structural considerations (most often 250 mm), connections from brick dressings are organized. This design allows you to reduce the consumption of bricks, and the insulation placed inside the wall provides the necessary thermal properties. The total thickness of such walls can be 51 - 64 cm (depending on the thickness of the insulation used).

Application various systems external insulation of facades. In this case, the thickness of the masonry and the material (type and grade of brick) are selected only for reasons of structural strength, and the required level of thermal insulation is provided by the insulation system. The total thickness of the wall structure with the insulation system can be 40 - 45 cm.

The use of new brands of bricks with a reduced bulk density and, as a result, a low coefficient of thermal conductivity.

The disadvantages include only the fact that it takes much more time to build a brick house compared to panel and monolithic ones. But brick houses are rarely built in the capital today. Even when investors describe in their advertising brochures brick house, in practice it turns out that this is a brick-monolithic structure.

Now the so-called elite houses are being built from "pure" brick - as a rule, low-rise buildings, according to individual projects. They are built mainly in the central, prestigious part of the city and the best way fit into the historical building.

Rational areas of application of monolithic housing construction are regions with difficult geological conditions, mainly in the southern seismic regions of the country.

Thus, summing up, it can be noted that the essence of monolithic housing construction, we can name some of the most significant advantages of monolithic technology over traditional panel and brick housing construction:

- Life time monolithic house ranges from 150 to 300 years, and its design features make it possible to withstand an earthquake with a force of up to 8 points.

- Each monolithic house has an individual facade (external walls can be any - panel, brick or hinged).

- Free layout of apartments, combining several apartments.

- Monolithic houses are easier to reconstruct to extend their life cycle.

- High construction speed: you can build up to one floor per day.

- Regulatory load on interfloor ceilings(600 kg per square meter) is three times higher than in a panel house, which allows you to install heavy household equipment (saunas, mini-pools).

Calculation of economic and environmental indicators from the introduction of monolithic housing construction technology

An analysis of literary sources showed that monolithic housing construction, in terms of most technical and economic indicators, has advantages over brick housing construction, and in some cases with large-panel housing construction: one-time costs for creating a production base are 35% less than in brick housing construction and 40% less than in large-panel housing construction. -45%; steel consumption in structures is reduced by 7-25% compared to large-panel (savings increase as the number of storeys and seismic activity of the construction area increase); steel consumption for formwork, taking into account the turnover of forms, is reduced by 1.5 kg per 1 m 2 of the total area in prefabricated structures to 1 kg in monolithic ones. Energy costs for manufacturing and construction monolithic structures reduced by 25-35% compared to prefabricated and brick: labor costs are reduced by an average of 25-30%, and construction time is reduced by 10-15% compared to brick. The cost of construction, taking into account buildings by number of storeys, architectural and planning solution and acting than on materials and structures, is on average 10% lower than brick, and 5% than large-panel.

The disadvantages of monolithic housing construction are the higher duration of construction (20%) compared to large-panel housing construction and labor intensity at the construction site (25-30%) with the same indicators of total labor costs, the rise in the cost of concrete work at low temperatures.

To assess the economic efficiency of monolithic construction, we compare the costs of building a monolithic house with a brick and panel house.

Estimated structure of the cost of construction of panel and monolithic houses for 1 sq. m. usable area, US dollar

Expenditures
city ​​compensation
IRD + design
Compensation to the customer
Loan interest

The remaining cost components in the aggregate (including IRD, design, CMP, payment for customer services, etc.) can be estimated as follows: for a panel house - about $ 642, for a monolithic house - $ 793 per 1 sq. m of usable area, and for brick - $ 850 per 1 sq. m. m usable area.

The approximate structure of the total cost of housing for the developer in value and percentage terms is presented in the table. Thus, the total minimum cost of 1 sq. m usable area finished house for the developer is $967 for a panel house, $1,064 for a monolithic house, and $1,193 for a brick house.

Now let's calculate the minimum possible price at which the developer is willing to sell apartments. The rate of return (the ratio of net profit to revenue) required for business development and compensation for the high risks of an investment and construction project (liquidity risk, long technological cycle, etc.) averages 15-30%.

For this example, let's take the minimum rate of return (15%). We get that the minimum economically advantageous price of housing for a developer is $11,064.5 in a standard panel house, and $1,129 per 1 sq. m. in a monolithic house. m, and in brick - 1612.9 dollars per 1 sq. m.

