Non-verbal communication in professional activity. Non-verbal communication in profession and hobby. Non-verbal communication of a woman

TEST

discipline Business communication

on the topic "Non-verbal means of communication"

Chelyabinsk - 2010.

Introduction………………………………………………………………….....3

1.Characteristics of the system of non-verbal means of communication…………....5

2. Functions of non-verbal means of communication……………….…………....10

3. Analysis of existing stereotypes in understanding the non-verbal behavior of a business communication partner……………………….…………...21

Conclusion………………………………………………………………...22

List of used literature…………………………………....24

Introduction

people can exchange different types information on different levels understanding. It is known that communication is not limited to oral or written messages. In this process, emotions, manners of partners, gestures play an important role. Psychologists have found that in the process of human interaction, from 60 to 80% of communications are carried out through non-verbal means of expression, and only 20-40% of information is transmitted using verbal ones. These data make us think about the importance of non-verbal communication for mutual understanding of people, pay special attention to the meaning of human gestures and facial expressions, and also give rise to a desire to master the art of interpreting this special language that we all speak without even realizing it.

A feature of non-verbal language is that its manifestation is due to the impulses of our subconscious, and the lack of the ability to fake these impulses allows us to trust this language more than the usual verbal communication channel.

The success of any business contact largely depends on the ability to establish trusting contact with the interlocutor, and such contact depends not so much on what you say, but on how you carry yourself. That is why special attention should be paid to the manner, posture and facial expressions of the interlocutor, as well as to how he gesticulates.

Understanding the language of facial expressions and gestures allows you to more accurately determine the position of the interlocutor. By reading gestures, you provide feedback that plays a decisive role in the holistic process of business interaction, and the set of gestures is an important part of such communication. You will be able to understand how what you say is met - with approval or hostility, the interlocutor is open or closed, busy with self-control or bored,

Knowing the language of gestures and body movements allows not only to better understand the interlocutor, but also (more importantly) to foresee what impression he heard on him even before he speaks on this issue.

In other words, such wordless language can alert you to whether you need to change your behavior or do something else in order to achieve the desired result.

1.Characteristics of the system of non-verbal means of communication.

A feature of non-verbal language is that its manifestation is due to the impulses of our subconscious, and the lack of the ability to fake these impulses allows us to trust this language more than the usual verbal communication channel. Non-verbal communication usually occurs spontaneously. We usually formulate our thoughts in the form of words, but our postures, facial expressions and gestures arise involuntarily, in addition to our consciousness. Although non-verbal communication is often an unconscious process, it is currently well understood and can be successfully controlled to achieve the desired effect.

So to non-verbal means communication can include non-reflexive listening, visual contact, postures and gestures, relative position in space, pauses, taking notes (during a business conversation), etc.

Non-verbal behavior is directly related to the mental states of a person and serves as a means of expressing them. With a blink of an eye, a nod of the head, a wave of the hand, we convey our feelings faster and better than we would do it with words.

Non-reflective listening consists in the ability to be silent, not interfering with the speech of the interlocutor with his remarks, without interrupting him. It is expedient in situations where the interlocutor: 1) is eager to speak out; 2) wants to discuss what worries him most; 3) hardly talks about his worries and problems; 4) occupies a higher position.

facial expressions- movements of the muscles of the face, and this is the main indicator of feelings. Studies have shown that with a motionless or invisible face of the interlocutor, up to 10-15% of information is lost. Main characteristic facial expressions is its integrity and dynamism. This means that in the facial expression of the six basic emotional states (anger, joy, fear, sadness, surprise, disgust), all facial muscle movements are coordinated. And although each mine is a configuration of the entire face, the main informative load is borne by the eyebrows and lips.

Sight, or visual contact is an essential element of communication. Looking at the speaker means not only interest, but also helps us focus on what we are being told. Communicating people usually look into each other's eyes for no more than 10 seconds. If we are looked at a little, we have reason to believe that we or what we say are treated badly, and if there is too much, this may be perceived as a challenge or a good attitude towards us. In addition, it has been observed that when a person lies or tries to hide information, his eyes meet the eyes of a partner for less than 1/3 of the conversation time. The American psychologists R. Exline and L. Winters proved that the gaze is connected with the process of utterance formation. When only a person forms a thought, he often looks to the side, “into space”, when the thought is completely ready - at the interlocutor.

According to its specificity, a look can be:

Business - when the gaze is fixed on the forehead of the interlocutor, this implies the creation of a serious atmosphere of business partnership.

Social - the gaze is concentrated in a triangle between the eyes and the mouth, this contributes to the creation of an atmosphere of easy secular communication.

Intimate - the gaze is not directed into the eyes of the interlocutor, but below the face - to chest level. Such a look indicates a great interest in each other in communication.

A sidelong glance is used to convey interest or hostility. If it is accompanied by slightly raised eyebrows or a smile, it indicates interest. If it is accompanied by a frowning forehead or lowered corners of the mouth, this indicates a critical or suspicious attitude towards the interlocutor.

With the help of the eyes, the most accurate signals about the state of a person are transmitted. At daylight pupils can constrict and dilate depending on how the attitude and mood of a person changes, and this is not amenable to conscious control. If a person is excited or interested in something, or is in high spirits, his pupils dilate 4 times compared to the normal state. An angry, gloomy mood makes the pupils constrict. Experiments with experienced card players have shown that few players win if their opponents wear dark glasses. It has been observed that Aristotle Onassis wore dark glasses when negotiating business deals so that his eyes would not betray his thoughts.

Pose is the position of the body. Human body able to take about 1000 stable different positions. She shows how this person perceives his status in relation to the status of those present.

In studies conducted by V. Schubts, it was revealed that the main semantic content of the posture is the individual's placement of his body in relation to the interlocutor. This placement indicates either closeness or a disposition for communication.

A pose in which a person crosses his arms and legs is called a closed position. A closed posture is perceived as a posture of distrust, disagreement, opposition, criticism. Moreover, about a third of the information perceived from such a posture is not absorbed by the interlocutor. Most in a simple way A posture withdrawal is an offer to hold or look at something. An open position is one in which the arms and legs are not crossed, the body is directed towards the interlocutor, and the palms and feet are turned towards the communication partner. This is a pose of trust, consent, goodwill, psychological comfort.

If a person is interested in communication, he will focus on the interlocutor and lean towards him, and if on the contrary, orient himself to the side and lean back. A person who wants to make himself known will keep himself upright, in a tense state, with his shoulders turned; a person who does not need to emphasize his status and position will be in a free, relaxed position.

The best way to achieve mutual understanding with the interlocutor is to copy his posture and gestures.

Mutual arrangement in space also has an impact on the outcome of negotiations. Usually a person is intuitively located at an appropriate distance. However, you need to think not only about your own convenience, but also about the convenience of your partner in order to give the conversation the necessary tone. Women prefer a slightly closer location of interlocutors than men. Elderly people and children also prefer to stay closer than middle-aged people, youth, teenagers. It is more convenient for interlocutors of the same status to communicate at a closer distance than in the case of a conversation between persons of different statuses.

pauses in a conversation are absolutely necessary, there is no need to be afraid of them. They allow the interlocutors to think about what they heard and decide who and how best to speak. A pause in speech allows you to emphasize the significance of the thought expressed. The main thing is that the duration of the pause does not exceed 5-6 seconds, it becomes painful.

Record keeping very useful - it binds to the process of listening. We forget 90% of what we hear, 58% of what we see, and only 10% of what we do. By writing down, we both see and do, that is, we remember better. But even this does not insure us against forgetting: how many times, when reading our old notes, we seem to learn about what was written for the first time! Therefore, it has become an axiom in management culture to take notes during business conversations. And a deviation from this rule is perceived as disrespect for the interlocutor: it means that there is nothing valuable in his words.

non-verbal language is a multifunctional communication tool. With the help of non-verbal language, we express our feelings: love and hate, superiority and dependence, respect and contempt. The intentional transmission of non-verbal cues, feelings that we don't have, is a difficult, if not impossible, process. That is why the actors during the filming try to get used to the image and experience the same feelings that they are trying to convey.

2. Functions of non-verbal means of communication

It should be noted that the non-verbal behavior of a person is multifunctional. Nonverbal behavior

· Creates an image of a communication partner;

Expresses the quality and change in the relationship of communication partners, forms these relationships;

It is an indicator of the actual mental states of the individual;

Acts as a clarification, change in the understanding of the verbal message, enhances the emotional richness of what was said;

Maintains an optimal level of psychological intimacy between communicating;

· Acts as an indicator of status-role relations.

With the help of non-verbal means of communication, it is possible to imitate significant emotional states

Let us characterize in more detail such non-verbal means of communication as kinesics, prosody, takesika, proxemics.

1.Kinesics- general motor skills of various parts of the body, reflecting the emotional reactions of a person. Kinesics includes expressive movements, manifested in gestures and facial expressions, in pantomime (motor skills of the whole body, including posture, gaze, gait, posture, etc.), as well as visual contact. The look and posture were discussed above, now we will characterize such kinesic means as gait and gestures.

Gait is the way a person moves. Its components are: rhythm, step dynamics, amplitude of body transfer during movement, body weight. By the gait of a person, one can judge the well-being of a person, his character, age.

In psychological studies, people recognized emotions such as anger, suffering, pride, happiness by walking. It turned out that a "heavy" gait is typical for people who are angry, "light" - for joyful ones. A proud person has the longest stride, and if a person suffers, his gait is lethargic, oppressed, such a person rarely looks up or in the direction he is walking.

In addition, it can be argued that people who walk quickly, waving their arms, are confident in themselves, have a clear goal and are ready to realize it. Those who always keep their hands in their pockets are likely to be very critical and secretive, as a rule, they like to put other people down. The man with his hands on his hips strives to achieve his goals in the shortest possible time. People busy with problem solving often walk in a “thinker” pose: head down, hands clasped behind the back, gait very slow. For self-satisfied, somewhat arrogant people, the gait glorified by Benito Mussolini is characteristic. They have a highly raised chin, their hands move, emphasized energetically, their legs are like wooden ones. The whole gait is forced, with the expectation to impress.

To create an attractive appearance, the gait of a confident person is most preferable, the same impression is created by correct posture– light, springy and always straight. In this case, the head should be slightly raised, and the shoulders should be straightened.

