Examples of calculation of ventilation in a private house. We equip the ventilation in a private house correctly. Technology for calculating the ventilation system. Creating high-quality ventilation in a private house with your own hands

The supply of fresh air is needed to ensure healthy living conditions, good plant maintenance and quality functioning. technical systems. At the same time, it is necessary to remove various harmful impurities. Do-it-yourself productive ventilation in a private house will help to solve these problems in a complex. Scheme, calculations, installation methods - all this in today's review.

A good ventilation system is an indispensable element of the engineering equipment of a modern private house.

Modern buildings are created with improved indicators of tightness of window and door blocks. This improves economic performance during operation, but blocks the access of fresh air. This example explains the need for an integrated approach when considering the functionality of engineering systems.

It is also necessary to note the following features for the correct formulation of requirements for good project ventilation of a private house:

• The composition of the atmosphere in the room can change the state of the air outside, the presence of sources of harmful and unpleasant impurities in the property itself.
• Ways to control heating, air conditioning, ventilation are essential.
• It is possible that contaminants from household chemicals, finishing and building materials.
• To calculate the ventilation device in a private house, you can apply the methodology for taking into account the maximum permissible concentrations of impurities, or indicators of normal air exchange.
• We must not forget about the different needs in and in the kitchen, in the training room and living room.
• Boilers, gas stoves and other equipment actively consume oxygen.
• It is necessary to take into account the individual physiological characteristics and preferences of users. Particular attention should be exercised in the presence of allergic reactions.

It should be emphasized that the current domestic and foreign regulations, industry and sanitary and hygienic standards contain conflicting data. The above information explains the actual complexity of the task. Too many factors affect the parameters of indoor air. In addition to objective indicators, individual preferences will have to be taken into account.

Note! For residential premises, the multiplicity of the complete exchange is calculated using the proportion of 30 cubic meters. m. per hour per person. Below are the corrective data for different rooms and special operating conditions.

That is why, when performing calculations for installing ventilation in a private house, experienced specialists make a sufficient margin for performance. It helps to make the necessary corrections at peak loads.

Types of ventilation systems

The supply of fresh air to the premises is organized constantly. Only the intensity of the corresponding operations changes. This means that the most convenient and economical system is the one that performs its functions without close monitoring and energy consumption. On the other hand, the use of forced mechanisms simplifies the ventilation of rooms.

Advantages and disadvantages of natural ventilation in a private house

On this simplified diagram of natural ventilation in a private house, the main parts of an engineering structure are indicated. Here, holes are made in the walls through which air from the street enters. Paths have been created for free movement of flows between rooms, outlet channels.

To ensure air exchange according to the above standard (30 cubic meters per person per hour), it is enough to install an inlet and outlet pipe with a diameter of 150 mm or more. The height of the vertical part is made from 300 cm or more. This typical example can be used for calculations taking into account the architectural features of the property.

Important notes:

• The same length of vertical pipes will equalize.
• The efficiency of the system is reduced by: branches, horizontal sections, changing the section.
• For ease of construction, channels from rooms on different floors are combined in a single ventilation shaft, or mounted side by side.

Filter elements are installed in some inlet channels to trap dust and other mechanical impurities. Such details can significantly reduce the performance of the system.

Note! Height ventilation pipes not regulated by SNiP. In practice, however, chimney standards can be applied. If the above rules are followed, obstacles to the free movement of air in the right direction with different wind direction and strength will be minimized.

Fire extinguishers can be used to provide fire extinguishers and firefighters at an early stage. The so-called fire cover is a good control, especially for very small fireplaces. It is especially suitable for cooking fats in the kitchen, as it simply stifles the fire. Damage caused by fire extinguishing agents is not to be feared. Therefore, you should keep a blanket near your kitchen.

