Microclimate training of specialists of JSC "Russian Railways" on general issues of certification of workplaces in terms of working conditions
Picture 1
The concept of microclimate
Under the microclimate industrial premises is understood as the climate of the internal environment of these premises surrounding a person, which is determined by the combinations of temperature, humidity and air velocity acting on the human body, as well as the temperature of the surfaces surrounding it.
The impact of the factor on the human body
The microclimate of industrial premises mainly affects thermal state the human body and its heat exchange with the environment.
Despite the fact that the parameters of the microclimate of industrial premises can vary significantly, the temperature of the human body remains constant (36.6 ° C). Property human body maintaining heat balance is called thermoregulation. The normal course of physiological processes in the body is possible only when the heat released by the body is continuously removed to the environment.
The release of heat by the human body to the external environment occurs in three main ways (paths): convection, radiation and evaporation.
A decrease in temperature, under all other identical conditions, leads to an increase in heat transfer by convection and radiation and can lead to hypothermia of the body.
At high temperatures, almost all the heat that is released is given off to the environment by evaporation of sweat. If the microclimate is characterized not only by high temperature, but also by significant air humidity, then sweat does not evaporate, but drips from the surface of the skin.
Insufficient moisture leads to intensive evaporation of moisture from the mucous membranes, their drying and erosion, contamination by pathogenic microbes. Water and salts excreted from the body later must be replaced, since their loss leads to thickening of the blood and disruption of the cardiovascular system.
Increasing the speed of air movement enhances the process of heat transfer by convection and evaporation of sweat. lasting impact high temperature in combination with significant humidity, it can lead to the accumulation of heat in the body and to hyperthermia, a state in which the body temperature rises to 38–40 °C.
At low temperatures, significant speed and humidity, hypothermia of the body occurs (hypothermia). Cold injury may occur due to exposure to low temperatures. Microclimate parameters also have a significant impact on labor productivity and injury rates.
Factor classification
In accordance with current classification, given in Guideline R 2.2.2006-05 “Guidelines for the hygienic assessment of factors in the working environment and the labor process. Criteria and classification of working conditions "microclimate is divided into heating and cooling.
Heating microclimate - a combination of microclimate parameters (air temperature, humidity, speed of its movement, relative humidity, thermal radiation), in which there is a violation of heat exchange between a person and the environment, expressed in the accumulation of heat in the body above the upper limit of the optimal value(>0.87 kJ/kg) and/or an increase in the proportion of heat loss by sweat evaporation (>30%) in overall structure thermal balance, the appearance of general or local uncomfortable heat sensations (slightly warm, warm, hot).
Cooling microclimate - this is the state of the microclimate in the production room, in which the air temperature in the workplace below the lower limit of admissible. There is a deficiency of heat in the body, a person feels cold.
Normalized factor indicators
List of normalized microclimate indicators shown in table 1.
Table 1
Standard values
Optimal and permissible values of microclimate parameters for industrial premises are established Sanitary regulations and SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 " Hygiene requirements to the microclimate of industrial premises. Their values depend on the period of the year (cold or warm), as well as the category of work performed by the employee.
To category Ia include work with an intensity of energy consumption up to 120 kcal / h (up to 139 W), performed while sitting and accompanied by slight physical stress (a number of professions in precision instrumentation and engineering enterprises, in watchmaking, clothing production, in management, etc.).
To category Ib include work with an energy intensity of 121 - 150 kcal / h (140 - 174 W), performed while sitting, standing or walking and accompanied by some physical stress (a number of professions in the printing industry, in communications enterprises, controllers, craftsmen in various types of production and etc.).
To category IIa include work with an intensity of energy consumption of 151 - 200 kcal / h (175 - 232 W), associated with constant walking, moving small (up to 1 kg) products or objects in a standing or sitting position and requiring a certain physical exertion (a number of professions in mechanical assembly shops engineering enterprises, in spinning and weaving, etc.).
To category IIb include work with an energy intensity of 201 - 250 kcal / h (233 - 290 W), associated with walking, moving and carrying loads up to 10 kg and accompanied by moderate physical stress (a number of professions in mechanized foundry, rolling, forging, thermal, welding shops of machine-building and metallurgical enterprises, etc.).
To category III include work with an energy intensity of more than 250 kcal / h (more than 290 W), associated with constant movement, moving and carrying significant (over 10 kg) weights and requiring great physical effort (a number of professions in blacksmith shops with manual forging, foundries with manual stuffing and casting molding boxes of machine-building and metallurgical enterprises, etc.).
The optimal values of the microclimate indicators at the workplaces of industrial premises are shown in Table 2.
table 2
Period of the year Category of work Air temperature, °С Cold Ia 22 – 24 60 – 40 0,1 Ib 21 – 23 60 – 40 0,1 IIa 19 – 21 60 – 40 0,2 IIb 17 – 19 60 – 40 0,2 III 16 – 18 60 – 40 0,3 Warm Ia 23 – 25 60 – 40 0,1 Ib 22 – 24 60 – 40 0,1 IIa 20 – 22 60 – 40 0,2 IIb 19 – 21 60 – 40 0,2 III 18 – 20 60 – 40 0,3
Permissible values of microclimate indicators at workplaces of industrial premises are given in Table 3.