Gestures - This is a variety of movements of the hands and head. Sign language is the oldest way to achieve mutual understanding. In various historical epochs and different peoples had their own generally accepted ways of gesticulation. Currently, attempts are even being made to create gesture dictionaries. Quite a lot is known about the information that gestures carry. First of all, the amount of gesture is important. Different peoples have developed and entered into natural forms of expression of feelings various cultural norms of strength and frequency of gestures. M. Argyle's studies, which studied the frequency and strength of gestures in different cultures, showed that within one hour the Finns gestured 1 time, the French - 20, the Italians - 80, the Mexicans - 180.

In general, the intensity of gesticulation grows along with an increase in the emotional arousal of a person, and also if you want to achieve a more complete understanding between partners, especially if it is difficult. The specific meaning of individual gestures is different in different cultures. However, in all cultures there are similar gestures, among which are:

Communicative (gestures of greeting, farewell, attracting attention, prohibitions, affirmative, negative, interrogative, etc.)

Modal, i.e. expressing assessment and attitude (gestures of approval, satisfaction, trust and distrust, etc.)

· Descriptive gestures that make sense only in the context of speech utterance.

Here are some examples:

Covering the mouth and scratching the nose. Covering the mouth reflects the presence of the interlocutor's two conflicting desires: to speak out and remain unheard. If a person in the process of communication touches his mouth or covers it with his hand, this means that for some reason he “restrains” his own statements. In this case, the manager can help the interlocutor to talk by asking him a question or paying attention to his posture with the help of the statement: "I see that you do not agree with me on everything." Similar information about the client carries a gesture of touching the nose. A client who scratches or strokes his own nose is most likely currently in opposition to the manager's statement.

Ear touch. Ear scratching is a lighter version of "plugging" the ears and means that the person does not want to hear what the interlocutor is talking about. Such a reaction is possible if the interlocutor has become bored listening to you or he does not agree with one of your statements.

Chin resting with palm. A person props up his head or chin if he is bored, uninterested, and he struggles with his desire to fall asleep.

Chin stroking. This gesture indicates that the interlocutor is in the stage of reflection and is considering possible options for himself.

Gestures of emotional discomfort. Numerous gestures - picking up non-existent villi, removing and putting on a ring, scratching the neck, "tidying up" clothes, rolling a pen or a cigarette - indicate that the interlocutor needs support. In this state, he is not ready to fully perceive the information.

Gestures of impatience. If a person taps his fingers on the table, fidgets in a chair, stamps his feet or looks at his watch, then by doing so he signals to others that his patience is running out.

You should also pay attention to head position. The most commonly used head movements are an affirmative nod of the head and a negative shake of the head. Studies conducted with deaf-blind people from birth show that they also use these gestures, and this suggests that these gestures are innate.

There are three main head positions. The first is a straight head. This position is typical for a person who is neutral about what he hears. The second is the head tilted to the side, which indicates that a person has awakened interest (the fact that people, like animals, tilt their heads when they become interested in something, was first noticed by Charles Darwin). And, finally, the third - when the head is tilted down, it means that the person's attitude is negative and even condemning. In this case, you should interest the interlocutor in something in order to make him raise his head.

There are also micro gestures: eye movement, cheek redness, increased blinking, lip twitching, etc.

2. Prosody- this is the general name of such rhythmic-intonational aspects of speech as pitch, volume of voice, its timbre.

Extralinguistics- this is the inclusion in speech of pauses and various psychophysiological phenomena of a person: crying, coughing, laughing, sighing, etc.

The flow of speech is regulated by prosodic and extralinguistic means, linguistic means of communication are saved, they supplement, replace and anticipate speech statements, express emotional states.

It is necessary to be able not only to listen, but also to hear the intonational structure of speech, to evaluate the strength and tone of the voice, the speed of speech, which practically allow us to express our feelings and thoughts.

Although nature has endowed people with a unique voice, they give color to it themselves. Those who tend to sharply change the pitch of their voices tend to be more cheerful. More sociable, more confident, more competent and much more pleasant than people who speak in a monotone.

The feelings experienced by the speaker are reflected primarily in the tone of voice. In it, feelings find their expression regardless of the spoken words. Thus, anger and sadness are usually easily recognized.

A lot of information is given by the strength and height of the voice. Some feelings, such as enthusiasm, joy and distrust, are usually conveyed in a high voice, anger and fear - also in a rather high voice, but in a wider range of tonality, strength and pitch. Feelings such as grief, sadness, fatigue are usually conveyed in a soft and muffled voice with a decrease in intonation towards the end of each phrase.

The speed of speech also reflects feelings. A person speaks quickly if he is excited, worried, talks about his personal difficulties or wants to convince us of something, to persuade. Slow speech most often indicates depression, grief, arrogance, or fatigue.

By making minor mistakes in speech, for example, repeating words, choosing them uncertainly or incorrectly, breaking off phrases in mid-sentence, people involuntarily express their feelings and reveal intentions. Uncertainty in the choice of words manifests itself when the speaker is not sure of himself or is going to surprise us. Usually speech deficiencies are more pronounced with excitement or when a person tries to deceive his interlocutor.

Since the characteristics of the voice depend on the work of various organs of the body, their state is also reflected in it. Emotions change the rhythm of breathing. Fear, for example, paralyzes the larynx, the vocal cords tense, the voice "sits down." At good location spirit, the voice becomes deeper and richer in nuances. It has a calming effect on others and inspires more confidence.

There is also a feedback: with the help of breathing, you can influence emotions. To do this, it is recommended to sigh noisily, opening your mouth wide. If you breathe deeply and inhale a large number of air, the mood improves, and the voice involuntarily decreases.

3.Takesika studies touch in a situation of communication. Takesic means of communication include dynamic touches in the form of a handshake, patting, kissing. Dynamic touch has been proven to be a biologically necessary form of stimulation. A person's use of dynamic touch in communication is determined by many factors: the status of partners, their age, gender, degree of acquaintance.

Inadequate use of tactical means by a person can lead to conflicts in communication. For example, a pat on the shoulder is possible only under the condition of close relationships, equality of social status in society.

Let us dwell in more detail on the most common takes means - an indispensable attribute of any meeting and parting - a handshake. Shaking hands is a relic ancient era. Primitive people at a meeting extended their hands to each other with open palms forward to show their defenselessness. This gesture has changed over time and its variants have appeared, such as waving a hand in the air, placing a palm on the chest, and many others, including a handshake. Often a handshake can be very informative, especially its intensity and duration.

Handshakes are divided into 3 types: dominant (hand on top, palm turned down), submissive (hand below, palm turned up) and equal.

Dominant handshake is the most aggressive form. With a dominant (powerful) handshake, a person tells the other that he wants to dominate the communication process. According to research in the United States, 78% of high-ranking officials were not only the first to extend their hand, but also used the authoritative way of shaking hands.

submissive handshake it may be necessary in situations where a person wants to give the initiative to another, to allow him to feel himself the master of the situation.

Let's take a look at a few more handshakes.

Often politicians gesture is used "glove": a person with both hands clasps the hand of another. The initiator of this gesture emphasizes that he is honest and can be trusted. However, the “glove” gesture should be applied to well-known people, because when meeting, it can have the opposite effect.

firm handshake down to the crunch of fingers is a hallmark of an aggressive, tough person.

A sign of an aggressive person is also squeezing with an unbent, straight hand. Its main purpose is to keep a distance and prevent a person from entering his intimate zone. The same goal is pursued by fingertip shaking, but such a handshake indicates that a person is not confident in himself.

4. Proxemics- "spatial psychology". One of the first spatial structure began to study the American anthropologist Edward T. Hall, who in the early 60s introduced the term "proxemics" (proximity - "proximity"). E. Hall himself called proxemics "spatial psychology". Proxemic characteristics include the orientation of partners at the time of communication and the distance between them.

The norms of approaching two people to each other were described by E. Hall. These norms are defined by four distances:

Intimate distance - from 0 to 45 cm - at this distance the closest people communicate; in this zone there is another subzone with a radius of 15 cm, which can only be penetrated through physical contact, this is an overly intimate zone.

Personal - from 45 to 120 cm - communication with familiar people;

Social - from 120 to 400 cm - preferably when communicating with strangers and in official communication;

Public - from 400 to 750 cm - at this distance it is not considered rude to exchange a few words or refrain from communication, speeches in front of an audience take place at this distance.

Usually people feel comfortable and make a favorable impression when they are at a distance corresponding to the above types of interaction. Excessively close and excessively remote positions adversely affect communication.

The closer people are to each other, the less they look at each other. Conversely, when they are at a distance, they look at each other more and use gestures to keep their attention in a conversation.

It should also be noted such proxemic components of the non-verbal system as orientation and angle of communication. Orientation is expressed in turning the body and the toe of the foot towards the partner or away from him, which signals the desire to communicate.

The correct distribution of participants at the table is a means of their effective interaction. Different shades of people's attitudes can be expressed through the place they occupy at the table.

corner arrangement characteristic of people engaged in friendly, relaxed conversation. This position promotes constant eye contact and provides room for gesticulation.

Position of business interaction- one of the most successful strategic positions for the presentation, discussion and development of common solutions.

position against each other can cause a defensive attitude and an atmosphere of competition. It can lead to each side sticking to their own point of view because the table becomes a barrier between them.

independent position occupied by people who do not want to interact with each other. It indicates a lack of interest. This position can also be regarded as hostile. This position should be avoided when a frank conversation is required.

The shape of the table at which the leader communicates with subordinates is also important.

Square tables good for a short business conversation. A cooperative relationship will most likely be established with the person sitting next to you. Moreover, more understanding will come from the person sitting on the right. The one who sits opposite will provide the greatest resistance.

Round table used by King Arthur to give all knights an equal amount of power and equal position. The round table creates an atmosphere of informality and ease, and is best remedy holding a conversation with people of the same social status, because everyone at the table is given the same space. The "King" has the highest authority at the round table, which means that those sitting on either side of him are non-verbally allocated more power and respect than the rest, with the "knight" sitting on the right having more influence than the "knight" sitting on the left. . The degree of influence decreases depending on the distance of the "knight" from the "king". The "knight" sitting opposite the "king" (position B) is in a competitive defensive position.

In business, square and round tables are often used. A square table, which is usually a work table, is used for business negotiations, briefings, for chastising the guilty, etc. The round table serves to create a relaxed, informal atmosphere and is good if you need to reach an agreement.