More than just cleaning up: what you need to do after a residential fire

If the fire goes out and the apartment is vacated by the police, cleanup and damage adjustment will begin. Depending on the situation, you must also inform the home insurance company. Document all damage - preferably with photographs from different angles so that your home contents insurance can give a good impression of the extent of the damage. Create a damage list that lists the affected items, year of purchase, purchase price, and new value. Attach documents if necessary. Do not expose areas and rooms that are not affected by soot with rags. Blow out the house or apartment thoroughly so that the smoke smells quickly. Do not use electrical devices, especially fans, in affected areas. Contact the experts who are responsible for the appropriate restoration. - removal of soot and toxic pollutants. - Repair of defective gas and water connections. - Elimination of damage electrical system. Clean all objects that come into contact with smoke. Children's toys made of wood and clothes should be removed better. When cleaning, be sure to wear a protective suit with a breathing mask and gloves to protect against toxic contaminants. Also a word of caution when handling cleansing water as it contains contaminants. Dispose of all food that is directly or indirectly affected by smoke, such as in a cupboard or refrigerator. This applies in particular to all open products as well as plastic and paper packaging. You should use jars and glass containers unless they have been exposed to heat.

Fire of a house or apartment: who pays the subsequent costs

• Contact your insurance company.
• As a tenant, you must also notify the landlord.

Household insurance is also responsible for many of the indirect costs that can result from a home or home fire.

Why do you need a forced ventilation system in a private house

In the systems discussed above, the movement of air is carried out due to various atmospheric pressure at different heights, when heated, under the influence of gusts of wind. The main advantage of these techniques is energy independence. However, they are all overly susceptible to all sorts of external factors. The task becomes more complicated as the height of the channels increases.

In order to ensure the necessary performance in any conditions, impellers with electric drives are used. different types.

This figure shows the centralized equipment of the object. Here, one power unit is used, which provides air supply and output. When installing sensors and control devices, the ventilation performance of individual rooms is changed. When combined with air conditioners, heating, they solve the problem of maintaining comfortable temperature conditions.

What schemes are used to organize effective ventilation in a private house

In practice, various combinations of natural and forced methods are used. To clarify the requirements of the terms of reference, it is necessary to study in detail the typical design solutions.

Supply ventilation in a private house: the principle of operation

With this kit, you can provide a metered supply of purified air to the room:

• To protect against the penetration of insects and leaves, there is a removable grill (1).
• Air movement is provided by an electric fan (2). The rotation speed of the rotor of this model is regulated by the switch (5) in steps.
• The insert (3) made of porous material retains small mechanical impurities.
• The inner grille (4) has a decorative function.
• The expandable tube design (6) allows for precise installation, taking into account certain wall thicknesses.

In the standard definition, a supply system is a system that is capable of changing the air temperature. Therefore, full-fledged devices of the appropriate type are equipped with heating elements, combined with air conditioners.

In such devices, multi-stage speed controllers, fine filters, and heaters are installed. Built-in electronics allows you to set custom operating modes for time, temperature. Operation is simplified with remote controls.

Modern systems combined with intelligent control and management systems of the “smart home” category. This simplifies the optimization of equipment operation, allows you to organize remote remote control of equipment via the Internet.

Features of exhaust ventilation in a private house

This system is needed for the effective removal of exhaust and polluted air from the premises. With its help, gas combustion products are removed from the atmosphere of residential real estate during the operation of cooking and heating equipment.

In this example, you can explore the solution to a typical problem in a separate functional block. This system removes wet air from the bathroom and smells from the toilet using forced ventilation. Electric drives are connected to the power supply separately. The toilet has a timer. It turns off the fan automatically after the desired time interval after turning off the lighting in the room. The reverse air movement is blocked by two valves. Pollution is removed outside through a common shaft.

In this variant, one should not excessively increase the length of the side channels, apply several turns. This will increase the resistance, so a more powerful fan will be needed.

Note! In such systems, there are significant temperature fluctuations on small area tracks. This encourages moisture to internal surfaces. To prevent condensate from penetrating into the premises, a slight slope towards the street should be made for free flow.