Table 3
Period of the year Category of work Air temperature, °С Relative air humidity, % Air speed, m/s Cold Ia 20 – 25 15 – 75 0,1 Ib 19 – 24 15 – 75 0,1 – 0,2 IIa 17 – 23 15 – 75 0,1 – 0,3 IIb 15 – 22 15 – 75 0,2 – 0,4 III 13 – 21 15 – 75 0,2 – 0,4 Warm Ia 21 – 28 15 – 75 0,1 – 0,2 Ib 20 – 28 15 – 75 0,1 – 0,3 IIa 18 – 27 15 – 75 0,1 – 0,4 IIb 16 – 27 15 – 75 0,2 – 0,5 III 15 – 26 15 – 75 0,2 – 0,5
Normative values of microclimate indicators for working premises with a heating microclimate, with a cooling microclimate, for open areas and unheated premises, taking into account climatic zoning, as well as the distribution of working conditions by the “microclimate” factor by class, are given in Guideline R 2.2.2006-05.
If the measured parameters meet the requirements Sanitary regulations and norms SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 "Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises", then working conditions in terms of microclimate indicators are characterized as optimal (grade 1) or admissible (grade 2) . In case of discrepancy, the working conditions are classified as harmful and the degree of harmfulness is established, which characterizes the level of overheating or cooling of the human body.
Measurement technique
Measurements of microclimate parameters should be carried out twice a year - in the cold and in the warm period of the year. Measurements should be carried out at all workplaces at least three times per shift (at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the shift).
If within work shift the employee is located in several working areas, measurements are taken in each of them.
During work performed while sitting, the temperature and air velocity are measured at a height of 0.1 and 1.0 m, relative humidity– at a height of 1.0 m from the floor or work surface; for work performed while standing - the values \u200b\u200bof 0.1, 1.5 and 1.5 m, respectively.
Where sources of radiant heat are available, thermal exposure is measured from each source.
When assessing the microclimate in an open area or in unheated premises, it is also necessary to assess the presence or absence of regulated breaks for heating.
Measurements of microclimate parameters in cabins of traction rolling stock should be carried out in the workplace driver and assistant when the heating system is on (during the cold season) and the air conditioner is on (if any, in the warm season). Measurements are carried out under typical operating conditions (windows on mainline locomotives must be closed, on shunting locomotives - in accordance with the conditions of work).
Microclimate measurements at workplaces conductors of passenger cars should be carried out with closed windows and doors in the car and operating ventilation, heating (during the cold season) and air conditioning (during the warm season). Due to the fact that passenger cars travel long distances, often passing through several climatic zones characterized by different microclimatic conditions, the measurement requirements have their own characteristics. During the warm period of the year, measurements should be carried out in all cars and on all routes. During the cold period of the year, the outdoor air temperature at which it is necessary to carry out measurements is determined by the climatic regions along which the train routes are located.
Location of climatic regions Russian Federation shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2
When operating cars from the Urals (inclusive) to Vladivostok and across the Komi Republic, measurements should be carried out at outside air temperatures of 25 ± 5 degrees Celsius; when operating wagons in areas from Murmansk to Volgograd - at temperatures of - 15 ± 5 degrees Celsius; in the regions of Rostov and to the south at temperatures of -5 ± 5 degrees Celsius. In cases where the route passes through different zones (mentioned above), measurements during the cold period should be carried out at outdoor temperatures established for zones with a more severe climate.
Measuring instruments
Instruments for measuring microclimate parameters are shown in Figure 3.
industrial premises
Guidelines for the implementation of educational and research laboratory work
Compiled by A.D. Ovsyankin
Evaluation of the microclimate of workplaces in industrial premises. Method. instructions for teaching and research laboratory work /Comp. Ovsyankin A.D., Perm. state tech. un-t, Perm, 2003 - 25 p.
Given : necessary terms and their definitions, general principles for classifying working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and danger, information about the influence of the microclimate on the human body, regulatory documents, information about normalization and means of protection from the microclimate. The description of instruments for measuring climatic parameters and the measurement technique are given.
Methodological instructions are intended for laboratory work by students of all specialties of the university.
Tab. 8. Ill. 5. Bibliography: 9 named.
Reviewer Associate Professor V.F. Korotaev
Perm State
Technical University
Purpose of work 4
Regulatory documents 4
Explanation of terms used in work 4
General principles for the classification of working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and danger 5
The microclimate of the premises. Basic concepts 8
Factors taken into account when normalizing microclimate indicators 9
Optimal and allowable conditions microclimate 9
Influence of the microclimate on the human body 11
Assessment of the actual state of working conditions in the workplace 13
Means of collective and individual protection against adverse climatic parameters, organizational measures 14
Requirements for the organization of control and methods for measuring the microclimate 15
Devices for measuring climatic parameters of air working area 17
Work Safety Precautions 22
The device of the laboratory stand. Work order 22
Security questions 23
References 24
Annex 1. Lab report (form) 25
Objective:
Acquainted with general principles classification of working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and danger.