Behind rectangular table place A is considered dominant. At a meeting of people of the same social status, the person sitting in seat A will have maximum influence, provided that he does not sit with his back to the door. If A sits with his back to the door, the dominant position will pass to B, who will become a rival to A. In the case where A sits at the head of the table, B will be the next most important person. This information will allow you to plan the placement of meeting participants at the table. It makes sense to put signs with the names of the participants in the meeting on the chairs and seat them in such a way as to have maximum control over everyone.

Imagine a scene that illustrates how non-verbal symbols can create noise in the exchange of information. You enter your manager's office to obtain certain information about a project you are working on. You entered, and he continues to examine the papers on his desk for several seconds. Then he looks at his watch and says in an aloof, inexpressive voice: “How can I help you?”

Although his words themselves have no negative meaning, the posture and body language clearly indicates that you are an unwanted distraction from his work. How will you feel about asking questions? What thoughts are most likely to come to your mind the next time you have a question for your boss? One might think they will in no way be positive. Imagine now how, when you appear in the office, the manager, on the contrary, immediately looks up at you, smiles affably and addresses you in a cheerful tone: “How is the project progressing? How can I help you?"

A leader who has used negative body language symbols may actually want to help subordinates just as much as one whose non-verbal symbols radiate warmth. The words are the same in both cases. However, in this case, as is often the case in human conversations, non-verbal symbols completely suppress verbal ones. An important takeaway from this example is that you need to ensure that the non-verbal symbols you use to communicate are consistent with the idea you intend to convey. Otherwise, non-verbal symbols create such noise that recipients will almost certainly misunderstand the message.

Conclusion

Non-verbal communication is one of the means of representing the personality of his "I", interpersonal influence and regulation of relations, creates the image of a communication partner, acts as a clarification, anticipation of a verbal message. It is characterized by the absence of articulate sound speech - this is the main thing that is emphasized in most studies on the problem of this communication. In many scientific works, there is some confusion in the concepts of "non-verbal communication", "non-verbal communication", "non-verbal behavior" most often used as synonyms. We consider it important to differentiate these concepts and clarify the context in which they are supposed to be used further.

The concept of "non-verbal communication" is broader than "non-verbal communication". Non-verbal communication is a type of communication that is characterized by the use of non-verbal behavior and non-verbal communication as the main means of transmitting information, organizing interaction, forming an image and concept of a partner, exercising influence on another person. Non-verbal communication is a system of symbols, signs used to convey a message and intended for a more complete understanding of it, which is to some extent independent of the psychological and socio-psychological qualities of a person, which has a fairly clear range of meanings and can be described as a specific sign system " .

In non-verbal behavior, expressive and perceptual side. Expression, or outward expression of emotion, is an essential component of non-verbal behavior. It is the factors of an emotional nature that are not so significant what is said, but how it is done.

They cause difficulties in establishing normal relations between an individual and a group or a communicator and a recipient. The concept of perception characterizes the process of perception and knowledge of each other by communication partners. Adequate perception of a partner allows you to respond more flexibly to changes in the situation of communication, understand his true goals and intentions, predict possible consequences transmitted information. These qualities become indispensable for those whose professional activities are connected with people.

List of used literature

1. Goryanina V.A. Psychology of communication. Textbook for university students. – M.: Academy, 2004.

2. Labunskaya V.A. non-verbal behavior. - Rostov-on-Don, 1986.

3. Lavrinenko.V.N. - Psychology and ethics business communication: textbook for university students / 3rd ed. – M.: UNITI-DANA, 2001.

4. Ladyzhenskaya. T.A. - Speech secrets. M.: Enlightenment, 1992.

5. Piz A. Body language. - Nizhny Novgorod: IQ, 1992

INTRODUCTION

A lawyer's communication can be viewed as a dialogue, the success of which depends on the ability to adequately perceive and understand the partner's position, his emotional state, and decode personal behavioral characteristics. Achieving mutual understanding and developing a common position are associated with the ability to adequately express one's thoughts, emphasize the main and new, emphasize and illustrate what has been said, demonstrate an open position in relation to a partner, interest and self-righteousness. essential role non-verbal communication plays a role in the implementation of these communication skills in the activities of a lawyer, which determines the relevance of our study.

The word acts not only by its content and meaning, but also by the whole complex of non-speech means framing it. The psychotechnics of using non-verbal means of accompanying speech is associated with their use in conversation, which significantly enhances the power of words, and ignoring it can weaken and even nullify the effect of the word.

Along with verbal (verbal) communication in legal activities, researchers propose to take into account the non-verbal language of communication. The concept of non-verbal language includes not only the ability to interpret gestures and facial expressions of a partner and control one's behavior, but also the mental essence of the concept of a person's personal territory, its zone; national characteristics the behavior of partners, their relative position during the conversation; the ability to decipher the meaning of using auxiliary items.

Object of study: non-verbal communication.

Subject: the process of non-verbal communication in the activities of a lawyer.

The aim of the study is to study the features of the use of non-verbal communication skills in legal activities.

To achieve the goal of the study, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

To reveal the role of the non-verbal component of communication in the act of communication, to determine the structural and functional originality of its components.

Determine the features of the psychology of non-verbal communication in the activities of a lawyer.

Develop a classification of non-verbal communication skills, describe their characteristics, and define skills.

Consider the methodological foundations for the use of non-verbal communication skills in the activities of a lawyer.

Research methods: theoretical analysis of the literature on the research problem, analysis of existing methods for the formation of non-verbal communication skills in the activities of a lawyer.

1. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NON-VERBAL COMPONENT OF COMMUNICATION IN THE ACTIVITIES OF A LAWYER

1.1 Structural organization and functions of the non-verbal component of communication

According to the functional principle, the object of assimilation is not speech means themselves, but the functions performed by these means. This is also true for non-verbal means of communication. The objective of this paragraph is to identify the structural components of the non-verbal communication component (NCO) and to determine the functional role of NCO in the act of communication.

The non-verbal component of communication became the object of scientific research in the 1940s and 1950s. of our century, which was the reason for the appearance of numerous theoretical and practical works. To date, individual components of NCO have been studied: facial expression, gesticulation, kinesics, proxemics, acoustics of speech and voice, posture and orientation, as well as the originality and functioning of non-verbal communication and non-verbal behavior in general.

However, despite the existence of numerous studies of the non-verbal component of communication, there are still many unresolved issues. One of them is the lack of a single term and an adequate definition of the phenomenon under study. In psychological and socio-psychological literature, along with the term "non-verbal communication component", the terms "non-verbal communication", "non-verbal communication", "non-verbal behavior", "non-verbal interaction", "means of non-verbal communication" and "body language" are widely used. The authors use these terms either as synonyms, or make attempts to separate the meanings of these words depending on the needs of a particular study.

For a long time, psychologists have quite rightly distinguished between the terms "non-verbal communication" and "non-verbal behavior" based on the presence of the seme "intentionality" in the word "communication". Since any behavior consists of both intentional and non-intentional elements, they considered it incorrect to use the above terms synonymously. In this regard, the terms “communicative”, purposefully modeled, and “informative”, which are outside the sphere of consciousness of the individual, have appeared in the domestic and foreign literature. At the same time, it was noted that “informative” behavior, although not intentional, still carries information, the perception and understanding of which affects the communication of communicants.

As a result of a number of scientific studies, the possibility of a conscious control of a person's non-verbal behavior has been proven. This provision formed the basis for the difference between the terms "non-verbal communication" and "non-verbal behavior". We can talk about non-verbal communication when the non-verbal behavior of a person is recognized by both partners. In this case, non-verbal communication is interpreted as "the motivated use of non-verbal means of communication that make up individual non-verbal behavior, and the active construction of a response message that unfolds to the same extent consciously and voluntarily, as in cases of verbal communication." This definition emphasizes the need to form one of the mechanisms underlying the preparation of a person for non-verbal communication, namely, the person's awareness of the non-verbal component of communication.

V.A. Labunskaya defines non-verbal communication as "a type of communication that is characterized by the use of non-verbal behavior and non-verbal communications as the main means of transmitting information, organizing interaction, forming an image and concept of a partner, exercising influence on another person." Non-verbal communications in her understanding are interpreted as a system of "symbols, signs, gestures used to convey a message with a greater degree of accuracy" . In psycholinguistics, a non-verbal sign system is designated by the term "parapinguistic means of communication". This term is more preferable because it avoids confusion when distinguishing between non-verbal phenomena. The second means of communication is non-verbal behavior, the core of which is a wide variety of movements associated with the changing mental states of a person, his attitude towards a partner, with a situation of interaction and communication. The main difference between non-verbal behavior and paralinguistic means of communication, therefore, lies in the different functional role they play in a communication situation.

To organize the process of assimilation of non-verbal means of communication included in non-verbal behavior, it is important to know their structural and functional originality.

Non-verbal communication includes perceived appearance and expressive human movements - gestures, facial expressions, postures, gait, etc. They are in many ways a mirror projecting the emotional reactions of a person, which we seem to "read" in the process of communication, trying to understand how the other perceives what is happening. This also includes such a specific form of human non-verbal communication as eye contact. The role of all these non-verbal signs in communication is extremely great. It can be said that a large part human communication unfolds in the underwater part of the "communicative iceberg" - in the field of non-verbal communication. In particular, it is these means that a person most often resorts to when transmitting feedback to a communication partner. Through the system of non-verbal means, information about the feelings experienced by people in the process of communication is also transmitted. We resort to the analysis of "non-verbal" in those cases when we do not trust the words of partners. Then gestures, facial expressions and eye contact help to determine the sincerity of the other.

Non-verbal communication - the totality of these means is designed to perform the following functions: supplementing speech, replacing speech, representing the emotional states of partners in the communication process.

The first among them should be called the optical-kinetic system of signs, which includes gestures, facial expressions, pantomime. In general, the optical-kinetic system appears as a more or less clearly perceived property of the general motor skills of various parts of the body (hands, and then we have gestures; faces, and then we have facial expressions; postures, and then we have pantomime). The importance of the optical-kinetic system of signs in communication is so great that a special area of ​​research has now emerged - kinesics, which specifically deals with these problems.

The paralinguistic system is a vocalization system, that is, the quality of the voice, its range, tonality, phrasal and logical stresses preferred by a particular person.

Extralinguistic system - the inclusion of pauses in speech, other inclusions, such as coughing, crying, laughter, and finally, the tempo of speech itself. All these additions perform the function of fascination: they increase semantically significant information, but not through additional speech inclusions, but by "near-speech" techniques.