On a three-dimensional layout, it is easier than on a flat drawing to study the relative position of engineering systems, decorative and functional elements of the house. This approach minimizes errors. In particular, for better ventilation, the inflow and exhaust are installed diagonally in the room. Space is freed up near the ventilation openings so as not to create artificial obstacles to the movement of air.

Expanded possibilities of high-quality supply and exhaust ventilation in a private house

As the name suggests, this system provides fresh air and exhaust air. An integrated approach makes it possible to economically use energy resources and perform the assigned tasks in a coordinated manner.

The principle of operation of this technique is clear from the figure. The heat exchanger combines two channels (exhaust and supply) without mixing. This solution helps to pre-heat/cool the air without using additional energy sources.

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Below are other important facts worth noting:

• It is perfectly acceptable to use several dependent and autonomous systems. The example above shows that it is better to equip the garage attached to the house with separate ventilation.
• In some rooms it is more convenient to mount individual sets of equipment. Breezer can be installed in an hour. It does not need to be connected to a central ventilation duct. All work is carried out without making changes to the decoration of the room.
• When assessing the noise level of channel installations, experienced specialists recommend taking measurements in the area of ​​​​the inlet and outlet, near units equipped with electric drives. Manufacturers indicate in the accompanying documentation the acoustic power or sound pressure. For comparison, you need to take the same parameters.
• The power of regular heating elements exceeds 3 kW. This allows you to quickly raise the temperature at any time of the year. But you need to make sure that the wiring and other network components are designed for the appropriate loads. If necessary, install a liquid heat exchanger.
• Automation parameters must be checked carefully. You should make sure that the remote control is easy to use, easy to set up. In addition to the typical change in fan speed, the ability to set an individual time schedule is useful. At night, for example, reduce the temperature, the intensity of ventilation.
• It is useful to save user settings in memory. Care is simplified if there is a differential type pressure sensor. This device measures pressure changes before and after the filter. An increase in reading difference will indicate excessive contamination. In cheap modifications, “on time” signaling devices are installed, which do not provide high control accuracy.
• Self-diagnostics using software and electronic tools will help you find out about equipment problems in a timely manner. Additional convenience is provided by user notification with forwarding of messages to a smartphone, or other mobile device, desktop computer.
• In serial household equipment, G4 filters are installed, which are capable of poplar fluff, bird feathers, and other large impurities. If necessary, instead of it, or sequentially install elements with small channels. Retention of particles with sizes less than one micrometer is acceptable. It must be remembered that such modernization will increase the load on the ventilation units.

When developing project documentation, it is necessary to separately study the issues of future operation. Ventilation equipment will have to be serviced. It is necessary to exclude situations when, in order to inspect and perform routine maintenance, it is necessary to dismantle parts decorative finishes, building structures. For this reason, it is more convenient to place fans, filters and other system components in a special technological room. Such a solution will simplify the creation of effective noise isolation of the ventilation unit.

What to consider when equipping individual rooms

During the distribution of flows, it is necessary to ensure the initial penetration of air from the street into the living room, bedroom, and other living rooms. From there, he is sent to the technical rooms, to the kitchen, to the closets, to the bathroom. This solution will create excess pressure in places of permanent residence, which will prevent unpleasant odors and other contaminants from getting there.

Note! According to the current standards, “permanent stay” rooms are rooms in which people stay for more than 6 hours in one day or from 2 hours continuously.

Ventilation in the kitchen in a private house: a rational solution to complex problems

In this room, the temperature varies over a wide range, . The process of cooking is accompanied by the appearance of odors, air pollution hazardous to health and persistent impurities. It is necessary to take into account not only the intensity, but also the high frequency of various negative impacts.

It is also necessary to remember the peculiarities of working with kitchen appliances. If an electric hob is installed, an air exchange of at least 60 cubic meters should be ensured. per person per hour. When installing a gas stove, this standard is increased by 50% (up to 90 cubic meters).

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Note! The minimum distance from the hood body to the gas/electric stove must be at least 65/75 cm respectively.