Thus, it can be seen that in terms of costs, monolithic construction is more profitable than brick construction by about 15%.

Assessment of the competitiveness of the technology of monolithic construction of housing

In the regions where the housing market is developing (or it has already taken shape), in order to ensure the competitiveness of construction, construction companies are switching (switched) to monolithic housing construction. At the same time, despite the investments at the first stage (one-time purchase of a formwork kit for the construction of several houses, project implementation), the result, as a rule; the cost of the final product - an apartment (1 sq. m of housing) is reduced by 28-43% and this is not the limit of the possible.

I. The main advantage of monolithic housing construction:

Performing work 1 time, i.e. at the construction site. With a prefabricated version, this is done almost 2 times (construction + plant with its own structure);

Decrease in material consumption. It is possible to use external walls made of effective insulation to the height of the floor, which are being built on monolithic slab floors supported by load-bearing columns instead of load-bearing internal and external walls made of heavier material; at the same time, the weight of the building (structure), including foundations, is reduced to 30%;

Freedom in choosing a layout;

Possibility of making monolithic structures with high quality works reduces the number of finishing works;

When using industrial methods for arranging partitions, floors, plumbing and electrical work, labor intensity in general during the construction of a house is reduced by 50%;

There is ample opportunity without any cost to diversify the architecture of the building as a whole.

The above lists only a small part of the factors that affect the technological process when making a decision on monolithic housing construction.

II. A significant factor hindering the introduction of monolithic housing construction is:

The absence in most regions of specialists trained for this work in design institutes;

Monopolization of housing construction in certain regions, while the economic factor does not matter. Prices for 1 sq. m of housing are unreasonably overstated during the sale, i.е. are shifted onto the shoulders of tenants - both irrational costs for builders and high operating costs in the future;

The existing type of orientation of the costly construction mechanism is still essential in the transition to a cheaper method of housing construction.

Many construction firms include factories for reinforced concrete, KPD and for the production of sand-lime bricks, which do not allow abandoning the established traditional methods of construction.

The factors “for” and “against” are not equivalent upon detailed consideration, as a result, the volume of monolithic housing construction in various regions of the Russian Federation is growing every year.

Thus, it can be stated that the prospects for the development of prefabricated-monolithic housing construction are quite optimistic. However, the efficiency of monolithic housing construction could be much higher with the full use of all reserves both in design and construction.

It can hardly be considered acceptable if designers overestimate the cost of reinforcing steel, which in some projects reach up to 200 kg / cu. m walls, unnecessarily increase the thickness of the structure, although the cost of steel and concrete in market conditions are not efficiency criteria in themselves, however, their consumption ultimately significantly affects the cost. Planning solutions are not always technologically advanced. Composite materials, modified concretes are practically not used.

A comparative analysis of groups of prefabricated monolithic and large-panel residential buildings, designed in accordance with current standards, showed that at a cost of 1 sq. m living area of ​​the apartment, they are competitive, and the calculation did not take into account such factors as transportation costs, saving territory on the master plan, the cost of renting land by large-panel housing construction plants, the cost of sophisticated automated production equipment, including electronic devices management, etc.

Calculations made back in 1980-1990. a number of specialists (Y. Rekitar - "NIIES", M. Lyubimova, E. Altshuller - "TsNIIEP housing", etc.), determined the effect of using a monolithic method of building residential buildings in 20-30% compared with large-panel housing construction, the same the effect is given by accounting for one-time costs for organizing the production of monolithic construction. Taking into account the increased level of technology of monolithic housing construction, it is possible to predict an increase in this effect up to 40%.

In the period up to 2013, the types of residential buildings of the following structural systems should be considered the most effective:

• Cross-wall with load-bearing or non-bearing outer walls;
• cross-wall with non-bearing outer walls;
• · beamless frame with non-load-bearing outer walls;
• · mixed systems, in particular, a combination of orthogonal sections of houses of large-panel housing construction series with complex corner and rotary sections in a monolithic design.

With these systems of prefabricated monolithic houses, the cost of prefabricated products, mainly used to form external walls, averages 20% of the total cost of building structures, and in terms of volume reaches 5% of the total volume of building structures. In general, the cost of all structures in prefabricated-monolithic residential buildings does not exceed 50% of the total cost of construction and installation works.

A good solution would be to conduct continuous monitoring of prefabricated-monolithic housing construction using the basic provisions of MS ISO 9000 in all its areas, including the organization of the construction process, concrete work technology, the use of modified concrete, modern chemical additives.