To study the features of the thermal interaction of a person with the surrounding air (microclimate).
To study the regulation of microclimate indicators.
To study ways to measure microclimate indicators, measure them and compare them with standards.
To study ways to protect against the adverse effects of the microclimate
Regulations
1. Sanitary rules and norms SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96. Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises.
2. Guide R. 2.2.755-99. Hygienic criteria for assessing and classifying working conditions in terms of hazards and hazards of industrial environment factors. severity and intensity of the labor process.
3. GOST 12.1.005-88.SSBT. General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area
In addition to those listed, there are some other industry documents.
Optimal microclimatic the conditions are established according to the criteria of the optimal thermal and functional state of a person. They are provide a general and local feeling of thermal comfort during an 8-hour work shift with minimal stress on thermoregulation mechanisms, do not cause deviations in health status, create preconditions for a high level of performance and are preferred in the workplace.
The optimal values of microclimate indicators must be observed at the workplaces of industrial premises where operator-type work is performed associated with neuro-emotional stress (in cabins, on consoles and control posts for technological processes, in computer rooms, etc.).
Permissible microclimatic conditions established according to the criteria for the permissible thermal and functional state of a person for the period of an 8-hour work shift. They are do not cause damage or health problems, but can lead to general and local sensations of thermal discomfort, tension in the mechanisms of thermoregulation, deterioration of well-being and decreased performance.
An aerosol is a dispersed system in which the dispersion (continuous) medium is a gas, in particular air, and the dispersed phase is solid or liquid particles. The smallest (fine) aerosol particles are close in size to large molecules, and for the largest, the largest size (up to 100 ... 200 microns) is determined by their ability to stay in suspension for a more or less long time.
There are dispersive and condensation aerosols. Dispersion aerosols are formed during the grinding (dispersion) of solid and liquid substances, condensation aerosols - during the condensation of saturated vapors, as well as as a result of gas reactions. Dispersion particles are usually much coarser than condensation particles, have a greater polydispersity, and have an irregular shape. Condensation aerosols often have a regular spherical or crystalline shape, and upon coagulation, merging, they again acquire a spherical shape.
In practice, one often encounters aerosols that include particles of both dispersion and condensation origin, usually of ultramicroscopic size.
Dispersed substances can form suspensions and true solutions not only in a liquid, but also in a gaseous medium. Suspensions of solid and liquid particles in liquids are called sols, in air - aerosols. Aerosols include dusts, mists and fumes.
Dusts are dispersed substances. This dispersion can be molecular and colloidal up to very large sizes. Dust is also commonly referred to as a collection of settled particles (gel or airgel). The sizes of dust particles range from 1 to 500 microns.
Fog is a gaseous medium with liquid particles, both condensation and dispersion, regardless of their dispersion.
Smokes - condensation aerosols with a solid dispersed phase or including particles, both solid and liquid.
Dust can be classified according to several criteria, including its origin, i.e. according to the material from which it is formed.
Depending on the origin, dust of natural origin and industrial dust are distinguished.
Dust of natural origin is formed as a result of processes not directly related to the production process, although in many cases there is a relationship between this type of dust generation and human activities. Dust of natural origin includes dust formed as a result of soil erosion, as well as dust arising from the weathering of rocks, dust of cosmic origin, etc. Natural origin are organic dust-like particles - pollen, plant spores. To the soil formed as a result of erosion, weathering of rocks, etc. close in composition to the dust that occurs during the weathering of building structures, roads and other structures. One has to deal with dust of natural origin, mainly when solving the issues of cleaning the supply air before it enters the ventilated premises.
Industrial dust is generated during the manufacturing process. Almost every type of production, every material or type of raw material is accompanied by a certain type of dust. Many technological processes are aimed at obtaining various materials consisting of small particles, such as cement, gypsum, flour, etc. The totality of these particles is correctly called pulverized material. The corresponding dust (for example, cement, flour, etc.) is usually called the smallest particles of these materials carried by air currents. Most types of dust arise as a result of processes associated with the processing of materials (cutting, grinding, etc.), their sorting and transportation (loading, unloading, etc.).
Depending on the material from which the dust is formed, it can be organic or inorganic.
Organic dust is of vegetable (wood, cotton, flour, tobacco, tea, etc.) and animal (woolen, bone, etc.) origin.
Inorganic dust is divided into mineral (quartz, cement, etc.) and metal (steel, cast iron, copper, aluminum, etc.).
Measures to combat industrial dust are: organization of general and local ventilation, replacement of toxic substances with non-toxic ones, mechanization and automation of processes, wet cleaning of premises, etc.