The space and time of the organization of the communicative process also act as a special sign system, carry a semantic load as components of communicative situations. Thus, the placement of partners facing each other contributes to the emergence of contact, symbolizes attention to the speaker, while a shout in the back can have a certain negative value. Proxemics, as a special area dealing with the norms of the spatial and temporal organization of communication, currently has a large experimental material. The founder of proxemics E. Hall called it "spatial psychology".

The next specific sign system used in the communication process is the "eye contact" that takes place in visual communication. Research in this area is closely related to general psychological developments in the field of visual perception - eye movements. In socio-psychological research, the frequency of exchange of glances, their "duration", the change in the statics and dynamics of the glance, its avoidance, etc. are studied. or stop it, encourages the partner to continue the dialogue, finally, helps to discover more fully your "I", or, on the contrary, hide it.

Thus, in order to organize the process of assimilation of non-verbal means of communication included in non-verbal behavior, it is important to know their structural and functional originality. Non-verbal communication - the totality of these means, is designed to perform the following functions: supplementing speech, replacing speech, representing the emotional states of partners in the communicative process. For all systems of non-verbal communication, there is one general question methodological nature. Each of them uses its own sign system, which can be considered as a specific code. As noted above, any information must be encoded, and in such a way that the system of codification and decodification is known to all participants in the communication process. But if in the case of speech this system of codification is more or less well known, then in non-verbal communication it is important in each case to determine what can be considered a code here and, most importantly, how to ensure that the other communication partner owns the same code. Otherwise, the systems described above will not give any semantic addition to verbal communication.

1.2 Psychology of non-verbal communication in the work of a lawyer

In the work of a lawyer, communication plays a prominent role. Communication takes place within the framework of a wide variety of professional actions, such as communication with a citizen who has applied for help, during legal advice, preventive conversation, administrative analysis of an offense, during a personal investigation, questioning, interrogation, confrontation, and other investigative actions. In the vast majority of cases, this is not a simple conversation between a lawyer and another person, but an act of behavior and actions carried out to solve certain professional problems. Its professional features are determined by the result that should be achieved (testifying, establishing the truth, changing the behavior of a citizen, etc.), proceeding in the regime of law and legal relations, contact, as a rule, with difficult people, an atmosphere of tension, often conflict and confrontation .

Knowing the general psychotechnics of communication, you can adapt it to everyone specific case.

To some, communication seems to be very simplistic - as an exchange of words and the information behind them. In reality, communication proceeds as a contact:

situational-business, carried out to solve a specific legal problem. Goals, tasks, environment psychological impact on its course and result;

legal, during which legal relations arise that determine the procedure for exercising one's rights and obligations. On the part of the lawyer, it proceeds strictly in the mode of compliance with established norms, which his communication partner understands, and this also affects their psychology and communication;

status-role. This is not a communication between two friends talking on an equal footing, when you can say everything. Both the lawyer and the citizen are aware of the differences in positions in the situation that prompted them to communicate;

cognitive and evaluative. People who have come into contact carefully look at each other and, depending on its results, decide what and how to say and what not to say;

interpersonal, relationships, largely individualized. It is not sound devices that speak, but individuals who are related to each other in a certain way, subject to likes and dislikes, mutual understanding and enmity, trying to influence each other and using all means of communication for this;

informational.

Therefore, people in communication are not like acoustic projectiles that emit and perceive sounds. They not only transmit and receive information, but interact, interact, study, influence each other, pursue their own line of behavior, defend their interests. This whole tangle of psychological factors affects the process of information exchange during communication, and success is ensured by the ability of the initiator of communication - the lawyer to take them into account, use them to solve the problem at hand.

The rule: communication should be treated with all the psychology that a lawyer is capable of. A lawyer should deliberately translate his thoughts about the ways of communication and overcoming its difficulties into the plane of psychological reasoning, assessments, comparisons, choices, intentions and means of their implementation.

The word acts not only by its content and meaning, but also by the whole complex of non-speech means framing it. The psychotechnics of using non-verbal means of accompanying speech is associated with their use in conversation, which significantly enhances the power of words, and ignoring it can weaken and even nullify the effect of the word. General rule this: to speak not only to the ears, but also to the eyes of those who hear.

In the activities of a lawyer, there are a huge number of communicative situations in which the use of facial expressions is an important factor. In a broad sense, facial expressions are understood as expressive movements of the muscles of the face. It reflects the mental state of a person, attitude to the environment, his own statements and actions. In professional psychotechnics, facial expressions are used to enhance speech utterance, influence the interlocutor, establish psychological contact, form an impression of oneself and one's position in a conversation, disguise one's own mental state and attitude to what is happening, and even to improve one's well-being. In the course of contacts with citizens in solving important tasks for them, they involuntarily increase their observation of the facial expressions of a representative of authority. They often try to understand not only the text, but also the subtext, to guess the hidden, real meaning behind the words, to catch its attitude to the information, the event, to themselves, as if “reading the face”. The ability to control one's facial expressions, to master it to solve the problem at hand is an important professional skill of a law enforcement officer.

Consequently, a lawyer must always keep his facial expressions in the field of attention: think over what it should be, what it is, whether it corresponds to the situation, when it should be changed and why, etc. Many employees do not think about what their facial expression is, they don't know, they don't realize it.

It is expedient for a lawyer to deliberately control his facial expressions, to give with its help the expression on the face that will contribute to the desired perception of thoughts and actions by the interlocutor, other people. Most often, in the actions of law enforcement officers, it should demonstrate calmness, self-control, confidence, goodwill.

It is necessary to use all mimic means for the necessary expressiveness of your face. This is, first of all, the expression of the eyes, the direction of gaze, a special pattern of nasolabial folds, forehead folds, the general position of the head (normal, straight position, arrogantly raised chin, tilt forward with a look from under the brows, etc.), movements of the muscles of the face (including the muscles of the eyelids and others, who primarily determine their expression). Mimicry is diverse and dynamic and can reflect the attitude of the speaker to the spoken words (their significance for the speaker, belief in what he says, how he understands what he says, how he understands the listener, etc.), the mental states of the speaker (joy, satisfaction, attentiveness , boredom, annoyance, fatigue, surprise, excitement, tension, anger, confusion, etc.), attitude towards the interlocutor (indifference, respect, sympathy, goodwill, neglect, disappointment, etc.), attitude towards oneself and one’s actions (volitional composure, determination, inflexibility, self-doubt, dissatisfaction with oneself, self-satisfaction, swagger, preparation for some kind of action, etc.), some qualities (intelligence, intelligence, lack of education, stupidity, self-control, will, etc.).

The expression of the eyes reflects the essential meaning of the conversation. The eyes are rightly called the mirror of the soul. A law enforcement officer needs to talk with his counterpart, as they say, eye to eye, have eye contact and even, in appropriate cases, ask him to also look into his eyes and not take them away. In most professions, there should not be a split between the content of speech and the expression of the eyes, facial expressions, because the same words with different expressions of the face and eyes can acquire the opposite meaning. You can talk with a serious face and laugh only with your eyes. There are circumstances in the profession of a lawyer when the eyes and all facial expressions are designed to mask his real states and attitudes. It requires artistry and self-management.

Of great importance in the activities of a lawyer is the ability to master the psychotechnics of using gestures and the ability to “read” them. You can divide all the gestures used in the activities of law enforcement officers into groups: 8

illustrators that reinforce the speech message, including: pointers (finger, hand movement), pictographs - a picture of the shape and size of an object, ideographs - hand movements that simulate the dynamics of some event (for example, the movement of a hand with a knife when hitting the body) , go-ahead - movements, as if beating the pace of speech;

homonymous gestures - substitutes for the words "come", "sit down", "hello", "leave", "put away", "goodbye", "cheers!", "wait", "bad", "I don't believe", " horror!" and etc.;

gesture commands. This kind of gestures is provided, for example, for the work of inspectors of the road patrol service, during combat formations (“Stand in line!”, “Stand in a column!”, etc.);

affekhors - movements that reflect the attitude towards the actions and words of the interlocutor and the emotions that have arisen: agreement, disagreement, protest, empathy, condemnation, warning (movement with the index finger), attention, etc .;

regulators - a nod of the head, direction of gaze, purposeful movement of the hands, demonstrating the intentions of the speaker: an offer to the interlocutor to be silent, wait, interrupt his speech, give or convey something, etc. There are a number of rules-recommendations for using gestures:

actively use the possibilities of gestures when talking;

avoid meaningless gestures - waving hands;

avoid stereotypical gestures - the use of only one or two constantly repeating gestures (for example, "cutting the air", "pointing finger").

The posture of the speaker has a psychological impact on the interlocutor and gives out the attitude towards him, attitude towards himself, the level of culture and ethics, mental state, intention, etc. It also affects the perception of words, may correspond to their real meaning or contradict it; correct and beautiful words can be perceived as false, as an empty formality. Therefore, it is reasonable to take the posture that is accurately calculated for the psychological effect corresponding to the goals of speech. IN general case it is designed to testify to culture, responsibility, exactingness to oneself, respect for the interlocutor, attentiveness to his words. Signs of it: a strict straight landing, the body tilted slightly forward.

Gait can say a lot about a person and in a certain way characterizes his psychology. The gait of people who are self-confident and insecure, who have great conceit and undemanding to themselves, who are dissolute and lax and have received a good school in the army, who are in a state of relaxation and resting, agitated and preoccupied, determined and cowardly, afraid of something, is quite clearly distinguished. and those trying not to draw attention to themselves, preparing for some kind of action, etc. Its features can be noticed by looking at a person from the front, side and even from behind, from afar and from a short distance. Even a person who is not very observant, noticing a moving, for example, police officer at the post or approaching him, intuitively guesses some of his features, states and intentions. Therefore, any law enforcement officer in the performance of professional duties should try to assess the role of his gait in a given situation and choose the one that suits it. Understanding the psychological significance of your gait, work out constantly and stubbornly what you need.

Psychologists have found that in the process of human interaction, from 60 to 80% of communications are carried out through non-verbal means of expression, and only 20-40% of information is transmitted using verbal ones. These data make us think about the importance of non-verbal communication in the activities of a lawyer to establish effective contact, pay special attention to the meaning of human gestures and facial expressions, and also give rise to a desire to master the art of interpreting this special language that we all speak without even realizing it. A feature of non-verbal language is that its manifestation is due to the impulses of our subconscious, and the lack of the ability to fake these impulses allows us to trust this language more than the usual verbal communication channel.