To improve the quality of construction, it is necessary to strengthen control over the quality of projects for the production of works and compliance with its provisions during the construction of buildings. When developing production projects construction works it is reasonable to use intra-construction transport, keeping in mind that during the period under review, tower cranes and concrete pumps will still remain the main means of supplying concrete.

The design and construction of prefabricated-monolithic residential buildings should be developed in the direction of maximizing the use of heat-saving layered external walls using reinforced concrete thin-walled shells in the form: with a wide step of transverse walls - the formwork left for external load-bearing walls, and with a small step and a frameless frame - screens that protect the main body of the wall is made of lightweight concrete products (aerated concrete and other blocks) from atmospheric influences. The widespread use of external wall structures with ventilated facades requires additional research, including structural and economic ones.

CONCLUSION

Thus, the following conclusions can be drawn.

The essence of monolithic housing construction, we can name some of the most significant advantages of monolithic technology over traditional panel and brick housing construction:

The service life of a monolithic house is from 150 to 300 years, and its design features make it possible to withstand an earthquake of up to 8 points.

Each monolithic house has an individual facade (external walls can be any - panel, brick or hinged).

Free layout of apartments, combining several apartments.

Monolithic houses are easier to reconstruct to extend their life cycle.

High construction speed: up to one floor per day can be built.

The normative load on interfloor ceilings (600 kg per square meter) is three times higher than in a panel house, which allows the installation of heavy household equipment (saunas, mini-pools).

In apartments that are located in houses made of monolith, it is warmer in winter and cooler in summer. This balance is achieved not only thanks to the successful modern technology construction, but also with the help of the latest technical achievements: central air conditioning, individual heating point, etc., which is an integral part of luxury homes. Housing of the middle class (increased comfort) is being built without additional expensive amenities and at first glance differs from an apartment in a panel high-rise building only in a more successful layout of the dwelling. But in a monolithic house, almost any redevelopment is possible; even at the construction stage, you can offer the investor your own planning project.

Construction technology allows you to build houses in a fairly short time, which is an undoubted advantage. The basis of the monolithic casting technology is reinforcement and formwork. Applying them, it is much more difficult to make a mistake and allow a marriage. The seismically stable structure keeps the shape of the house firmly, the walls are smoother, the ceiling and floor, cast from concrete, are devoid of seams and voids and provide good sound insulation. In order to improve the environmental performance of the inherently concrete box, designers in such buildings provide brick partitions. Often the interior walls are also made of brick.

The advantages of monolithic housing construction should also include the ability to obtain a variety of volumetric solutions at minimal cost, improve the performance of buildings. At the same time, the investment cycle is reduced (design of buildings and production base - creation of a base - construction).

The disadvantages of monolithic housing construction are a higher construction time (+ 15%) compared to large-panel housing construction and labor intensity at the construction site, excluding reinforced concrete plants (20-25%) with the same indicators of total labor costs, an increase in the cost of concrete work at low temperatures.

Monolithic housing construction is a modern building technology that makes it possible to construct buildings of any number of storeys and shapes in the shortest possible time, and almost anywhere, even in the city center.

The advantages of this housing construction technology are the ability to create free layouts with large spans and the required ceiling height. The ability to create any curvilinear shape expands the variety of architectural forms in the design of unique buildings.
The layout of the interior of monolithic houses is not limited, as in panel housing construction, by the size of factory panels, and can take into account the wishes of the customer as much as possible.
The process of building a monolithic house consists of several stages. On the site of the future house, special forms (formwork) are mounted that follow the contours of the building element (walls, beams, etc.). Reinforcement is installed in them and concrete is poured. After the concrete has hardened, a finished building element is obtained. Formwork elements are dismantled (collapsible formwork) or become part of the wall (fixed formwork).
Monolithic houses have very good rigidity indicators. These are one of the most reliable and durable buildings that have practically no seams, which also increases the performance of heat and sound resistance.
Possibility of erection monolithic walls and floors of smaller thickness reduces the load on the foundation, which leads to a reduction in the cost of its installation. For the most part, monolithic houses are high-rise. Monolithic houses occupy the market price niche of low-cost housing or housing for the middle class.
For internal walls in a monolithic house, aerated concrete, drywall and other similar materials are used, which makes it possible to make the walls thin enough. It turns out that brick houses that are identical on the outside and brick-monolithic ones have different usable areas inside: apartments in monolithic houses are more spacious.
In panel buildings, the walls are also not thick, however, for example, drywall absorbs sound better. On the other hand, heavy furniture cannot be attached to such a wall.