Principles of coordinated operation of the two systems:

• Rice. "BUT". Initially, the design of the house provided only natural ventilation using hole (2). It can be seen that part (1) will reduce the cross section of the common channel (3) after installation.
• On Fig. "B" shows the operation of the non-return valve (5), which is installed behind the decorative grille (4). When the hood fan is turned on, it closes, blocking the movement of air in the opposite direction.
• The following figure "C" shows the operation of natural ventilation.

Table hoods descend inside cabinet furniture when turned off. They can be connected to ventilation shafts according to the standard scheme, from above. But if necessary, the corresponding channels are created in the floor screed. The latter option is associated with significant changes in architectural designs. It is used in the construction of a house, during a major overhaul.

To maintain high performance, the following details must be taken into account when designing the exhaust connection:

• It's not hard to work with. But these products create more resistance to air flow compared to the smooth walls of the channels.
• The cross section of the duct is selected in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. It should not be less than the specified value.
• When laying the route, it is necessary to prevent flattening of flexible pipes and other significant deformations. The number of turns should be minimized.

An approximate calculation of the required extraction capacity can be made using the formula P = (L x W x H) x 12 x 1.25, where

• P- the maximum amount of air removed from the room per hour in cubic meters;
• D,W and AT- length, width and height of the room in meters;
• 12 – standard correction factor;
• 1,25 - an additional power reserve, which is useful for quickly removing fumes from burnt food.

This operation can be performed safely with steam over boiling water. Also use special detergents. To remind you of routine procedures, hoods are equipped with electronic timers with sound and light alarms.

Here the hood is supplemented with air conditioning. This technique is more expensive than standard models. But it is able to maintain the temperature mode set by the user in the room.

Such equipment acts as a filter. It helps to trap contaminants. As a rule, additional elements with carbon fillers are used. These sorption technologies help to remove the smallest impurities and unpleasant odors. However, in any case, it is necessary to ensure the work ventilation system. In this embodiment, an existing shaft is used. To improve performance, forced mechanisms are installed in the input (exhaust) path.

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How to create good ventilation in the toilet and bathroom

To calculate the needs of these parts of the property, the following air exchange standards are used in cubic meters. in an hour:

• 25 - for each individual room;
• 50 - for a combined bathroom.

Insufficient ventilation in the bathroom in a private house contributes to the appearance of mold, fungal colonies. Except for the unsightly appearance the composition of the atmosphere deteriorates. Some microorganisms provoke the occurrence of diseases dangerous to health, therefore, appropriate preventive measures can be called mandatory. Of course, we must not forget about peeling paint and damage to other decorative coatings, intensification of destructive corrosion processes.

Air can be supplied here from living rooms, corridors. If there are not enough available slots, through holes with plastic inserts are made in the door leafs.

The possibilities of natural ventilation for such premises are not enough. Therefore, more efficient forced systems are used. The choice of fan is made taking into account individual conditions. Above are the minimum regulatory requirements. They will not be enough if you often take a shower when a lot of people live in the house. As in the case of the kitchen, it is better to install a sufficient power margin here.

Note! For an approximate calculation, you can use the above formula with a factor of "5" instead of "12".

The walls are reinforced with a piece of plastic pipe. The installation site is chosen at a distance from plumbing fixtures in order to prevent accidental splashes on the body of the equipment.

When choosing a technique, you need to pay attention to the features of modern models:

• The grille and housing made of durable polymers are not damaged in conditions of high humidity and temperature changes.
• The aerodynamic impeller with a large number of blades creates a strong air flow at relatively low speeds, with minimal noise.
• vibrations from electric drive effectively extinguish damping inserts.
• Rotor supports on ball bearings are designed for long-term intensive operation.
• Good tightness of the joints of individual parts prevents moisture from penetrating inside.
• Light weight makes installation easier.
• Some models additionally, or as standard, are equipped with check valves.

Note! When choosing a fan for a small room, pay special attention to the noise level. A value of 35 dB and below can be called quite acceptable. If the manufacturer has specified less than 25 dB, the sound of the operating electric drive will not be heard at a distance of several meters.