For the transportation of powder and bulk materials, it is necessary to use special railway wagons and cement trucks, which ensure dust-free loading, transportation and unloading of these materials.
Filtering gas masks, respirators, gauze bandages are used as personal protective equipment against harmful substances in the form of aerosols. Special clothing made of dust-proof fabric (gowns, gloves, overalls and safety shoes) protects against harmful substances from entering the skin. Goggles are used to protect the eyes. Personal protective equipment also includes protective pastes, ointments, washing solutions.
People working in respirators should be provided with filters for replacement as they get dirty, but at least once per shift, as well as replacement of respirators in accordance with current standards.
In the absence of technical possibilities to reduce the concentration of dust to a safe level, working conditions are assessed according to the methods and standards contained in the document “Guidelines for the hygienic assessment of factors in the working environment and the labor process. Criteria and classification of working conditions "R 2.2.2006-05
The class of working conditions and the degree of hazard during occupational contact with aerosols are determined on the basis of the actual values of average shift concentrations and the multiplicity of average shift maximum concentrations exceeded.
An indicator for assessing the degree of impact of aerosols on the respiratory organs of workers is also such an indicator as dust load for the entire period of contact with this factor. Dust load is the actual value of the dose of dust that the worker inhales during the entire period of actual occupational contact with the dust factor.
Noise is one of the most common adverse factors in the working environment. The sources of sounds and noises are vibrating bodies. The main production processes accompanied by noise are riveting, stamping, testing aircraft engines, working on looms, etc. Speaking about the effect of noise on the body, it should be borne in mind that it has both local and general effects. At the same time, the pulse and respiration become more frequent, blood pressure rises, the motor and secretory functions of the stomach and other organs change. Noise adversely affects the nervous system, causing headaches, insomnia, weakening of attention, slowing down mental reactions, which ultimately leads to a decrease in performance.
AT working conditions the effect of noise on the hearing organs comes to the fore; occupational deafness develops. The basis of occupational hearing loss is damage to the organ of Corti, located in the inner ear.
From a physical point of view, vibration is a set of oscillatory movements that repeat at certain intervals of time and is characterized by a certain oscillation frequency, amplitude and acceleration.
The local action of vibration is noted mainly when working with various types of manual machines of rotational and percussive action - jackhammers, pneumatic chisels, etc.
The clinical picture of vibration disease when exposed to local vibration is polymorphic and has its own distinctive features depending on the frequency response of the impacted vibration and related occupational factors.
Depending on the severity of the clinical picture, four stages of vibration disease are distinguished. The first, initial, proceeds oligosymptomatically. Subjectively marked pain and paresthesia in the hands; objectively mild sensitivity disorders at the fingertips, a slight decrease in vibrational sensitivity, a tendency to a spastic state of the capillaries of the nail bed. The process is completely reversible.
The second stage is characterized by a moderately expressed symptom complex. Pain phenomena and paresthesias are more resistant, skin sensitivity of the fingers or the entire hand is reduced. Are celebrated functional disorders central nervous system of asthenic or astheno-neurotic nature. The process is reversible provided that the work is stopped and a special course of treatment is carried out.
In the third stage, pronounced vascular disorders occur, accompanied by attacks of vasospasm and whitening of the fingers, a paretic state of the capillaries and cyanosis. Sensitivity is reduced in the peripheral and segmental type. Asthenic and neurasthenic reactions are noted, the activity of the cardiovascular, endocrine systems and others. This stage is characterized by the persistence of pathological changes and is difficult to treat.
The fourth stage is rare - the pathological process is characterized by generalization of vascular disorders due to damage to the higher parts of the central nervous system. Sensitivity disorders are pronounced and widespread. Downstream, this stage refers to persistent and slightly reversible conditions, accompanied by a sharp decrease in performance up to its complete loss.
Question
To combat industrial noise, the following measures are envisaged:
- isolation of noise sources in industrial premises by installing dense wooden, brick partitions with the transfer of the control panel for the partition. If it is impossible to isolate noise sources, soundproof cabins for service personnel should be installed near them;
- installation of units, the operation of which is accompanied by strong shaking (hammers, stamping machines, etc.), on vibration-isolating materials or on a special foundation;
- replacement of noisy technological processes with noiseless ones (stamping, forging is replaced by pressure treatment, electric welding);
- the location of noisy workshops at a certain distance from residential buildings, in compliance with the break zones. They should be concentrated in one place and surrounded by green spaces. The walls of the workshops should be thickened, and on the inside - lined with special acoustic plates;
- the use of individual hearing protection devices (plugs and liners, helmets, etc.).
Vibration control measures:
- the device of mechanized holders for pneumatic tools, which reduces muscle tension;
- use of soft gloves, weakening blows;
- reduction of vibration transmitted by the seats (drivers, tankers, tractor drivers), by using elastic pads, cushions on the seats;
- replacement of pneumatic riveting by welding;
- the correct organization (alternation) of work and rest.