In terms of construction speed, the monolithic method occupies an intermediate position between prefabricated (panel) and brickwork. The fastest way to build - panel. Therefore, if a panel is chosen for the outer walls, the construction is a little slower than when building a panel house. If a brick is selected, the construction is completed a little faster than the construction of a similar house from one brick.
The speed of construction also depends on the amount of formwork - how many structures are in operation at the same time and how complex they are. If safety precautions and the size of the house allow, work on building up the frame and facing it with bricks or hanging panels can be carried out in parallel - then the process goes faster.
The construction of a monolithic house is less dependent on suppliers of building materials, since the main component is concrete.
Depending on the wall material used (brick or panel), the architectural appearance of the house will vary. Today, factories produce facing bricks of any color and shape, which allows architects not to curb their imagination in the process of developing a project.
In a monolithic house there will never be cracks in the ceiling - it is not for nothing that the technology is called seamless. In addition, on gypsum walls and ceilings, the finish holds better and longer.
A house built using monolithic technology is considered stronger than any other. In the event of soil subsidence, a brick house can collapse, while a monolithic one can be strengthened.

Any prefabricated structure is inferior to a monolith in terms of freedom of planning - the scope of imagination is limited only by the frame and outer walls. Partitions inside the apartment can not be set at all. The spans between the reinforcing "columns" reach 9 meters. Monolithic reinforced concrete is the only building material that only gets stronger over time.
Also, monolithic technology allows for more free and attractive layouts, and allows you to raise the ceiling to any height, but if the outer walls are made of a panel, the ceiling height will correspond to the size of this panel.
For the price, monolithic houses are in an intermediate niche between a cheap panel and an expensive brick. Square meter in a panel-monolithic house without interior decoration it costs about the same as a "square" in a panel house, but with a fine finish. The cost of an apartment in a brick and brick-monolithic house is approximately the same.

Advantages of monolithic construction

First and most important, monolithic low-rise construction can significantly reduce the time and cost of building construction. In this case, the production step building materials at the factory is lowered, all monolithic construction work is transferred directly to the construction site, labor costs are carried out once. There are many more stages of prefabricated construction. In Europe, prefabricated houses are built very rarely, as their economic efficiency is recognized as very low.

With monolithic construction, fixed formwork allows you to design and erect buildings of absolutely any geometry, change them or add new elements without significant downtime, while factory technologies for the production of building materials do not allow you to quickly deviate from norms, standards and standard sizes.

A monolithic cottage or house is 15-20% lighter than a brick, and even more so stone counterpart. The technology of casting into fixed formwork allows to reduce the thickness of the walls, while maintaining the desired thermal insulation qualities. Accordingly, a lighter building requires a lighter foundation, which also contributes to savings.

In addition, a decrease in the thickness of the walls of cottages made of monolithic concrete in polystyrene formwork leads to the release of space. Due to the fact that the thickness of a monolithic concrete wall is 2.5 times thinner than a brick wall, the interior space of the house measuring 10 x 10 m is 15 square meters larger. m. You get additional space the size of a small room.

The heat-insulating properties of expanded polystyrene are widely known. According to these characteristics, a monolithic wall with a thickness of 0.3 m (0.15 m of concrete + 0.15 m of expanded polystyrene) is equal to a brick wall with a thickness of 2.3 m. Monolithic houses are warm in winter and cool in summer. Due to this, the cost of heating in winter and air conditioning in summer will be reduced by 3-3.5 times.

Monolithic construction of cottages takes place in such a way that walls and ceilings require minimal finishing. All surfaces are perfectly even and smooth, and with strict adherence to technology, the duration of “wet processes” is significantly reduced.

The construction of monolithic concrete provides an almost complete absence of joints and seams. This increases the sound and dust resistance of the premises, while the service life of monolithic structures is more than 150 years.

In houses built using monolithic technology, due to the uniform distribution of the load, there are practically no risks of collapse, cracks and weaknesses. The whole structure settles evenly. The house is ready for occupancy immediately after the completion of construction work, there is no need to wait 1-2 years, as in the construction of wooden houses.

Monolithic works much easier than, say, traditional concrete block or stone work. Blocks are mounted by hand, and delivered and transferred without the use of heavy equipment.