Special ventilation in the basement of a private house: reliable protection against mold and dampness

Requirements for the design of the system are formulated taking into account the intended purpose of the premises in this part of the building. With an area of ​​​​up to 40-50 square meters. in a low-rise building, it is enough to install natural ventilation.

This figure can be used to explain the main parameters of the system:

• The inlet is closed with a grate from the penetration of rodents.
• The opening of the supply pipe in the basement is mounted at a distance of 20-30 cm from the floor level.
• The hood is installed diagonally. The pipe entrance is 20 cm below the ceiling.
• A plug closes the channel in winter, preventing the penetration of cold air.
• The "umbrella" on the roof protects against precipitation entering the system.

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In the review, we will talk about how the air circulation scheme in such rooms should be arranged, as well as what types of it are. Indeed, in the garage, not only the removal of gases is necessary, but also the maintenance of humidity at the required level - its excess reduces the life of the car.

The examples given are suitable for organizing suitable conditions for storing vegetables, conservation, garden tools, and consumables in the lower part of the building.

In this case, standard norms for living rooms are used to calculate the system and individual parts. They make an additional supply for the gym, shower room, kitchen block. Productivity is increased by forced ventilation.

Important! To figure out how to make ventilation in the basement of a private house, you must first create a list of requirements, taking into account the characteristics of individual rooms. The mode of operation also matters.

Mandatory requirements for ventilation of the boiler room

The parameters of the ventilation system when installing gas equipment are precisely set by the current building codes and regulations:

• The minimum supply capacity is determined by the characteristics of the boiler. The cross-sectional area of ​​​​the inlet channel is normalized (in cm square per 1 kW of heating equipment power):

1. 8 or more if the inflow is made directly from the street;
2. more than 30 when the air comes from adjacent rooms.

• An exit hole is made on the ceiling. It is connected to the central ventilation shaft of the house.
• In addition to the main one, it is necessary to install a second channel (lower by 25-30 cm) for routine inspections and removal of contaminants.
• The volume of the room is made not less than 7.5 cubic meters. with a total power of heating equipment up to 30 kW.

Suitable ventilation for a private home should provide at least three complete air changes per hour.

Important! The calculation of the ventilation of the boiler room must exactly comply with the current SNiP standards. If it is too difficult to do it on your own, contact the experts for help. It should be remembered that non-compliance with the law is punishable by significant fines. Reworking incorrect designs will cost more compared to the cost of professionally preparing design documentation.

Features of attic ventilation

On keeping here high temperature all year round it will take too much energy. Instead, high-quality insulation of ventilation ducts is used.

These elements are installed at the same distance from the eaves, side faces, ridge. The distance between them is made more than 1.5 meters. Sufficient attention should be paid to the aesthetic characteristics of the windows so that they do not disturb the harmony of the appearance. The total dimensions of such holes must be at least 1/500 in relation to the total area of ​​the attic space.

Note! A heated attic in a private house is ventilated using the usual norms for residential premises.

How does the ventilation system of the sewerage system perform its functions in a private house

The sewer ventilation scheme in a private house shows that the number of output channels is determined design features sewer system. Here one pipe is installed in front. The second is in the far part of the infiltrator.

If it is not possible to install ventilation ducts on all risers, only the far part is connected to the outlet to the roof. The deflector increases efficiency of removal of polluted air.

In this figure, the following details are indicated by numbers:

• chimney (1) connected to heating equipment;
• "backlash channel" (2);
• wooden (3) and cast iron (4) cover;
• outlet section of the ventilation system (5);
• brickwork (6);
• clay castle (7), preventing the penetration of contaminants into the soil.

Basement ventilation: important nuances

If this part of the building is not in use due to its low height, or for other reasons, appropriate protective measures are necessary. The organization of good ventilation of the foundation in a private house without a basement prevents damage to the wooden parts of the structures by rotting processes, the appearance of fungal spores dangerous to humans.

Note! Installation of ventilation of the basement floor of a private house is necessary for the timely removal of radon. This radioactive gas is not detected by the human senses.