Great importance in the fight against the harmful effects of noise and vibration is the conduct of preliminary and periodic medical examinations. Contraindications for employment in noisy workshops are diseases of the hearing organs, neurotic conditions, hypertension and peptic ulcer.
Persons with vegetative neurosis, endocrine disorders, defects in the bones of the extremities, patients with hypertension should not be accepted for work related to the impact of vibration.
Industrial lighting systems can be classified depending on the light source and design (Fig. 1).
According to the light source, industrial lighting can be:
Natural, created by heavenly light,
artificial, carried out electric lamps;
Combined, which is a combination of natural and artificial.
Natural lighting in terms of its spectral composition is the most acceptable; it has more ultraviolet rays necessary for a person; it has a high diffuseness (scattering) of light, which is very favorable for visual working conditions.
Natural lighting is divided into;
Lateral, carried out through light openings in the outer walls;
Upper, organized through skylights in the roof (lanterns, domes);
Combined, which is a combination of top and side natural lighting.
According to the design, artificial lighting can be of two systems:
General, when the entire production room is illuminated;
Combined, when local lighting is added to the general one, concentrating the luminous flux directly at the workplace.
According to the functional purpose, artificial lighting is divided into the following types:
Working - to ensure normal operation, the passage of people and traffic;
Emergency - arranged to continue working in the event of a sudden shutdown of working lighting, the smallest illumination of working surfaces that require maintenance in emergency mode should be 5% of the illumination normalized for working lighting with a general lighting system;
Evacuation - for the evacuation of people from the premises in case of emergency shutdown of working lighting. Evacuation lighting should provide the lowest illumination in rooms on the floor of at least 0.5 lux, a. in open areas - not less than 0.2 lux.
Security - for lighting the sites of the enterprise;
Duty - for lighting rooms;
Oritemnoe - UV irradiation to compensate for "solar starvation";
Bactericidal - UV irradiation for room air disinfection.
The intensity of natural lighting is estimated by the coefficient of natural light (KEO), showing how many times the illumination in the room is less than the illumination of the outside.
The KEO value is normalized according to SNiP 23-05-95 “Natural and artificial lighting”, taking into account the nature of visual work, the category and sub-class of visual work, the contrast of the object with the background, the characteristics of the background, the type of natural lighting, combined lighting and the light climate where the building is located. KEO is in the range from 0.1 to 6%. Normative values of KEO are given in table. 5.1.
The SNiP provides standard values of KEO for buildings located in the III zone of the light climate of the Russian Federation. For buildings located in I, II, IV, V belts of the light zone of the Russian Federation, the normalized values of KEO are determined by the formula
where m N is the coefficient of the light climate (N is the number of the natural light supply group for the administrative region).
In small rooms with lateral natural lighting, the minimum KEO value is normalized at the intersection of the vertical plane of the characteristic section of the room and the conditional working surface (Fig. 5.1):
With one-sided lighting - at a point located at a distance of 1 m from the opposite wall, the furthest from the light openings;
With double-sided lighting - at a point in the middle of the room.
A conditional working surface is a surface located at a height of 0.8 m from the floor.
In case of overhead and combined lighting, the average value of KEO is normalized at points located at the intersection of the vertical plane of the characteristic section of the room and the conditional working surface. The first and last points are taken at a distance of one meter from the surface of the walls (partitions) or the axes of the columns. The average value of KEO is determined by the formula
where n is the number of measurement points;
e 1 , e 2 , e 3 , e n - KEO at measurement points, lx.