Individual monolithic construction is a free layout, any architectural forms and combinations of materials for interior and exterior finish.

Expanded polystyrene does not emit toxic substances, is absolutely environmentally friendly and safe for human health.

We have given here far from all the reasons why this particular technology should be preferred. During the construction process and further during operation, you will repeatedly make sure that decision. However, we would not be atypical builders if we only cited the benefits in this article. We promised you to tell you honestly about all the intricacies of building houses using the technology of monolithic casting of concrete, fixed formwork. So here are the disadvantages:

Disadvantages of monolithic construction

Until recently, it was difficult to build a monolithic house in our country due to the lack of high-quality formwork, as well as due to adverse weather conditions that make it difficult to work with concrete. But over time, concrete production technologies are being improved and make it possible to obtain a material with the desired qualities. Nevertheless, a number of difficulties arise when working with monolithic concrete.

Firstly, all work is carried out on an open-air construction site. This means that rain, snow, severe frost and other natural factors will hinder the production of monolithic structural elements. It is especially difficult to carry out the construction of monolithic houses in winter and during periods of instability in air temperature, when scaffolding and towers become wet and slippery.

However, construction companies engaged in monolithic construction have the knowledge to reduce the negative impact of the environment on concrete.

The cost of monolithic houses is higher than the cost of foam block houses or gas silicate block due to the materials used and the complexity of the process. However, it should be noted that for this money you get a house with higher strength and quality characteristics.

There are two types of construction: actually monolithic and prefabricated monolithic buildings and constructions. In buildings of a prefabricated monolithic type, load-bearing elements are created as a monolith, and the outer walls are made of bricks or panels. It is worth noting that a brick can increase the consumer properties of a structure, however, the panels are deprived of such a plus, since as a result seams and other problems inherent in large-slit panel structures are created.

Construction process monolithic building contains the following stages: delivery and preparation of concrete (grades 200-400), formwork preparation and concrete laying. If it is possible to equip a concrete unit exactly on the construction site, then this makes all the work of building a building easier.

monolithic walls.Formwork for monolithic construction

Nowadays, in the construction of low-rise buildings are often used monolithic concrete walls. This was due to the introduction of industrial formwork systems and the existence of many methods of monolithic construction. It should be noted that the technology of precast concrete, to put it simply, divides the structure into separate structural elements that are produced at the factory, and the installation takes place directly on the construction site. All of the above significantly increases the cost of building a building.

However, when using a monolithic construction method, the building is a single structure that works like spatial structure, where it is not necessary to correlate the load-bearing walls in height. As a result, the building can be thought of as a construction of honeycombs, which together are unified system. When constructing the walls of a low-rise building, a prefabricated panel or fixed formwork is used.

Monolithic walls, removable formwork

In terms of construction, there are three types of monolithic concrete exterior walls that are built in removable formwork: the difference between the types is in the outer layer of a three-layer monolithic wall, that is, the layer can be monolithic, brick or plaster, which consists of polymeric materials.

Monolithic walls - monolithic layer

The three-layer monolithic carrier system with an outer monolithic layer is produced directly on the construction site during the construction of the building. From the point of view of technology, the specificity of this type is due to the placement of a thermal package in the formwork before the process of synchronous concreting of the outer and inner layers of the wall. In terms of thickness, the outer layer must be from 70 mm, and the inner layer from 160. The reinforcing cages of the concrete layers of the wall are connected by means of a knitting wire along the height of the floor in three layers. The difference in insulation thickness depends on the climate at the place of construction of the building.

Monolithic walls - brick layer

The option with a brick outer coating is carried out in stages:

1. First of all, an internal monolithic layer 160 mm thick is created, a heater is attached to it;
2. Then comes the connection of reinforcing outlets from the inner concrete layer with brickwork;
3. Next, concrete work is carried out to create the inner layer of the wall, the reinforcing outlets are bent;
4. Then, after removing the formwork, they are unbent and a heater is placed on them.

Monolithic walls - a layer of plaster

The view of a three-layer monolithic load-bearing wall with an outer coating of polymer plaster is created according to this algorithm:

1. First, a monolithic layer of the wall is erected, to which a heater is attached;
2. Then a layer of polymer plaster is laid on a synthetic mesh.

Monolithic walls, fixed formwork

Technology of monolithic construction "Izodom"

Such walls can be made, for example, according to the Izodom system. In this system, an economical construction technology was used, which gives the outer walls good thermal properties. The formwork is made of non-combustible polystyrene foam.