Normalization of the humidity level in the pool with the help of productive ventilation

This information will help to formulate the correct requirements for ventilation of the respective premises:

• Experts recommend not to increase the water content in the atmosphere above the level of 14 g per kg of air.
• normal range relative humidity from 40 to 655.
• If the surface temperature is below the dew point, intense condensation occurs. Such processes, in particular, can be observed on the outer walls of air duct pipes.
• To prevent drafts and the resulting respiratory diseases, the air flow rate should not exceed 0.15 m per second.
• Increasing the pressure in the room (special regulation of supply and exhaust) will prevent the ingress of chlorine chemical compounds into other rooms. If this backwater is set to more than 15-25 Pa, there may be obstacles when opening the doors.

How to make ventilation in a private house: preparation of calculations, project documentation

During the calculation of ventilation in a private house, professionals determine the following important parameters:

• The performance of the air exchange system in cubic meters. in an hour. It is determined for each functional room separately, based on the current standards and operating features.
• Further specify the characteristics of the individual components of the air distribution network:

1. channel sizes;
2. switchgear dimensions;
3. resistance to air movement;
4. power of heating units;
5. consumed electrical energy.

• The data obtained is used to select a suitable air handling unit.

Note! In order not to figure out how to properly ventilate a private house, you can take the help of experienced professionals. When buying equipment, such services are provided free of charge by specialized stores.

The materials posted in this article will help you understand how to make a hood in a private house on your own. It should be noted that in any case, personal preferences are of decisive importance. For a demanding user, the volumes of fresh air that are given in building codes may not be enough.

Do-it-yourself ventilation schemes in a private house: an overview of typical solutions

Creating high-quality ventilation in a private house with your own hands

Similar supply and exhaust ventilation can be created by hand. But to implement large-scale plans, you will have to study design issues on professional level. You will need knowledge on how to properly configure the joint work of all engineering systems in the house.

Proper distribution of labor and other resources will help to solve difficult problems without mistakes. The performance of individual works and the most difficult stages can be entrusted to specialized specialists. Some parts supply ventilation you can install it yourself without the involvement of assistants.

Proper solution of individual tasks during system installation

The installation of channels should not violate the tightness of the layers. Damage to the wiring, water and gas supply should be excluded. In order not to disturb hidden communications, they use accurate plans, phased snapshots of the construction processes. The necessary materials should be prepared in advance. Similar precautions will come in handy when installing ventilation under the floor in a private house. If possible, the tracks are installed under removable ceiling panels. Dismantling drywall and wood paneling will also not be overly difficult.

How to choose pipes and other components of the ventilation system without mistakes

With the help of such parts, a route with a complex configuration can be created quickly, without errors.

Used to clean the incoming air from contaminants. different devices. In addition to mechanical (mesh and volumetric), photocatalytic, carbon and other types of filters can be installed. Some of them perform their functions qualitatively, but do not increase the resistance to air flow.

Such products can be used if they fit in diameter. Products in this category (gray) are intended for indoor installation. Excessive heating (above +60°C), strong mechanical impacts should be prevented.

Step by step installation with comments

How to make ventilation in the house using specialized components is described in the following table:

A photo	Working steps, explanations, comments
	It is convenient to use the system for work plastic air ducts. The specially reduced height helps to save free space.
	Such products are installed in a horizontal and vertical position.
	The range of manufacturers includes air ducts with different channels: round (diameter - 100; 125; 150 mm); rectangular (dimensions - 60 x120; 60 x 204 mm).
	Fast and accurate installation is ensured by matching the dimensions of the joined parts, a large number of various additional elements. It is not difficult to handle light products in hard-to-reach places, at height. They are connected into a single structure without special tools. They are cut to the required size with a hand saw with a canvas for wood.
	Before installation work, it is necessary to prepare project documentation. In accordance with the drawings, holes are made in certain places of the building structures.
	Next, select the necessary fittings.
	Tee.
	Such a product performs the transition from a rectangular section of the channel to a round pipe.
	Such taps are used to change the passage of the route in different planes.
	To speed up the assembly of ventilation in the house with your own hands, functional modules of several elements are connected in advance.
	Such blanks are mounted in the right places. Special fasteners are used to fix vertical and horizontal sections. This inlet is located taking into account the fact that a plasterboard sheathing with a decorative lattice will be installed on top.
	To speed up work operations, cutting to size is done using a grinder. But it is quite acceptable to use a hand tool.
	Connections are reinforced with self-tapping screws.