Question
Sanitary services for workers is an important part of the organization of the construction site, since the features of the construction industry also affect the incidence of workers. [ 1 ]
Measures of sanitary and household services for workers include the construction and equipment of rooms for meals, buffets, locker rooms, clothes dryers, showers, washbasins, women's hygiene rooms, rooms for heating workers in autumn and winter. [ 2 ]
For the sanitary and domestic services of construction workers, special rooms are equipped: dressing rooms, devices for drying and disinfecting work clothes, washrooms, showers, rooms for eating, resting and heating workers in the cold season, latrines. It is recommended to use the existing premises in existing or constructed buildings, equipping them with the necessary devices and inventory. When building in new areas, it is advisable to use mobile vans for any of the above purposes. [ 3 ]
The organization of sanitary services for employees of greenhouses (hothouse plants) should be carried out by allocating functional blocks of household and auxiliary premises, taking into account the specifics of the technology of harmful and dangerous production factors, the number and gender of employees. [ 4 ]
In addition, a study was made of the sanitary and household services for oil workers. [ 5 ]
At the enterprises of the industry, there are increased requirements for the health and welfare services of the workers. The main ones are the maximum approximation of service services to workplaces, which is convenient for employees and eliminates the loss of working and non-working time, coverage of all employees, taking into account individual requests and psychological characteristics. individual groups employees and the team as a whole, high quality and culture of service, cost-effectiveness of the service system. [ 6 ]
Therefore, proper sanitary and household services at the construction site are of particular importance for maintaining the health of workers. [ 7 ]
As part of the new overhead costs, the costs of improving the sanitary and domestic services for workers are taken into account; strengthening of geodetic services; maintenance of economic laboratories; payment of scholarships sent to study students of universities and technical schools; services provided to canteens and buffets; maintenance of self-supporting central offices; bonuses for the introduction of new technology; deductions to trade union organizations for cultural and educational work. [ 8 ]
Apart from industrial buildings, the composition of industrial enterprises includes objects: sanitary services; Catering; health care; cultural services, sports, recreation and political education; public and trade services; administrative and technical department and public organizations of vocational training. [ 9 ]
Personnel engaged in the extraction of minerals with a high radioactive background, sanitary and domestic services should be allocated to a separate stream and subjected to radiometric control of cleanliness skin. [10 ]
The creation of healthy and safe working conditions for women at specific enterprises, as well as sanitary and household services for women workers in production, is provided by the administration. [ 11 ]
The Ministry of the Oil Industry plans and implements measures to improve and facilitate the work of workers, improve sanitary and consumer services, provide enterprises with modern safety equipment, industrial sanitation and occupational health, improve the culture of production, and aestheticize it. [ 12 ]
Justification of the need for inventory buildings and temporary structures for the production of construction and installation works and sanitary services for workers. [ 13 ]
Buildings with floors in the inter-farm space should be used for production with air conditioning and with a developed system of sanitary and consumer services
Question
An important role in preventing injuries is played by analysis and, most importantly, timely communication of its results to all structural divisions and all practitioners.
When conducting an analysis of injuries, the following tasks are set:
identification of the causes of accidents;
identification of the nature and repetition of accidents;
definition of hazardous types of work and processes;
identification of factors characteristic of injuries at a given workplace, in a workshop, subdivision;
identification of general trends characteristic of the injury rate at a given workplace, in the workshop, pidrozdili.
The purpose of the analysis of injuries is to develop measures to prevent accidents, and therefore it is necessary to systematically analyze and summarize the causes of injuries.
The most common methods of injury analysis, complementary to each other, are statistical and monographic. Now economic and ergonomic methods are becoming more and more important.
The statistical method, based on the analysis of statistical material accumulated over several years at an enterprise or in an industry, makes it possible to quantify the level of injuries using the following indicators: frequency coefficient (Kf.t) severity coefficient (Kt.t), production cost coefficient (Kv. in). These indicators are used to characterize the level of industrial injuries at the enterprise and in the industry as a whole and to compare different enterprises in terms of the level of injuries.
The source material for calculations is the data of reports of enterprises, organizations on accidents. The injury frequency rate is determined by the formula:
kn.t. = N * 1000/H
where N is the number of registered accidents at work for the reporting period with loss of ability to work for one or more days
H - the average number of employees for the reporting period, hour.
This indicator is determined per 1000 people on the payroll.
The injury severity coefficient is calculated by the formula:
Kt.t. = D / N
where D is the sum of days of disability in all cases;
N is the total number of unfortunate falls.
The production cost ratio is determined by the formula:
Sq.w. = Kch.t. * Kt.t. \u003d N * 1000 / H * D / N \u003d D * 1000 / H
For a deeper analysis of injuries, indicators of disability and the material consequences of spending on preventing accidents are also used.
Example. At an enterprise with a staff of 4 thousand people, 50 accidents occurred during the year, as a result of which the sum of days of incapacity for work amounted to 650 working days. It is necessary to determine the frequency and severity of injuries, as well as the overall injury rate.
kn.t. = 50 * 1000/4000 = 12.5
Kt.t. = 650/50 = 13
Sq.w. = 12.5 * 13 = 162.5
The disability indicator (Pn) is determined by the formula:
Mon \u003d D * 1000 / H
where D - the number of man-days of disability of the victims;
indicator of material consequences (PM) -
Pm \u003d M * 1000 / H
where M - material consequences of accidents for the reporting period, UAH;
indicator of costs (Pv) for the prevention of accidents for the reporting period -
Pv \u003d C * 1000 / H
where C is the cost of accident prevention for the reporting period.
In the statistical method of analyzing general morbidity at work, the following relative indicators are used: an indicator of the incidence of morbidity and an indicator of the severity of sickness.
The indicator of the frequency of cases of morbidity (Ich.v) and days of disability (Ig.d) is determined per 100 employees:
Ich.v \u003d B / M * 100, Ig.d \u003d D / H * 100
where B is the number of cases of diseases;
D - the number of days of illness for the reporting period;
H - the average number of employees in the reporting period.
The indicator of the average duration of one case of the disease (Pd.z) (an indicator of the severity of the incidence) is calculated by the formula:
Pdz = D / B
where D is the number of days of temporary disability
B - the number of cases of illness.