This technology is based on the so-called hollow blocks (modules) with a thickness of 150, 200, 250 mm. They are small boxes with a missing bottom with a tongue-and-groove system of locks at the top and bottom: it allows you to securely fasten the blocks to each other. During the assembly of the wall structure, it is reinforced and then poured with concrete. The wall does not need additional insulation due to the fact that the structure, represented by a fixed formwork, already contains insulation.

At the moment, there are such types of modules as a wall module, a corner module, a rotary module, a floor support module and a corrector module. Wall blocks of various series differ in the thickness of the outer walls - it can be from 50 to 150 mm - this makes it possible to build residential buildings in different climate conditions. Thus, a wall 25 cm thick has a thermal resistance of 3.18 sq. C / W and is 15 cm monolithic reinforced concrete and 10 cm of insulation.

The construction of monolithic walls according to the Izodom system is carried out sequentially and contains three stages:

1. Fragments of the wall from fixed formwork blocks are being installed on this foundation;
2. Then the reinforcement is laid;
3. Next, the internal cavity of the polystyrene blocks is filled with concrete.

The special structure of the locks ensures easy and precise connection of the blocks and prevents the concrete from flowing out.

The formwork has an absolutely flat surface, which is ready for finishing. various materials. It is attached with an adhesive composition with polystyrene or mechanically attached to the concrete layer by means of anchors. The installation of walls does not require any specialized construction equipment or a highly qualified work team.

Interior decoration is carried out by classical methods: plaster on a reinforcing mesh or drywall on ordinary adhesive mastic.

There are the following options for monolithic construction of buildings:

• Front plaster on a grid;
• Siding panels;
• Brick cladding and others.

Technology of monolithic construction "Veloks"

Also, one of the most relevant technologies for monolithic construction in fixed formwork is the Velox system. From the Latin "Velox" is translated as "quick" or "fast". This technology was produced in Austria, but it is also successful in our country.

From the design point of view, Velox fixed formwork consists of chip-cement slabs, which are installed parallel to each other and fastened with wire ties. The fixed formwork of the external and internal walls, using ordinary screeds and nails, is manually set along the belts to the height of the floor. After that, on temporary racks and beams, which are edged boards, the floor formwork is installed by hand (Velox hollow boxes or ordinary Velox WS35 slabs) and reinforcement is placed.

Then the concrete work begins. The whole structure of fixed formwork is poured in two stages with a concrete mixture and the floor can be considered finished. The monolithic technology of building houses makes it possible to increase profitability up to one and a half times relative to traditional types of construction. This is due to the fact that Velox is very technologically advanced, has a rather big pace, is easy to organize and requires the least use of heavy construction equipment.

External walls are subjected to plaster, which is a thin layer of cement-lime mortar, or they are finished with other facade materials. Internal walls are either exposed to gypsum plaster or finished with gypsum boards.

When using this construction technology, the design and assembly of buildings can be compared with the Lego constructor. "Veloks" is maximally unified and defined by the smallest number of types of structural elements and assemblies. A layer of insulation is glued to the outer, street, formwork slab. The thickness of this layer is determined taking into account regulatory requirements in heat engineering. Under the condition of using lightweight concrete (polystyrene concrete or foam concrete), thermal insulation will be the same without additional insulation.

The walls are assembled starting from the corner of the building, installing external formwork plates, connected by means of nails 10 cm long at three points at different angles. After that, the installation of double-sided metal ties is carried out. The first formwork slab is installed 5 cm further from the corner, the remaining slabs - with a gap that allows you to place at least four screeds per linear meter.

The inner formwork slab is fixed into the screed. The upper and lower belt screeds are placed apart.

After the installation of fixed formwork is completed, concrete is poured to a height of 400-450 mm. The second and subsequent rows along the height of the wall are made in the same way. Vertical reinforcement and, if necessary, ventilation and sewage pipes are placed in the formwork.

In parallel with the installation of walls, openings for doors and windows are provided. They are formed from three sides with slabs by fixing them to the walls of the formwork with nails (three nails per slab).

The most significant advantages of Velox technology can be considered:

• Use of natural and ecological materials;
• The simplest mechanism for the implementation of work on the construction site;
• Lack of stationary lifting equipment (tower or truck cranes);
• The ability to create various load-bearing and enclosing structures using concreting in fixed formwork;
• Relatively small weight of structural elements - no more than 25 kg./em.