Note! Installation of ventilation in a private house is often accompanied by drilling holes in the outer walls to create supply channels. These complex operations are performed using diamond nozzles. For their cooling working area water is supplied, which, together with the debris, flows down, forming unpleasant stains. Such a procedure should be planned before the final finish in order to prevent additional costs for restoring the flawless appearance of the facade.

Features of a professional ventilation installation in a private house: prices, scope of work, control operations

A properly selected do-it-yourself ventilation scheme in a private scrap is a reliable basis for future success. Careful preparation will allow you to choose best option for a particular structure and specific needs. An objective assessment of your own financial capabilities and installation skills will come in handy. If necessary, specialized specialists can be involved to perform individual operations. You should carefully study the technical innovations, modern materials, so as not to miss the actual advantages in the relevant market segment.

In the comments to the article - ask questions on this topic, share your experience. To successfully solve complex problems will come in handy professional advice and knowledge of the practical implementation of similar projects.

Comments:

Comfort in the house is determined not so much by the convenient location of the premises and the presence of comfortable furniture, but by the microclimate in it. Clean air and its temperature not only create a favorable microclimate in a private house, but also affect human health. Properly organized ventilation systems of a private house can contribute to health, and incorrect calculation and arrangement can cause irreparable harm.

The more inconspicuous ventilation and the lower the speed of movement of the air mass, the more comfortable microclimate for the person in the room.

Previously, when the construction of residential buildings was carried out exclusively from wood materials, calculation and arrangement of ventilation were not required due to the fact that the exchange of air mass in the premises of the house occurred due to infiltration. The inflow and outflow of air occurred through wood pores and cracks in wood, leaks window frames. The same was true for doors. A large area of ​​infiltration provided sufficient air exchange. Therefore, the microclimate of a wooden private house is most favorable for a person. The emergence of modern materials contributed to greater sealing of the premises, which led to the need for arrangement in private homes various systems ventilation.

Natural ventilation of premises

The most favorable for a person is natural ventilation in a private house, when the air velocity is minimal. The normal volumetric air velocity for this type of ventilation is 1 m³/h. This ventilation does not require the use of forced air supply, and its operation is based on elementary physical laws. For this type of air exchange, exhaust ducts are installed in rooms where the air is polluted the most. As a rule, this is a kitchen, bathroom and toilet. The channel starts indoors and ends outdoors, above the ridge of the roof of the house. The influx of fresh air mass occurs due to infiltration, and if there is not enough air exchange through infiltration, then due to ventilation or installation of infiltration valves. Ensuring the flow of ventilation has some disadvantages:

• large heat losses during the cold period;
• freezing and the appearance of condensate on window blocks during prolonged ventilation;
• strong dust content in the air during warm periods;
• high air flow rate, which can cause illness to a person when he is in the room.

A more favorable climate can be created by using infiltration valves, which are included in the manufacture plastic windows or installed separately in the walls of a private house. The infiltration damper is a round pipe, mounted through the outer wall and closed at both ends with grilles for air filtration.

The inner grille has an adjustable passage section. Separate infiltration valves can be installed in the area of ​​​​heaters in the house so that the air is immediately heated.

When installing valves, it is necessary to observe the condition that the supply air flows in the direction from rooms with cleaner air to household rooms with more polluted air, for example, from a bedroom to a kitchen.

Infiltration valves can be equipped with humidity and temperature sensors and have different throughputs. The number of valves required is determined by calculating the air exchange required for the ventilation system.

For the right action natural system ventilation interior doors must be equipped with overflow gratings located at the bottom, or have a gap between the door and the threshold.