The success of any lawyer's contact largely depends on the ability to establish trusting contact with the interlocutor, and such contact depends not so much on what he says, but on how he carries himself. That is why special attention should be paid to the manner, posture and facial expressions of the interlocutor, as well as to how he gesticulates. Understanding the language of facial expressions and gestures allows you to more accurately determine the position of the interlocutor. When reading gestures, a lawyer provides feedback, which plays a decisive role in the holistic process of interaction, and the set of gestures is an important part of such a connection.

Thus, in the activities of a lawyer, the concept of non-verbal language consists not only in the ability to interpret the gestures and facial expressions of a partner and control one's behavior, but also the mental essence of the concept of a person's personal territory, its zone; national characteristics of the behavior of partners, their relative position during the conversation; the ability to decipher the meaning of using auxiliary items. By reading non-verbal information of the interlocutor and skillfully emphasizing (or hiding) his own, the lawyer gets a unique opportunity to succeed in the professional sphere and in the sphere of personal relationships.

Conclusions for chapter 1

2. METHODOLOGICAL BASIS FOR USING THE MEANS OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION IN THE ACTIVITIES OF A LAWYER

2.1 Features of interpersonal distance and spatial arrangement

The distance at which the interlocutors talk is very symbolic. The dimensions of a person's personal spatial territory can be divided into 4 clear spatial zones:

Intimate (up to 60 cm). Of all the zones, this is the most important, since it is precisely her that a person guards as if it were his property. Only those persons who are in close emotional contact with him (children, parents, spouses, close friends, etc.) are allowed to enter this zone. In this zone there is also a subzone with a radius of 15 cm, which can only be penetrated through physical contact. This is a highly intimate area.

Personal (60 cm - 2 m). This is the distance that usually separates us when we are at official receptions, friendly parties, etc.

Social (or business, 2 - 4 m). At this distance, we usually stay away from strangers whom we do not know very well.

Official (public or public, from 4 m and more). When we address a large group of people, it is most convenient to stand exactly at this distance from the audience.

In practice, intimate and personal distances are usually combined, on the one hand, and social and official, on the other. As a result, the near or far distance at which people are talking is highlighted. For Americans, a close distance is considered from 15 cm to 1 m 20 cm, and a far one from 1 m 20 cm to 3 meters or more. In addition to national characteristics, the distance between speakers depends on many other factors: the gender of the interlocutors, their relationship and status, and place of residence (in rural or urban areas). Approaching the interlocutor or moving away from him, the lawyer can regulate the relationship with him. It is important to take into account the desire of the partner and his reaction. So, the distance, which is considered official by a city dweller, may be personal for a representative of the countryside.

If a lawyer wants the interlocutor to feel comfortable in his company, he must observe Golden Rule: "Keep distance ". The closer and more frank the relationship between the lawyer and the interlocutor has become, the closer it is allowed to penetrate into his zones. For example, a newly hired colleague at first may think that the team treats him very coolly, but they simply keep him at a distance of the social zone, because they know him little. As soon as colleagues get to know him better, the territorial distance between them is reduced, and in the end he is allowed to move within the personal zone, and in some cases penetrate into the intimate one.

When seating the participants in the dialogue, it is necessary to take into account the psychological aspect. In offices, tables are often placed with the letter "T". The higher the position of the leader, the larger this letter. The visitor is offered to sit down at the table headed by the owner of this cabinet. An attitude of dominance immediately emerges. Sometimes they try to emphasize dominance (by raising the chair above the chairs or chairs of other people present, increasing its size, as well as low chairs for visitors). Sometimes the owner of the office speaks on an equal footing with the interlocutor. In this case, if the area of ​​​​the office allows, you can put a separate table for negotiations. It can also be used for meetings with subordinates, if the manager wants to be on an equal footing with them.

If there is only one T-table in the office, and the owner of the office does not want to demonstrate dominance, then he can leave the chair and sit opposite, or - in less formal conversations - obliquely from the interlocutor.

Let's consider the location of the participants in a working room at a standard rectangular table. Person B can occupy 4 main positions relative to person A:

Position around the table B1 - corner position B2 - business interaction position B3 - competitive-defensive position B4 - independent

Corner location. This position promotes constant eye contact and provides an opportunity for gesticulation and observation of the interlocutor's gestures. There is no territorial division of the table. By simply moving the chair to position B1, you can defuse the situation and increase the chances of a successful conversation.

Position of business interaction. This is one of the most successful strategic positions for the presentation, discussion and development of common solutions. When two people work in co-authorship on a problem or project, they usually occupy that position.

Competitive-defensive position. Standing at the table against each other can evoke a defensive attitude and competitive atmosphere. It can lead to the fact that each side will stick to its own point of view, because. the table becomes the very barrier between them. People take this position at the table when they are in a competitive relationship, or when one of them reprimands the other for some wrongdoing. If the meeting takes place in the office, then such an arrangement also indicates a relationship of subordination. If B wants to influence A, then standing opposite each other reduces the chances of a successful negotiation. Such a position is not suitable for creating a relaxed atmosphere of understanding the other person's point of view.

independent position. This position is occupied by people who do not want to interact with each other. It indicates a lack of interest. This position is to be avoided when a frank conversation between A and B is required.

Thus, the space of organization of the communicative process acts as a special sign system, carries a semantic load as a component of communicative situations. Proxemics, as a special area dealing with the norms of the spatial organization of communication, currently has a large amount of experimental material. The correct spatial organization of communication ensures the use of another non-verbal sign system used in the communicative process - this is "eye contact", which has an important place in visual communication.

2.2 Eye contact

The look is one of the strongest "weapons". When a person speaks, he usually looks at his partner less often than when he listens to him. During his own speech, the speaker quite often averts his eyes in order to collect his thoughts. A broken look during a pause usually means: "I haven't said everything yet, please don't interrupt." A look to the side acquires completely different meanings if the partner is listening to the interlocutor, for example, such as "I do not quite agree with you; I have objections; this is not obvious; I doubt; this needs to be considered." Too frequent looking away during a conversation may indicate that a person is nervous, or the conversation is of little interest to him, and he seeks to end it as soon as possible.

The basis for true communication can only be established when you communicate face to face with the person. To build a good relationship with another person, our gaze should meet his gaze about 60-70% of the time of communication. The shackled, unassuming person who meets our eyes less than 1/3 of the time is rarely trustworthy.

But not only the longitude and frequency of the gaze are important, but also the geographical area of ​​the face and body to which the gaze is directed, since this also affects the outcome of the negotiations. These signals are transmitted and absorbed through non-verbal communication and are usually quite accurately interpreted by the interlocutors.

Business look. When conducting business negotiations, imagine that there is a triangle on the forehead of your interlocutor. By directing your gaze to this triangle, you create a serious atmosphere and the other person feels that you are in a businesslike mood.

social view. If your gaze falls below the eye level of another person, an atmosphere of social communication is created. During social communication, the eyes also look at the symbolic triangle on the face of a person, in this case located on the line of the eyes and the mouth area.

Intimate look. This gaze passes through the line of the eyes and goes below the chin to other parts of the interlocutor's body. People show interest in a person with such a look.

Sideways glance. Used to convey interest or hostility.

It makes sense to talk now about how to control a person’s gaze during the visual presentation of books, tables, graphs, etc. Research shows that 87% of information enters the human brain through visual receptors, 9% through auditory receptors and 4% through others. sense organs. If, for example, you show a person your visual aid and talk about it at the same time, he will only absorb 9% of your message, unless it is directly related to what he sees. If your message is related to a visual aid, then when he looks at it, he will absorb only 25-30% of your message. To gain maximum control over his attention, use a pen or pointer to point and describe what is shown. Then take the pen away from the visual aid and keep it in line with your and his eyes. Like a magnet, his head will rise, and he will look into your eyes, as a result of which he will see and hear you, what you will say to him, and, therefore, absorb information as much as possible. Try to make sure that the palm of the other hand is in sight.

2.3 Posture and gestures

The postures of the participants in the conversation reflect their subordination. Psychological subordination is very important - the desire to dominate or, on the contrary, to obey, which may not coincide with the status. Sometimes the interlocutors occupy an equal position, but one of them seeks to show his superiority. Let us describe a typical situation. There are two interlocutors: one sat down on the edge of a chair, putting his hands on his knees, the other fell apart, casually crossing his legs. The relationship of these people is easily understood, even if you do not hear what is being said: the second considers himself the master of the situation, the first - the subordinate (the true ratio of the positions they occupy is not important).

The desire for dominance is evidenced by postures such as:

both hands on hips, legs slightly apart

one hand on the hip, the other leans on the jamb of the door or wall

head slightly raised, arms folded at the waist

On the contrary, if you want to emphasize agreement with your partner, you can observe a kind of copying of his gestures. For example, W. Urey notes that if during a friendly conversation one of the partners sits with his head propped on his hand, then the other almost automatically does the same, as if saying I am the same as you. Such synchronization of partners' actions is especially noticeable if the video recording of their conversation is viewed at an accelerated pace.

A gesture is a sign made by the movement of hands, head or face, which has its own meaning, its own meaning. A gesture is a kind of means of communication if its content (meaning, meaning) is clear to the one who makes the gesture and to the one to whom it is addressed. No wonder L. Levy-Bruhl wrote that "speaking with your hands is, to a certain extent, literally thinking with your hands." In the studies of A. L. Leontiev, a convincing argument is given in favor of the fact that the language of gestures can sometimes successfully replace the language of sound.

A gesture affects a communication partner through a visual channel of perception, that is, gestures are a visually perceived message. A separate gesture is perceived as a word-gesture. The flow of individual gestures is a kind of suggestion in terms of external form, a judgment in terms of content.

However, gesticulation is not only a semantic amplifier of speech, but also a kind of signal from the "non-speaking partner" - a signal that expresses the attitude to the situation of communication.

Therefore, D. I. Nyerenberg and G. X. Calero emphasize: "to be understood, a person must combine words into sentences that express thoughts. The same is true with gestures. Understanding the consistency of gestures allows us to more accurately see the position of the person with whom we communicate ".

Reading gestures, therefore, has a clear functional goal in the processes of communication - it is tracking the change in the positions of the partner in the holistic process of interaction. Gestures are signals: they constantly signal how the partner reacts to our words and gestures. A gesture is an external manifestation of a person’s internal emotional and psychological state.

The lawyer should consider the following groups of gestures.