A variation of the statistical method is the group and topographic methods. With the group method of research, accidents are grouped:
by profession and types of work of the victims;
by the nature and localization of damage;
according to a number of external signs: days, weeks, changes, age, length of service, article, qualifications of the victim.
Such a grouping makes it possible to identify unfavorable moments in the organization of work, the state of working conditions or status.
With the topographic method of research, all accidents are systematically indicated symbols on the plan for the placement of equipment in the workshop, on the site regarding where the accident occurred. The accumulation of these signs indicates an increased level of injuries in a particular unit or workplace, which creates a visual representation of potentially dangerous zones in the workplace.
With the monographic method, studies affect the safety of many elements of the object under study ( technical condition the object, the nature and organization of the labor process, the planning of the production process, the training of workers, the state of accounting and analysis of injuries, etc.), that is, they conduct a deep analysis of dangerous and harmful production factors inherent in a particular production site, equipment, technological process.
At the same time, sanitary and technical research methods are applied. This not only makes it possible to identify the causes of accidents, but, most importantly, helps to identify potential hazards and harms that may affect people. This method can also be used to develop labor protection measures for production that has just been designed.
The economic method consists in determining the economic consequences of injuries and is aimed at determining the economic efficiency of the costs of developing and implementing measures to protect the workplace.
Material (Mtr) costs are determined by the formula:
Mtr \u003d Ptr ETR Str
where Ptr - production costs as a result of accidents;
Etr - economic costs;
Str - social vitrati.
The ergonomic method is based on a comprehensive study of the system "man - machine (technology) - work environment". It is known that each type labor activity certain physiological, psychophysiological and psychological qualities of a person, as well as his anthropometric data, must correspond. Only with a complex correspondence of human properties to the characteristics of a particular work activity is effective and safe work possible. Failure to comply may result in an accident. Such an analysis of injuries takes into account the fact that the health and performance of a person also depend on the biological rhythms of the functioning of his body and geophysical phenomena. Under the influence of gravitational forces caused by a change in the mutual position of celestial bodies, terrestrial magnetism or ionization of the atmosphere, certain shifts occur in the human body, which affects the state of its behavior.
Studies show that quite often, when investigating accidents, they allow gross mistakes which does not contribute to the development of effective measures to combat injuries.
It is possible to find out the cause of an accident by one of the methods of system analysis - the method of network modeling and management. To determine the cause of an accident as an event that has already taken place, the grid model is built in reverse order: from the moment of injury to the events that preceded it. Methodically, the identification of causes is divided into two stages: the construction of a grid model of the situation and the analysis of this model. The analysis of the model is carried out in two directions: determining the reason for the existence or occurrence of a dangerous zone and establishing the reasons that caused a person to stay in this dangerous zone.
One of the authors of the network modeling and control method, V. A. Achin, established four main forms of causal relationships:
sequential, when the first cause causes the second, the second - the third, etc., to the final cause, which leads to injury;
parallel, when two or more parallel connections cause one common cause, which leads to injury;
circular, if the first cause causes the second, the second - the third, etc. to the final cause, which, in turn, increases the first, the first - the second, etc. until one of them leads to an accident; module. concentric, when one factor is a source of several causes, which, developing in parallel, cause one common cause, leading to injury.
These forms of causal relationships in various combinations can become elements of complex network models. Experience has shown the feasibility of using this method to identify the true cause or causes of an unfortunate dropadku.
In the study of injuries, the method of questioning (a written survey of workers) can also be used. He establishes mainly the causes of a psychophysiological nature. An important point in the method of questioning is the development of a questionnaire. Analysis of questionnaires (observation sheets) makes it possible to determine the influence of psychophysiological factors on labor safety.