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Forced ventilation of premises

Sometimes the premises are so large or complex that the use of a natural ventilation system based on infiltration valves will require them in large numbers or will not work at all. In such cases, forced ventilation of the premises is used. She, in turn, happens:

• supply direct-flow;
• exhaust;
• supply and exhaust recuperation.

Supply once-through ventilation system consists of a network of ventilation ducts and equipment for air supply. The design and calculation of channels are carried out at the design stage of the walls, since it is better to place them in the walls.

If it is impossible to arrange channels in the walls, they are made in the form of separate ventilation shafts, hanging boxes hidden behind false ceiling. Often the ventilation system in a private house is located in the attic. Force feed equipment includes:

1. input filter. It serves to clean the air from mechanical particles at the inlet to the ventilation system.
2. Heater. It is installed to heat the air during the cold period. Heaters are electric and water. The latter are somewhat more expensive than electric ones in installation, but cheaper in operation.
3. A fan for forcing air mass into the system. There are a lot of fan designs for ventilation systems.
4. Fans with a plate for mounting, in a housing for cylindrical systems, for installation on rooftops and for installation in ducts, as well as jet, centrifugal, monobloc units.
5. Noise suppressor. Serves to reduce the noise pressure generated by the fan. Its design resembles a car muffler: it consists of a ventilation box with plates installed in it that change the direction of air movement.

The exhaust system has a set of elements similar to the supply system, but the fan is installed at the end of the ventilation system of a private house and works for extraction.

Supply ventilation is used for rooms with unpolluted air, and exhaust ventilation is used for rooms with a high level of indoor air pollution.

To reduce the operating costs used to heat the supplied air, supply and exhaust ventilation systems with recuperation are used. The principle of operation of the recuperation effect is to heat clean air with exhaust air. To do this, a heat exchanger is additionally included in the ventilation system, which provides heating of the supply air by the exhaust air through the heat exchange system, without mixing with it.

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Calculation of the ventilation system

Having decided on the type of ventilation system, it is necessary to calculate its air exchange. An elementary technique is to calculate the exchange of air over the area. For this, it is assumed that normal air exchange in any house should be 3m 3 per 1m 2 of the house area. To put it simply, 3 times more air than its area should be delivered to the premises every hour. And the same should be removed.

The second method of calculation is carried out according to the norms of sanitary hygiene, according to which for each person staying in the room a large number of time, there should be 60 m³/h of fresh air. Each person who is temporarily adds another 20 to the air exchange.

A more accurate method is the calculation of the ventilation system in a private house in accordance with SNiP 2.08.01-89 "Residential buildings". These SNiPs offer norms of hourly exchange or multiplicity for each type of premises. The multiplicity is an indicator of the multiplicity of the exchange of air mass in a particular room per hour (in simpler terms, how many times during an hour the air in the room should completely change). For residential buildings, these indicators are as follows:

• residential - 3 m 3 / h for each 1 m 2 of residential premises;
• bathroom - 25 m 3 / h;
• toilet - 50 m 3 / h;
• bathroom combined with a toilet, 50 m 3 / h;
• kitchen - 90 m 3 / h.

These data regulate the volume of air drawn from the room. In addition, SNiP provide for the supply air ratio, the minimum value of which for these premises is equal to one.

Based on the standards, it is calculated total area living rooms and multiplied by 3, resulting in the total air exchange of the premises. This volume is added to the volume of air mass exchange in the rest of the house, and the total volume of air output per hour is obtained. The amount of air supplied, according to calculations for residential premises, is always less than the amount removed, therefore, in order to satisfy the balance equation, according to which the amount of supply air must be equal to the amount of exhaust air, one must take required amount air equal to the calculated drawn out.

The power of the fan is selected according to this indicator. exhaust system, and according to the "Diagram for the selection of sections of air ducts for ventilation", their section for each of the premises and the section for the common branches of the system are selected. Depending on the configuration of the ventilation system scheme, the length of the duct of each section is calculated.