Gestures expressing aggressiveness:

tightly interlaced fingers (if they are on their knees, such a posture and gesture is almost unequivocally perceived by another person as a state of the interlocutor's aggressiveness);

clenched fist (the stronger the fingers are clenched in the fist, the higher the degree of internal excitation. If the fist is behind the back or the communication partner clenches his fingers into a fist in his pocket, then his determination and readiness to act are thereby manifested);

"pointing finger" (aimed at the partner "Here you are ...", "Did you understand me well?");

posture on a chair "on horseback".

Confidence Gestures:

hands are connected by fingertips, palms do not touch;

hands clasped behind, chin held high.

Disagreement gestures:

side glance - a gesture of distrust (if the gaze is taken away and returned again, then such a movement is perceived by others as a gesture of disagreement, distrust);

the legs and feet of a sitting or standing partner are directed towards the exit (the partner wants to end the conversation and leave);

touching the nose or lightly rubbing it (demonstrates uncertainty about the correctness of the speech. If there is a discussion between the partners, then one of them touches the nose, usually when he has counterarguments).

Gestures of uncertainty, irritation:

coughing (with uncertainty or fear);

whistling (but not artistic);

fidgeting in a chair (usually in a stressful situation);

a hand at the mouth at the moment of making a speech (as if surprise, uncertainty in one's own words. A gesture can also mean that the interlocutor wants to communicate something confidential).

Disappointment Gestures:

scratching in the back of the head;

weakening of the collar ("the collar interferes");

kicks (on the ground, in the air, etc.).

Gestures related to the evaluation of what was said:

hand at the cheek (at the moment of reflection);

a set finger above, the rest - under the chin (with a critical assessment of what was said or a negative attitude towards the partner at the moment);

tilted head (interest in the interlocutor. A slight forward movement indicates that the thought is clear. If the partner’s head, previously tilted, begins to straighten, then interest in the process or subject of communication increases. When interest in communication dries up or the partner’s monologue drags on, the other partner - begins to look at surrounding objects, look at the ceiling);

scratching the chin (in conflict discussions, in combination with a sideways glance, it is associated with considering the next move in the dialogue);

scratching the back of the nose with a finger (means concern, doubt);

manipulations with glasses (the partner wipes the lenses of the glasses or, having removed them, brings them to his mouth with a bow, creating a pause for thinking about what he heard and, as it were, inviting you to take your time. If the glasses are removed and placed on the table, then the conversation has become too sharp, or the topic raised in it, unpleasant for the partner).

Gestures and postures expressing readiness for any action:

body forward, hands on hips (usually self-confidence and readiness for action. This posture also speaks of the partner's excitement in a conversation and the desire to defend one's opinion "to the end");

the interlocutor sits on the tip of the chair (when he is ready to either jump up at any moment, or leave at the first opportunity, or remove the excessive excitement that arises in the conversation with a movement, or draw attention to himself and enter into a conversation).

Gestures that reveal self-esteem:

chest forward (with a high assessment of oneself);

drooping shoulders (show that a person does not value himself highly);

moving the hand behind the back, clasping the wrists with one hand with the other (in case of self-doubt or in the correctness of one's behavior).

Gestures in which some character traits and attitudes to the situation are manifested:

a healthy person tends to lean or lean against something (most likely, the situation in which he is located is complex and incomprehensible to him, or he cannot find the right answer, a worthy way out of it. A person especially needs support in such cases. Leaning on something, he feels more confident);

a person standing leans on his hands (on a table, chair, etc. - he is not sure how carefully his partner listens, that is, he feels incomplete contact);

the manner of holding hands (a closed person usually puts his hands in his pockets, behind his back, crosses them on his chest, a straight, open person constantly keeps his hands, palms of his hands in the field of view of a communication partner);

a closed jacket (closed people wear such jackets even when there is no special need for this);

crossing the ankles (typical for people with internal anxiety, expecting trouble).

Gestures that prevent or hinder communication:

arms crossed on the chest (perceived as fatigue or isolation. Such a gesture often destroys the already formed contact, repels the interlocutor. The degree of tension of the crossed arms indicates internal tension);

crossed legs and arms (generate a feeling of uncommunicativeness and demonstrativeness of his behavior);

a leg thrown on the arm of a chair is a clear disregard for the surrounding partner.

Features of behavior and gestures characteristic of women:

if a woman is bored, or communication causes her indifference, or interest in the conversation disappears, then she, sitting cross-legged, begins to shake her leg;

if a woman takes a handbag or any object during a conversation, then she is almost certainly unpleasant or embarrassed by the topic of the conversation or the partner’s questions - she seems to want to isolate herself from him.

It should be noted here that the psychotechnology of communication considers gesture not only as an expression of certain states of the individual, but also as a means of influencing communication. The process of communication is not limited to the exchange of oral or written information. An important role in this process is played by various manifestations of emotions, manners of partners and their gestures.

contact posture gesture interpersonal

CONCLUSION

As a result of our theoretical study, we can draw the following conclusions:

· To organize the process of assimilation of non-verbal means of communication included in non-verbal behavior, it is important to know their structural and functional originality. Non-verbal communication - the totality of these means, is designed to perform the following functions: supplementing speech, replacing speech, representing the emotional states of partners in the communicative process. For all systems of non-verbal communication, one general question of a methodological nature arises. Each of them uses its own sign system, which can be considered as a specific code. As noted above, any information must be encoded, and in such a way that the system of codification and decodification is known to all participants in the communication process. But if in the case of speech this system of codification is more or less well known, then in non-verbal communication it is important in each case to determine what can be considered a code here and, most importantly, how to ensure that the other communication partner owns the same code. Otherwise, the systems described above will not give any semantic addition to verbal communication.

· The success of any lawyer's contact largely depends on the ability to establish trusting contact with the interlocutor, and such contact depends not so much on what he says, but on how he carries himself. That is why special attention should be paid to the manner, posture and facial expressions of the interlocutor, as well as to how he gesticulates. Understanding the language of facial expressions and gestures allows you to more accurately determine the position of the interlocutor. When reading gestures, a lawyer provides feedback, which plays a decisive role in the holistic process of interaction, and the set of gestures is an important part of such a connection. Thus, in the activities of a lawyer, the concept of non-verbal language consists not only in the ability to interpret the gestures and facial expressions of a partner and control one's behavior, but also the mental essence of the concept of a person's personal territory, its zone; national characteristics of the behavior of partners, their relative position during the conversation; the ability to decipher the meaning of using auxiliary items. By reading non-verbal information of the interlocutor and skillfully emphasizing (or hiding) his own, the lawyer gets a unique opportunity to succeed in the professional sphere and in the sphere of personal relationships.

LIST OF USED SOURCES

1.Andreeva G. M. Psychology of social cognition - M., 1997. - 239 p.

2.Andreeva G. M. Social psychology. - M., Aspect Press, 2002. - 431 p.

3.Bodalev A.A. Perception and understanding of a person by a person - M., 1982.-200

4.Brudny A.A. On the theory of communicative influence//Theoretical and methodological problems of social psychology. - M., 1997. - S.56-63.

5.Vasiliev V. L. Ethics in jurisprudence and entrepreneurial activity. SPb., 1995. - 234 p.

6.Vasiliev VL Legal psychology. L., 1994. - 442 p.

7.Vasiliev N.N., Vasilieva E.N. Technologies of professional communication. Vologda, 1996. -226 p.

8.Granovskaya R.M. Elements practical psychology. - L., 1984. - 453 p.

.Gozman L.Ya. Psychology of emotional relations. - M., 1987. - 277s

11.Enikeev M. I. Fundamentals of general and legal psychology. M., 1996. - 433

12.Zel'dovich B.Z. Psychology and pedagogy in the professional activity of a lawyer. M., 2003. - 450 p.

13.Koni A.F. Moral principles in the criminal process. Selected works. - M., 1956. - 60 p.

.Kronik V.A. Starring: You, We, He, You, I: the psychology of significant relationships. - M., 1989. - 275 p.

15.Krutetsky V.A. Psychology. - M., Education, 1988. - 448 p.

16.Leontiev A.A. Psychology of communication. - M., 1997.- 375 p.

.Markova A.K. Psychology of professionalism. - M., 1996. - 308 p.

18.Interpersonal perception in a group / Ed. Andreeva G.M., Dontsova A.I. - M., 1981.- 292 p.

19.Practical psychology. Textbook, ed. Tutushkina M. K. M.-SPb., 1997. - 420 p.

20.Professional skills of a lawyer: Experience in practical training. M., 2001. - 260 p.

21.Psychology of influence. Reader. - M., 2000. - 505 p.

22.Rusalov V.M. Psychology and psychophysiology individual differences: some results and immediate tasks of system research // Psychological journal. - 1991. - T. 12. - No. 5. - S.12-19

.Simonov P.V., Ershov P.M. Temperament. Character. Personality. - M., Nauka, 1984. - 290 p.

24.Fisher R. Uri U. The path to agreement or negotiations without defeat M. Nauka 1990. - 190 p.

25.Yakovlev AM Crime and social psychology. M., 1991. - 340 p.

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In the work of a lawyer, communication plays a prominent role. Communication takes place within the framework of a wide variety of professional actions, such as communication with a citizen who has applied for help, during legal advice, preventive conversation, administrative analysis of an offense, during a personal investigation, questioning, interrogation, confrontation, and other investigative actions. In the vast majority of cases, this is not a simple conversation between a lawyer and another person, but an act of behavior and actions carried out to solve certain professional problems. Its professional features are determined by the result that should be achieved (testifying, establishing the truth, changing the behavior of a citizen, etc.), proceeding in the regime of law and legal relations, contact, as a rule, with difficult people, an atmosphere of tension, often conflict and confrontation .

Knowing the general psychotechnics of communication, you can adapt it to each specific case.

To some, communication seems very simplistic - as an exchange of words and the information behind them. In reality, communication proceeds as a contact:

* situational and business, carried out to solve a specific legal problem. Goals, objectives, environment have a psychological impact on its course and result;

* legal, during which there are legal relations that determine the procedure for the implementation of their rights and obligations. On the part of the lawyer, it proceeds strictly in the mode of compliance with established norms, which his communication partner understands, and this also affects their psychology and communication;

* status-role. This is not a communication between two friends talking on an equal footing, when you can say everything. Both the lawyer and the citizen are aware of the differences in positions in the situation that prompted them to communicate;

* cognitive-evaluative. People who have come into contact carefully look at each other and, depending on its results, decide what and how to say and what not to say;

* Interpersonal, relationship, largely individualized. It is not sound devices that speak, but individuals who are related to each other in a certain way, subject to likes and dislikes, mutual understanding and enmity, trying to influence each other and using all means of communication for this;

* information .