Question
Analysis hazards allows you to determine the sources of hazards, potential accidents, sequences of events, the magnitude of the risk, the magnitude of the consequences, ways to prevent accidents and mitigate the consequences. On practice analysis hazards begin with an in-depth study that allows you to identify mainly the sources of hazards. Then, if necessary, research can be deepened. In order to understand what kind of dangers can be created by various technical systems, introduce qualitative and quantitative analysis dangers. Wherein qualitative method hazard analysis includes:
1. Preliminary analysis
2. Analysis of the consequences of failures
3. Hazard analysis using the "cause tree"
4. Analysis of hazards by the method of potential deviations
5. Analysis of personnel errors
6. Cause and effect analysis
At the same time, the most common method of safety analysis is the method of constructing the so-called "fault tree" - a special map on which various errors and failures of a particular system are indicated. At the same time, errors and failures are considered from different angles and positions, which ultimately makes it possible to build a relatively complete map, indicating various errors and their causes. In such "trees" there are usually branches of dangers. Since the very wood" is multi-stage, it is customary to introduce a restriction in order to determine the limits of the "tree". Logical operations in trees are usually denoted by the following symbols:
Question
The probabilistic method of analysis requires that the investment decision maker be able to foresee many possible outcomes of the investment project and assess the likelihood of the expected or studied event. The basis for probabilistic analysis is expert assessments of specialists with knowledge and experience in the problem under study. [ 1 ]
The probabilistic method of risk analysis involves both an assessment of the probability of an accident, and the calculation of the relative probabilities of a particular path of development of processes. At the same time, branched chains of events and equipment failures are analyzed, a suitable mathematical apparatus is selected, and the total probability of accidents is estimated. Estimated mathematical models in this approach, as a rule, can be significantly simplified in comparison with deterministic calculation schemes. The main limitations of probabilistic safety analysis are related to the lack of information on the distribution functions of parameters, as well as insufficient statistics on equipment failures. In addition, the use of simplified calculation schemes reduces the reliability of the obtained risk assessments for severe accidents. Nevertheless, the probabilistic method is currently considered one of the most promising for future applications. [ 2 ]
The probabilistic method for analyzing injuries is based on some initial statistical material. The more extensive this material, the more reliable the conclusions obtained by the probabilistic method. [ 3 ]
The probabilistic method of injury analysis can be used for optimal design of production by the safety factor, as well as for comparative analysis technical solutions for the safety factor. At the same time, it is used in combination with a correlation analysis of injuries. [ 4 ]
The probabilistic method of accuracy analysis uses the law of accumulation of independent random errors (errors), according to which the average value of the total error is equal to the algebraic sum of the average values, or the mathematical expectation, of the components of the errors, and the variance is equal to the sum of the variances of the component errors. [ 5 ]
The probabilistic method of traumatism analysis uses a number of probabilistic characteristics of traumatism. [ 6 ]
The main task of the probabilistic method of injury analysis is to determine the probability of injury. [ 7 ]
As can be seen, the probabilistic method of injury analysis is very detailed and, therefore, provides great opportunities for obtaining recommendations to reduce injuries. Obviously, it is expedient to replace the I development system with another, more secure one. [ 8 ]
One of the prejudices against the spread of probabilistic methods for analyzing mechanical systems is related to the impossibility of an unambiguous quantitative prediction of the behavior of a system, as can be done based on the laws and methods of classical mechanics. Many researchers are of the opinion that the only kind of prediction that has the right to be called scientific is an accurate quantitative prediction of future events. One can hear complaints about the incompleteness of statistical methods in the sense that they do not allow certain conclusions and predictions about individual events to be made. However, when it is required to predict the results characterizing the behavior of a large number of individual random events, statistical methods provide more meaningful information, and the prediction based on these methods is as certain as the prediction of the behavior of a single body based on the methods of classical mechanics.
Question
Tabular analysis of injuries consists in grouping n / according to one or another indicator in the form of tables.
Topographic method of analysis . The goal is a visual representation of the characteristics of injuries.
Take the mining plan and plot the n/s and accident sites. Advantages - its visibility, however, the analytical capabilities of this method are limited. Used as an addition to other methods.
Correlation method of analysis . It is used to establish quantitative relationships between injury rates and determining traumatic factors. Since injuries and the factors that determine it are random, the relationship between them is not unambiguous, but is statistically averaged. Correlation analysis methods are based on correlation methods. The ultimate goal is to obtain correlation dependencies or correlation equations between the injury rate and the analyzed factors
Question
Individual protection means(PPE) - means used by an employee to prevent or reduce exposure to harmful and hazardous production factors, as well as to protect against pollution. They are used in cases where the safety of work cannot be ensured by the design of equipment, the organization of production processes, architectural and planning solutions and collective protection equipment.
PPE classification:
1. Special protective clothing (sheepskin coats, coats, short coats, capes, gowns, etc.)
2. Hand protection (mittens, gloves, shoulder pads, sleeves, etc.)
3. Foot protection (boots, boots, shoes, hoodies, slippers, etc.)
4. Eye and face protection (safety goggles, face shields, etc.)
5. Head protection (helmets, helmets, hats, berets, etc.)
6. Respiratory protection equipment (gas masks, RPE, self-rescuers, etc.)
7. Suits insulating (pneumatic suits, spacesuits, etc.)
8. Hearing protection (plugs, earmuffs, ear plugs, etc.)
9. Means of protection against falls from a height (safety harnesses, slings with and without shock absorber, anchor lines, blocking devices, etc.)
10. Skin protection products
11. Complex protective equipment
12. Collective protection means(SKZ) are means used to prevent or reduce the impact on workers of harmful and hazardous production factors, as well as to protect against pollution.
13. Means of collective protection, depending on the purpose, are divided into the following classes:
14. means of normalizing the air environment of industrial premises and workplaces;
15. means of normalizing the lighting of industrial premises and workplaces;
16. means of protection against:
17. - ionizing, infrared, ultraviolet and electromagnetic radiation;
18. - magnetic and electric fields;
19. - laser radiation;
20. - noise, vibration and ultrasound;
21. - defeats electric shock;
22. - static electricity;
23. - high and low temperatures environment;
24. - impact of mechanical, chemical and biological factors;
25. - falling from a height.