Therefore, people in communication are not like acoustic projectiles that emit and perceive sounds. They not only transmit-receive information, but enter into interaction, relationships, study, influence each other, pursue their own line of behavior, defend their interests. This whole tangle of psychological factors affects the process of exchanging information in the course of communication, and success is ensured by the ability of the initiator of communication - the lawyer to take them into account and use them to solve the problem at hand.

The rule: communication should be treated with all the psychology that a lawyer is capable of. A lawyer should deliberately translate his thoughts about the ways of communication and overcoming its difficulties into the plane of psychological reasoning, assessments, comparisons, choices, intentions and means of their implementation.

The word acts not only by its content and meaning, but also by the whole complex of non-speech means framing it. The psychotechnics of using non-verbal means of accompanying speech is associated with their use in conversation, which significantly enhances the power of words, and ignoring it can weaken and even nullify the effect of the word. The general rule is this: speak not only to the ears, but also to the eyes of those who hear.

In the activities of a lawyer, there are a huge number of communicative situations in which the use of facial expressions is an important factor. In a broad sense, facial expressions are understood as expressive movements of the muscles of the face. It reflects the mental state of a person, attitude to the environment, his own statements and actions. In professional psychotechnics, facial expressions are used to enhance speech utterance, influence the interlocutor, establish psychological contact, form an impression of oneself and one's position in a conversation, disguise one's own mental state and attitude to what is happening, and even to improve one's well-being. In the course of contacts with citizens in solving important tasks for them, they involuntarily increase their observation of the facial expressions of a representative of authority. They often try to understand not only the text, but also the subtext, to guess the hidden, real meaning behind the words, to catch its attitude to the information, the event, to themselves, as if “reading the face”. The ability to control one's facial expressions, to master it to solve the problem at hand is an important professional skill of a law enforcement officer.

Consequently, a lawyer must always keep his facial expressions in the field of attention: think over what it should be, what it is, whether it corresponds to the situation, when it should be changed and why, etc. Many employees do not think about what their facial expression is, they don't know, they don't realize it.

It is expedient for a lawyer to deliberately control his facial expressions, to give with its help the expression on the face that will contribute to the desired perception of thoughts and actions by the interlocutor, other people. Most often, in the actions of law enforcement officers, it should demonstrate calmness, self-control, confidence, goodwill.

It is necessary to use all mimic means for the necessary expressiveness of your face. This is, first of all, the expression of the eyes, the direction of gaze, a special pattern of nasolabial folds, forehead folds, the general position of the head (normal, straight position, arrogantly raised chin, tilt forward with a look from under the brows, etc.), movements of the muscles of the face (including the muscles of the eyelids and others, who primarily determine their expression). Mimicry is diverse and dynamic and can reflect the attitude of the speaker to the spoken words (their significance for the speaker, belief in what he says, how he understands what he says, how he understands the listener, etc.), the mental states of the speaker (joy, satisfaction, attentiveness , boredom, annoyance, fatigue, surprise, excitement, tension, anger, confusion, etc.), attitude towards the interlocutor (indifference, respect, sympathy, goodwill, neglect, disappointment, etc.), attitude towards oneself and one’s actions (volitional composure, determination, inflexibility, self-doubt, dissatisfaction with oneself, self-satisfaction, swagger, preparation for some kind of action, etc.), some qualities (intelligence, intelligence, lack of education, stupidity, self-control, will, etc.).

The expression of the eyes reflects the essential meaning of the conversation. The eyes are rightly called the mirror of the soul. A law enforcement officer needs to talk with his counterpart, as they say, eye to eye, have eye contact and even, in appropriate cases, ask him to also look into his eyes and not take them away. In most professions, there should not be a split between the content of speech and the expression of the eyes, facial expressions, because the same words with different expressions of the face and eyes can acquire the opposite meaning. You can talk with a serious face and laugh only with your eyes. There are circumstances in the profession of a lawyer when the eyes and all facial expressions are designed to mask his real states and attitudes. It requires artistry and self-management.

Of great importance in the activities of a lawyer is the ability to master the psychotechnics of using gestures and the ability to “read” them. You can divide all the gestures used in the activities of law enforcement officers into groups: 8

* illustrators that reinforce the speech message, including: pointers (finger, hand movement), pictographs - a picture of the shape and size of an object, ideographs - hand movements that simulate the dynamics of some event (for example, the movement of a hand with a knife when hitting body), go-ahead - movements, as if beating the pace of speech;

* homonymous gestures - substitutes for the words "come", "sit down", "hello", "leave", "put away", "goodbye", "hooray!", "wait", "bad", "I don't believe" , "horror!" and etc.;

* gestures-commands. This kind of gestures is provided, for example, for the work of inspectors of the road patrol service, during combat formations (“Stand in line!”, “Stand in a column!”, etc.);

* affekgoras - movements that reflect the attitude to the actions and words of the interlocutor and the emotions that have arisen: agreement, disagreement, protest, empathy, condemnation, warning (movement with the index finger), attention, etc .;

* regulators - a nod of the head, direction of gaze, purposeful movement of the hands, demonstrating the intentions of the speaker: an offer to the interlocutor to be silent, wait, interrupt his speech, give or convey something, etc. There are a number of rules-recommendations for using gestures:

* actively use the possibilities of gestures when talking;

* do not allow meaningless gestures - waving hands;

* avoid stereotypical gestures - the use of only one or two constantly repeating gestures (for example, "cutting the air", "pointing finger").

The posture of the speaker has a psychological impact on the interlocutor and gives out the attitude towards him, attitude towards himself, the level of culture and ethics, mental state, intention, etc. It also affects the perception of words, may correspond to their real meaning or contradict it; correct and beautiful words can be perceived as false, as an empty formality. Therefore, it is reasonable to take the posture that is accurately calculated for the psychological effect corresponding to the goals of speech. In the general case, it is intended to testify to culture, responsibility, exactingness towards oneself, respect for the interlocutor, attentiveness to his words. Signs of it: a strict straight landing, the body tilted slightly forward.

Gait can say a lot about a person and in a certain way characterizes his psychology. The gait of people who are self-confident and insecure, who have great conceit and undemanding to themselves, who are dissolute and lax and have received a good school in the army, who are in a state of relaxation and resting, agitated and preoccupied, determined and cowardly, afraid of something, is quite clearly distinguished. and those trying not to draw attention to themselves, preparing for some kind of action, etc. Its features can be noticed by looking at a person from the front, side and even from behind, from afar and from a short distance. Even a person who is not very observant, noticing a moving, for example, police officer at the post or approaching him, intuitively guesses some of his features, states and intentions. Therefore, any law enforcement officer in the performance of professional duties should try to assess the role of his gait in a given situation and choose the one that suits it. Understanding the psychological significance of your gait, work out constantly and stubbornly what you need.

Psychologists have found that in the process of human interaction, from 60 to 80% of communications are carried out through non-verbal means of expression, and only 20-40% of information is transmitted using verbal ones. These data make us think about the importance of non-verbal communication in the activities of a lawyer to establish effective contact, pay special attention to the meaning of human gestures and facial expressions, and also give rise to a desire to master the art of interpreting this special language that we all speak without even realizing it. A feature of non-verbal language is that its manifestation is due to the impulses of our subconscious, and the lack of the ability to fake these impulses allows us to trust this language more than the usual verbal communication channel.

The success of any lawyer's contact largely depends on the ability to establish trusting contact with the interlocutor, and such contact depends not so much on what he says, but on how he carries himself. That is why special attention should be paid to the manner, posture and facial expressions of the interlocutor, as well as to how he gesticulates. Understanding the language of facial expressions and gestures allows you to more accurately determine the position of the interlocutor. When reading gestures, a lawyer provides feedback, which plays a decisive role in the holistic process of interaction, and the set of gestures is an important part of such a connection.

Thus, in the activities of a lawyer, the concept of non-verbal language consists not only in the ability to interpret the gestures and facial expressions of a partner and control one's behavior, but also the mental essence of the concept of a person's personal territory, its zone; national characteristics of the behavior of partners, their relative position during the conversation; the ability to decipher the meaning of using auxiliary items. By reading non-verbal information of the interlocutor and skillfully emphasizing (or hiding) his own, the lawyer gets a unique opportunity to succeed in the professional sphere and in the sphere of personal relationships.

Conclusions for chapter 1

· To organize the process of assimilation of non-verbal means of communication included in non-verbal behavior, it is important to know their structural and functional originality. Non-verbal communication - the totality of these means, is designed to perform the following functions: supplementing speech, replacing speech, representing the emotional states of partners in the communicative process. For all systems of non-verbal communication, one general question of a methodological nature arises. Each of them uses its own sign system, which can be considered as a specific code. As noted above, any information must be encoded, and in such a way that the system of codification and decodification is known to all participants in the communication process. But if in the case of speech this system of codification is more or less well known, then in non-verbal communication it is important in each case to determine what can be considered a code here and, most importantly, how to ensure that the other communication partner owns the same code. Otherwise, the systems described above will not give any semantic addition to verbal communication.

· The success of any lawyer's contact largely depends on the ability to establish confidential contact with the interlocutor, and such contact depends not so much on what he says, but on how he behaves. That is why special attention should be paid to the manner, posture and facial expressions of the interlocutor, as well as to how he gesticulates. Understanding the language of facial expressions and gestures allows you to more accurately determine the position of the interlocutor. When reading gestures, a lawyer provides feedback, which plays a decisive role in the holistic process of interaction, and the set of gestures is an important part of such a connection. Thus, in the activities of a lawyer, the concept of non-verbal language consists not only in the ability to interpret the gestures and facial expressions of a partner and control one's behavior, but also the mental essence of the concept of a person's personal territory, its zone; national characteristics of the behavior of partners, their relative position during the conversation; the ability to decipher the meaning of using auxiliary items. By reading non-verbal information of the interlocutor and skillfully emphasizing (or hiding) his own, the lawyer gets a unique opportunity to succeed in the professional sphere and in the sphere of personal relationships.

Event on the specialty on the topic: "Non-verbal communication"

Prepared by the teacher of the Russian language and literature of the secondary school No. 133 Smolenskaya Anna Mikhailovna

Target: 1) to acquaint students with the concept of "Non-verbal communication", to update and replenish basic knowledge about communication, to realize the connection between written and oral broadcasting, between verbal and non-verbal communication;

2) to develop the ability to draw current conclusions based on the behavior of others, to be attentive to aggressive people; to form a tolerant attitude towards interlocutors;

3) to cultivate communication etiquette, respect for others, interlocutors.

Lesson type: Combined.

Equipment: Handout (cards), presentation, illustrative material.

During the classes.

Teacher's word: Do you know what non-verbal communication is? Okay, let's get to know each other.

An important element human life and relationships are psychological contact and communication. The need for contact with those similar to oneself also exists in the animal world, but communication is a huge gift, the property of human social existence. Thanks to communication, a person learns the world, his own spirituality, maintains a psychological connection with other people through mass media and direct relationships, without which it is difficult to maintain an emotional life status.

Communication - a multifaceted process of establishing and developing contacts between people, which provides for the exchange of information, certain tactics and strategies for interaction, perception and understanding by the subjects of communication of each other.

It historically developed in the process of joint activities of people, where at first it played an auxiliary role: it organized and accompanied certain actions.

With the complication of activity, it acquires relative independence, begins to perform the specific function of transferring forms of culture and social experience to the next generations.

Human communication is supported by certain means. A person is able to express and consolidate his feelings, thoughts in words and gestures, giving a communicative space in which her inner world and the external, objective world are united, coexist. Such means that a person uses in his communication are verbal (verbal) and non-verbal means (facial expressions, pantomime, expressive body movements).

Verbal communication uses language as a sign system - the most universal means of human communication, which provides a meaningful aspect of interaction and mutual understanding in the process of joint activity. The accuracy of the listener's understanding of the content of the statement can become apparent to the communicator only when there is a change in "communicative roles", that is, when the recipient becomes a communicator and, by his statement, will let you know how he revealed the content of the information.

One of the means of communication is non-verbal (non-verbal) communication. These are various body movements (gestures, facial expressions, pantomime), other means of external non-verbal transmission of a person's emotional states (for example, redness, blanching, changes in breathing rhythm, etc.), which serve as a means of exchanging information between people. Sometimes people talk about non-verbal behavior of a person. At the same time, we are talking about forms of his behavioral activity that are not related to language, but those that perform a communicative function (for example, the placement of a person in space, manners of holding some objects, etc.).

Understand what verbal and non-verbal communication is? Fine! Let's try to independently determine the behavior and intentions of people by postures, facial expressions and gestures? Divide into groups (students receive cards).

While you're at work, I'll give you a few examples of non-verbal communication.

More than two thousand years ago, the Chinese sage Lu Wang accidentally met an unfamiliar young man, with whom he hurried to establish friendly relations, moreover, he married his daughter to him. The foresight of the sage can only be surprised: a few years later, an unknown young man proclaimed himself the ruler of the Celestial Empire, the first emperor of the Han dynasty. The happy father-in-law claimed that he read exceptional abilities and a great future in the features of the young man.

It is known, for example, that in the circus the performers talk to each other with the help of gestures and certain body movements. Sometimes the life of a person who works under the dome depends on how accurately his gestures are understood by those people who insure him below. This sign language is understood by all circus artists, regardless of nationality and language.

There are such non-verbal signals that one people carry one information, and another - another. So, for example, most European peoples convey consent by shaking their heads from top to bottom. The Bulgarians convey disagreement with this gesture, and the Japanese only confirm that they are attentively listening to the interlocutor. The use of such gestures often causes misunderstandings, and if the exact meaning of gestures in the culture of a particular people is unknown, then it is better not to use them when communicating with foreigners.

Our compatriots who now live and work in the United States of America say that one of the basic rules that they had to learn there was the rule to smile always and in all cases. But, observing the American principle of constantly smiling, one should not forget that the smile should be adequate to the situation and not cause irritation in the interlocutor.

A. Makarenko admitted that he felt like a teacher only when he was able to give the same order in twenty different intonations.

In the media we find material about one Italian actor, while on tour in Poland, he read a monologue. It seemed to the listeners that it was a monologue of a terrible criminal who repents of his deed and sincerely asks for forgiveness. There were tears in the eyes of many of the listeners. Then it turned out that the actor had not prepared a spare number and simply pronounced numbers from one to a hundred in Italian, but with different intonations and gestures.

Not less than interesting fact, in my opinion, is that Vladimir Vysotsky, with his hoarse voice and high emotionality, turned words that were simple in meaning into an emotional anguish, forcing other people to look differently around them.

I hope you have already finished. We are ready to listen to your options and analyze them. We start with the first group (while students answer and analyze their answers, we prepare a presentation for viewing).

I thank you for your work, you were quite attentive to the task and gave many correct answers. Now we will clarify the interpretation of images that turned out to be difficult. Attention to the screen (teacher's story behind the presentation).

Final word from the teacher: Unfortunately, lack of time does not allow us to consider all means of non-verbal communication, so if you are interested in the topic of our event, please contact me. I will gladly recommend interesting literature on this subject. Now, I am sure, you will no longer make mistakes and correctly determine the reaction of the interlocutors to your words and carefully monitor the behavior of the people around you.

Thank you for attention. Goodbye.

1

1. Boluchevskaya, V.V., Povlyukova, A.M., Physician communication: verbal and non-verbal communication (lecture). 2) [electronic resource] // Medical psychology in Russia: electron. scientific journal 2011. No. 2 URL: http://medpsy.ru.

In professions associated with human-human interaction, the focus on the other as an equal participant in the interaction is of great importance. The ability to humanistic, moral reaction in the professional activity of a medical worker is especially important. Since the object and at the same time the subject of interaction is a person, and the nature of knowledge is applied, a high measure of personal responsibility for the results of their activities is required from medical workers.

The basics of psychological knowledge are necessary for medical workers in connection with the fact that they contribute to the attentive and interested attitude of people towards each other in treatment and prevention activities, the mutual trust that arises on this basis, the ability to participate, empathy, empathy and, therefore, mutual understanding. The latter is also necessary because the medical worker and the patient together solve the same problem - maintaining health, preventing and treating diseases, which implies their cooperation and interaction, that is, active communication.

Properly established psychological contact with the patient helps to more accurately collect an anamnesis, to get a more complete and in-depth understanding of the patient. This significantly increases the efficiency in solving the tasks of a medical worker. In the system of interpersonal communication, non-verbal communication is very important, which is associated with the mental states of a person and serves as a means of expressing them.

More than half of the attention is paid to non-verbal accompaniment of speech. A. Meyerabian's studies showed that in the daily act of human communication, words make up 7%, sounds and intonations 38%, non-speech interaction 55%. The situation when the ability to "read" the interlocutor's non-verbal message can be considered as a professionally significant quality of a physician and allows for more accurate diagnosis, especially in dissimulation behavior, in which the patient deliberately hides the symptoms of his illness. An analysis of non-verbal behavior makes it possible to identify characteristic facial reactions to pain, restrained gestures, static postures - signs indicating the presence of a "protective" style of behavior: the minimum number of movements allows you to limit the impact of painful stimuli.

The presence of non-verbal communication skills is necessary for a medical worker with a “language barrier”, when a doctor and a patient, speaking different languages, do not understand each other. In this situation, they supplement verbal communication with non-verbal one with the help of gestures, mimic reactions, voice intonations. The development of communication skills also requires the situation of express diagnostics, when a doctor has to examine a large number of patients in a short period of time. A similar situation develops during natural disasters and social cataclysms (war, revolution, mass migration of refugees).

Non-verbal interaction skills can also be useful in the professional interaction of a doctor with young children. A child who does not have developed skills of introspection often has difficulty in describing the nature of pain, cannot determine it (“stabbing”, “cutting”, “pressing”, “bursting”).

Non-verbal behavior can be assessed according to the following main parameters: non-verbal behavior itself (interpersonal distance, mutual position of interlocutors, postures, gestures, facial expressions and gaze) and paralinguistic components of communication (sighs, groans, yawns, coughs) - all the sounds that a person utters, but non-speech, as well as such characteristics of speech as the volume of the voice, its pace and rhythm, pauses.

In order for the process of the relationship between the patient and the medical worker to be effective, it is necessary to study the psychological aspects of their interaction. For medical psychology, the doctor's motives and values, his idea of ​​an ideal patient, as well as certain expectations of the patient himself from the process of diagnosis, treatment, prevention and rehabilitation, and the behavior of a medical worker are of interest. At good contact with medical workers, the patient recovers more quickly, and the applied treatment has a better effect, much less side effects and complications. One of the foundations of medical activity is the ability of a health worker to understand a sick person. In the process of medical activity, an important role is played by the ability to listen to the patient, which seems necessary for the formation of contact between him and the health worker. The ability to listen to a sick person not only helps to identify or diagnose the disease to which he may be susceptible, but the process of listening itself has a favorable interaction on psychological contact.

In addition, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics (profile) of the disease in contact with the patient, since in the therapeutic departments common in clinical medicine there are patients of various profiles. These are, for example, patients with diseases of cardio-vascular system, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory organs, kidneys, etc. And often their painful conditions require long-term treatment, which also affects the relationship between the health worker and the patient. A long separation from the family and the usual professional activities, as well as anxiety about the state of one's health, cause a complex of various psychogenic reactions in patients.

However, not only these factors affect the psychological atmosphere and the patient's condition. As a result, psychogeny can complicate the course of the underlying somatic disease, which, in turn, worsens the mental state of patients. And, in addition, quite often, patients with complaints about the activity internal organs, often without even suspecting that these somatic disorders are of a psychogenic nature.

Thus, the professional activity of a medical worker is inextricably linked with communication as a process of information exchange, perception and understanding of each other's people. Moreover, in their practice, health professionals come into contact with various areas life of a person and society - the sphere of health (physical, mental, social), rights, the education and health care system, with preventive work, administrative issues and others. Therefore, in order to achieve maximum efficiency in their professional activities, a physician must be well aware of the patterns and features of the communication process, as well as the causes of barriers in the process of interpersonal interaction.

Bibliographic link

Savunkina A.A., Latyshev V.A. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION IN THE PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY OF A MEDICAL WORKER // International Journal of Experimental Education. - 2015. - No. 11-6. – S. 933-935;
URL: http://expeducation.ru/ru/article/view?id=9527 (date of access: 01/04/2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"